Essay Abstract

The force behind gravity is a mystery even yet. The effort to uncover this mystery is hampered by gravity's weakness, adherence to the tested theories of Einstein and Newton, and by resistance to thinking outside the box of orthodoxy. Looking at all evidence, as Einstein and Newton did before us, will most likely expedite new discoveries, perhaps accelerating our ability to explore other solar systems.

Author Bio

I am recently retired from the Boeing Company in Huntington Beach, California, working as a systems engineer. My career in aerospace stretches back over twenty years and involves cost analysis, cost modeling and logistics research. In that span of years I have taught college courses in education, economics, computer science and English. Before the aerospace milestone, I taught high school. In my retirement, I teach online communication classes for Phoenix University, write fiction, and post online column. My personal interests include studies in particle physics, cosmology and UFO engineering. I have Masters Degrees in Economics and English.

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  • [deleted]

Dear Mr Hoover,

An interesting read ... a few things a bit out there but definitely thought provoking. An open mind is essential to prevent us from being blind to the things around us. I have read some of Michio Kaku's work before.

Your bio indicates that you have worked at Boeing. I have read something concerning satellite motion that would be very remarkable if true. You might be able to confirm or deny ... I read that Boeing has a propulsion method that involves non-reactive forces. I there any truth to this?

Best Regards and Good Luck in the contest.

Regards,

Gary Simpson

Houston, Tx

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    Dear James,

    thank you for sharing your ideas. Your essay was different, enjoyable and very readable. Good luck.

    I thought you might be interested in these sightings, if you are not already familiar with them. A retired transport plane, the Argosy, is being restored as a museum like attraction. As well as being able to look around inside the plane, there is a video about its history and one is able to sit in the pilot's seat and hear the radio communications between the pilot and air traffic control when the UFO sightings happened. It feels as if it is occurring in real time and a rather exciting experience. I do not know what the lights were. Kaikoura UFOs

      • [deleted]

      Dear James,

      Thank you for such a comprehensive and interesting essay. I absolutely agree with you that scientists need to have an open mind and recognize that established theories can change when new data is discovered. I am sure over time UFO sightings will be taken more seriously. I guess any theory (unexplained phenomena) go through the initial stage of rejection. But later, when the critical mass of evidence is accumulated, it starts attracting more attention. Perhaps, it has already started. When I was looking for Ph.D. opportunities in Psychology, I met a professor of neuroscience (with an interest in parapsychology) who studies the problem of UFO sightings and UFO abductions. He recognizes that the problem is much more complex than it is usually thought of. He would be one of the pioneers who studies this topic academically. I am sure when there is more similar research, others will follow. So, not to give up!

      Good luck with your essay and other investigations!

        I don't know about the non-reactive propulsion. If they are working on it, it would probably be Phantom Works. They do have xenon ion propulsion system, which is new but not "non-reactive."

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        James,

        There is a tendency for many in the scientific community to latch on to a term and use it as a descriptor for "something" that is in deviation with the established definition. On page 6 of your essay, you quote Krauss, who used the term "vacuum of space", describing it as "nothing" and it is "unstable."

        The contemporary definition for the "vacuum of space" are those characteristics that are measurable in a vacuum measured somewhere on the Earth's surface. Oddly enough, the characteristics of the Earth vacuum have measurable permittivity and permeability. The measurable characteristics never seem to make it into various papers descriptions of empