James

Can you point me to any empirical evidence of the change in n with angle of incidence. By definition n is considered a constant invariant to angle except in birefringent and anisotropic media. It does not seem consistent with Sagnac, including Wang's linear Sagnac results, or 'kinetic reverse refraction', (KRR) which are the main phenomena I'm familiar with which seem relevant here.

In those two cases the refractive index (representing propagation speed) and consummate (in KRR) refraction angle always seems to obey a constant n.

I'd certainly be interested in any other experimental results as they may also help falsify the models I'm investigating.

You should find the KRR model and Wang are consistent with my above response ref energy conservation.

Best wishes

Peter

Hi Peter,

We do see the interaction differently. I have not used a wave nature up to this point. My goal is to demonstrate ever present consistent unity due to a single cause for all effects for all time. However, in deference to your view, I have proven nothing to anyone. Furthermore, I have still a long way to go theoretically speaking. However, here is my opinion: If I did view the photon in terms of a wave nature and if the number of cycles were squeezed into a shorter distance because of length contraction, I would differentiate between the local view and the remote view.

The interaction takes place locally. The length involved, I refer to it, only because of the model I use in my own work, as photon length is a constant locally everywhere. Locally the waveform appears to be unchanged. Even the cycles per second do not change. That is due to my assertion that every photon everywhere passes any given point in the same constant period of time.

From the perspective of my essay subject, the increase in energy is due to the increase in tilt of the photon. That increase in tilt is observed for both the remote observer and the local observer. Its effect, during interaction with a particle, is to cause more force to be applied over a distance that appears to not have changed from the local perspective. I redefined Maxwell's equation in my first essay, The Absoluteness of Time

I don't use electromagnetic field theory. I must account for wave type effects without the wave model. I haven't yet put that case forward for testing by others. So, as weak as it probably appears, I am still only presenting an introduction to the photon model. My perserverence is due to the resulting equations that have developed from its use. It is those equations that I am still in the process of introducing to others.

I recognize how well prepared you are to support your own case. My work is still very much in progress and it is risky for me to speculate beyond what I have prepared. I think the most important point, from my perspective, is that no escape from unity can be allowed anywhere along the development of physics theory.

What I mean by that is that: There is a single cause and any effort to introduce any additional causes is viewed as accepting an artificially imposed theoretical roadblock that has the effect of ending the search without epirically justifiable reason. No separate natures are permitted. Either wave type effects are explained without a wave nature or particle type effects must be explained without a particle nature.

I am not insisting that I now know the absolute true nature of the universe. I am offerring some clarifications regarding the path I have chosen to follow. In the end, I fully recognize, that path must produce results that are consistent with empirical evidence. Usually this is not known until results are compared to experimental results. However, I have included in my work, right from its beginning, something that will hopefully keep my work in line with empirical evidence.

That something is my introduction of mass as a property defined in the same terms as is the empirical evidence from which its existence is inferred. That change allows for all additonal properties to be defined in terms of distance and time.

James

Hi again Peter,

It is good to receive real physics messages. No I do not have any empirical evidence to point to. I will search and see what I can find. However, I will explain why I said what I said. I said that n is changing with angle. Here is what I meant in detail. The path of the photon begins perpendicular to the direction of velocity of the train. As soon as it begins to turn toward the parallel direction, it has two components. One is perpendicular and the other is parallel.

The perpendicular component never sees a change in n equivalent to the stationary n. The parallel component always sees only the same constant n, the n that includes the effect of the train's velocity. When I said what I said, I was thinking in terms of the resulting effect on a resultant n from the viewpoint of the photon. Right now I am not so sure. I need to think it through some more. Your message is a help. Thank you for it.

James

Frank,

This is in response to your point about instantaneous effects. I am writing it as I think about it, so, I may have to later adjust or correct it. This is my view based upon the adoption of a variable speed of light:

The manner in which I view the implementation of a variable speed of light is that the variation is instantaneous. Photons move at the required speed of light, but, the cause which dictates that they do so is treated as varying everywhere instantaneously.

If two very dense stars are moving closely around one another, I expect two detectable types of effects. One is that the photons that are affected near the stars will eventually communicate their history throughout the universe. The other effect is that those two stars and their interlocking dance will have instantaneous effects on the speeds of all photons everywhere in the universe.

Instead of speaking about these two effects as types of gravity waves, I view them as immediate variations in the background light-field. The light-field is the hypothetical cause for maintaining and varying the speed of light. Usally both effects from the pair of stars will quickly become difficult to detect as distance away increases. In theory though, I expect that they both exist and are potentially detectable.

Using the Earth as a location for establishing a local point of vew, all photons encounterred by the Earth will undergo changes in their velocities due to the motion of all other objects in the universe. Most of these effects should be insignificant and undetectable in practice. However, the photons involved with the Earth will be constantly experiencing immediate variations in their speeds, and thereby also their energies, due to changes in the position of the sun and the other planets.

If the Sun ceased to exist instantaneously, we would not see that occurrance until the last photons arrived here. However, we should experience the effect on our local speed of light immediately.

James

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  • Post #65

James

In my theory http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/1272 Light speed variable when passing through the gravitational field depending on the radius r from the center of mass. Schwarzschild geometry illustrating that. Same as when the light beam passing through a tube of length L full of water, the light speed will be decreased for the lab observer. That is because according to my theory vacuum energy of tube full of water will be greater than the vacuum of our laboratory. In my theory what is determining the speed of light is the space-time that is drawn by the field or the vacuum energy. In the case the light beam passing through the water, it is passing through a uniform field for the lab. observer. But in the case of the gravitational field, it not uniform, it is depending on the radius r from the center of mass. Relative to a train moving with constant speed, in this case when the light beam passing through moving train, in this case for the stationary earth observe, the light speed is passing through higher vacuum energy than the earth and thus the speed of light will decreased inside the train and measured to be c'=(c^2-v^2)^0.5 for the earth observer depending on L/t, where L is the length of the train, and t is the time measured by the earth observer by his clock for the light to pass the length of the train. c' here doesn't depend on the direction of transmitting the light beam comparing to the direction of the velocity, and the length of the train during the motion for the earth observer is L same as if it is stationary. Now if the earth observer has an empty tube of length L and he cooled the tube to temperature -237C degree. In this case and according to my equivalence principle, the vacuum energy of the tube is less than the vacuum energy of the lab observer. That is equivalent to as the lab observer is moving with uniform speed v relative to the tube. Remember, in my theory, the light speed is locally constant and equals to c, the speed of light in vacuum. In my modified relativity theory we have got the lost key to unify between quantum and relativity, and by that I could interpret quantum tunneling and entanglement and what is the meaning of faster than light and my interpretation is agreed with the latest experimental results in quantum. Also my interpretation is applied on faster than light relative to the wormholes in general relativity, which is the same interpretation as in quantum.

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    • Post #66

    James

    in my theory as measuring light speed in a higher vacuum energy to less than the speed of light in vacuum, that lead to refractive index greater than 1. but in the case of measuring the light speed in a less vacuum energy to be greater than light speed in vacuum, the lead to refractive index to be less than 1. I agree with that principle, But in my theory in the case of measuring the refractive index less than one. there is no violation for the Lorentz transformation or causality.

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    • Post #68

    James

    "My message was not an invitation for you to misinform persons about your belief system here in my blog. It was meant for others to read so that they would not think that you know what you are talking about"

    Er, they were quotes from Einstein and Lorentz, albeit a limited number, that demonstrated what they actually said. Not statements of Paul Reed's belief system.

    Specifically re para 4 Einstein 1905. The first sentence reads: "We envisage a rigid sphere of radius R, at rest relatively to the moving system k". They are both moving, because, as he says elsewhere, everything is moving. "At rest" is not absolute stillness, it is constant movement which appears still when referenced to another constant movement. K is, for want of a better phrase 'moving more'. This is why he then says a few sentences further on: "A rigid body which, measured in a state of rest, has the form of a sphere, therefore has in a state of motion--viewed from the stationary system--the form of an ellipsoid of revolution with the axes". This being a reference to Lorentz's latest hypotheses (1904) about electrons becoming flattened ellipsoids when they are caused to alter their momentum. "Viewed", of course, being nothing to do with observation, it is to do with referencing.

    "Special relativity involves both length contraction and time dilation. That 1905 paper includes the derivation of equations for both"

    SR neither involves length contraction or time dilation. Einstein said so, as previously quoted. The 1905 paper is not SR. He came up with that phrase later in order to distinguish a 'special' (the clue is in the title) circumstance, ie one where there was no gravitation.

    I really should note, as I did in my first post, that this is not a point about something you personally have stated, it is an urban myth that you are just repeating, like many many others.

    Paul

    James

    Thanks. An interesting and novel view. I also agree with your distain of present interpretation and intuitive desire for simplicity. It did take a re-assessment of assumptions to understand your approach. I hope you will be able do the same with mine, which is the ultimate in causality, and reality based (though does also represent 'All the Universe' as a 'stage' in the Shakespearean sense)! . I'll greatly look forward to your comments.

    Peter

    Peter Jackson,

    I understand how unreal the things I say appear to be. However, just to complete my message for anyone at all, I need to add this: The reason for staying with one cause and accepting workable theory that follows from it is that allowing theoretical physics to add on new properties that are not definable in terms of pre-existing properties, amounts to a free license to fill in gaps of knowledge without having to establish that missing knowledge.

    This practice allows theory to continue in its development, but, it is at high risk for mixing imaginary properties with real ones. When I speak of dispensing with cherished long used properties what I am really showing is that those cherished properties are not needed if the knowledge gaps are filled. The most important gap in knowledge to be filled is to change mass from an indefinable property into a defined property. Defined means in terms of pre-existing properties. Defined units are expressed in terms of pre-existing units. At the point at which mass enters theory, the only two existing properties are distance and time.

    James

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    • Post #71

    James,

    My question on Jul. 1, 2012 @ 21:27 GMT was, "Are you suggesting that gravity is an electromagnetic (EM) force, and the field characteristics of light waves are the mechanism that represents the force of gravity?"

    It seems your answer has gone full circle right back to my original question. In your Jul. 3, 2012 @ 14:36 GMT response you stated, "My contention will be that it is that slight difference in energies caused by the Earth's effect on the speed of light that produces the force of gravity."

    If I eliminate the term field, which was in my original question, I can state your answer thus, "The Earth's effect is changing a characteristic of light waves, and this is the mechanism that represents the force of gravity."

    Also, I contend you need a mechanism to transfer the instantaneous action at a distance. You introduced the term "light-field," and I have no idea what it is. It is something like a Higg's field, or, if we retrograde back a little, the aether?

    Hi Frank,

    The instantaneous action at a distance is not offered as something thrown in add-hoc. I know it has to look that way. I recognize that my own version of it could be in error. However, the existence of instantaneous action at a distance seems to me to be required by the existence of order in the universe. Order exists always everywhere meaning that control of the universe consists of instantaneous action at a distance.

    For example, the speed of light is declared to be a universal constant in free space. Assuming that innumerable areas in the universe can be usefully approximated as free space, the existence of a universally constant speed of light in those areas demonstrates satisfactorily for me that the speed of light is controlled instantaneously over all distances. While this point seems clear to me, if it seems flawed, I would appreciate your opinion.

    James

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    • Post #73

    Peter

    Frequency/wave/etc, involve more than one, it must do in order to achieve the comparison. It might be the same physical entity, but it is in a different existent state, eg it has changed spatial position. In calibrating this, a reference is necessitated, which can be any option, but that must then be used consistently, in order to ensure comparability.

    Paul

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    • Post #74

    James

    "At the point at which mass enters theory, the only two existing properties are distance and time".

    Time is not a property, there is no physical existence which corresponds with this. Alteration occurs, which can be identified by comparison, a change is thereby revealed. That change has substance (ie what changed) and frequency (ie how quickly it did so). The latter being calbrated by timing which compares rates of change irrespective of their substance.

    Distance is not a property either. The physical existence of something can, when compared to something else, be conceptualised as occupying a spatial position, ie it has size and presence/footprint. So as a consequence it is a certain spatial distance from another thing, when so defined.

    Paul

    Paul,

    Write your own essay. Fill your own blog with your misinformation.

    James

    A question on an employment form my daughter was filling out: All moops are tazzies. All tazzies are fazzies. Therefore, all moops are definitely fazzies. True or false?

    James

      Hi Azzam,

      I do recognize the differences between our views. Our having differences does not mean that you must be wrong. I don't judge other ideas against my own. I judge them against my knowledge of accepted physics theory. While my ideas are different from yours in several respects, it doesn't matter. I haven't proven anything to anyone. I put my case out for others to view, but, until a great many others accept it, it remains my view. It is the case that I like my ideas.

      With regard to your theory. While there are several differences, the one that leaves me unconvinced is your idea that special relativity effects are joined with quantum effects partly through length contraction. Your treatment of length contraction involves instantaneous travel across a significant distance. I understand that you feel that the acceptance of this occurance meets the requirements of both special relativity and of quantum tunneling and perhaps entanglement, maybe other effects also.

      The first question I would seek an answer to: How does the observer in the train and the train suddenly move instantly for the remainder of their trip? There has to be either a convincing explanation for instantaneous travel or empirical evidence that it occurs. The evidence that may suggest that instantaneous travel at the quantum isn't obviously transferable to the macroscopic level of special relativity and the train example.

      You may respond here or, if you wish to respond at your blog, I will look for it there. Thank you for your message.

      James

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      • Post #78

      James,

      Since you asked, here is my opinion. Instantaneous action at a distance is a fact of solar system orbital dynamics, and few people even attempt to explain the mechanism. I do not believe the influence of gravity has infinite speed, it just appears so in the short distances of our solar system. When I look at a spiral galaxy, I see how our planetary orbits would look like if the influence of gravity wasn't essentially instant within solar system distances.

      Some researchers have measured unexplained superluminal velocities in the near and far-field in electromagnetic (EM) propagation experiments. The Walker-Dual and Van Flandern articles get a lot of attention, but anomalous superluminal velocities were reported in papers by Ishii-Giakos in IEEE publications. A recent paper by Hively and Giakos in the International Journal of Signal and Imaging Systems Engineering (IJSISE), Volume 5 - Issue 1 - 2012, revisited the superluminal issue.

      Toward a more complete electrodynamic theory

      The following quote from the article should get more attention: "A non-decaying longitudinal B-wave was observed, as shown in Fig. 3. This result follows from classical electrodynamics in conversion of the wave-guide modes to low-loss free-space propagation, see Giakos and Ishii (1993) and references therein. The observed longitudinal components do not decay according to the 1/R2 or 1/R3 with distance, but at a much slower rate."

      The orientation of the electrical and magnetic field vectors of light are transverse to the axis of propagation, thus they cannot present a force in the direction of propagation irrespective of how matter interacts with light, unless something can translate the fields to a different orientation. An electromagnetic wave that has one field aligned with the axis of propagation could be described as being longitudinally polarized. Optical researchers have actually produced photons with longitudinal field components, and these "L-photons" (newly coined term) are being exploited as optical tweezers in commercial devices.

      Your essay proposes that light photons are being altered to produce the force of gravity. I think you are close, but I think something like a L-photon is producing the gravity force, and it might even look like light. L-photons are detected using the same type detectors used for normal transverse field light photons.

      There were three assumption issues I considered for this essay contest, units of measure, the vacuum of space, and gravity. I have no publications supporting my views on the vacuum of space or gravity, but I do have an IEEE published article that describes how units of measure can be mathematically defined, thus, I went with that essay issue. I have an unpublished paper that describes how gravity propagates at what is termed the speed of light, and I provide a simple explanation, and the mechanism, how the influence of gravity is superluminal, once propagated.

      Your essay article breaks with the current assumption about the force of gravity, and I agree the current assumption is erroneous. However, any presentation of a new gravity theory has to consider the Newtonian gravity instantaneous influence at a distance, at least within solar system distances.

      Frank,

      I do not have a fuller 'gravity' response ready. My statements in my essay were meant to introduce the idea of the variation of light and its possible relationship to gravity. My intention in the essay was limited to pointing out that the equations I present can be read forward and backward. I propose that reading them backward may be the correct way to read them for physical meaning. What light loses in speed, falling objects gain.

      That proposed tradeoff appears to me to suggest that if I am going to credit only one cause for all effects, then it has to be the variation of light. It also suggests to me that there is reason to consider that there is no graviational field. Proving that is not within the purview of the essay.

      Beyond the essay, the best I can do is to extend that same idea into a fuller explanation. My effort to write a response for explaning how we might do without the gravitational field goes well beyond the presentation offerred in my essay and has me thinking that it should be its own future essay.

      I will offer one suggestion in response to your very helpful message. The photon model that I have been using participates in forming transverse electromagnetic waves that you mention, but, each individual photon is not an electromagnetic wave. To this point, my work on electromagnetism does not include a wave nature.

      If you find the time, you might look back at my entry for the first essay contest. It includes redefining Maxwell's equations into new forms. My work involves changing almost everything, so, explaining anything seems to balloon into unweildy messages. This is my fourth essay. Each essay that I write helps to fill in the picture. Individually they just plain fall short.

      I have begun to read the other essays. I have yours printed off and will be reading it today.

      James

      My essay is a part of a larger body of work. This is the fourth part enterred into FQXI essay competitions. While each essay attempts to accomplish some main point, not one stands alone. Furthermore, the full body of work is a work in progress. The goal of the work is to remove the assumptions of theoretical physics.

      I have argued that the first such assumption was to make mass an indefinable property. Thereore, that is the first assumption done away with. Mass is defined in the same terms as is the empirical evidence from which its existence was inferred. All other assumptions are to be done away with in favor of establishing equations of physics that retain direct connection to emirical evidence. In this sense, it is a work of removing theory from physics.

      In my current essay, and in my essay in the last contest, I speak of a photon model. That model is very simple. It is treated as a type of very short pliable wire. A photon is of course not a piece of wire. The reason the wire type model even exists is that in order to remove the assumptions of theoretial physics I must start at the beginning. That beginning is simple and kept simple until empirical evidence requires complication to be introduced or added.

      I am still working through redefining the fundamenals of physics, therefore, the work, the model, and the math is simple and not representative of a completed work. Although, it is looking possible that with all the results that I have achieved thus far, that the model may not change much. Time and work will tell.

      James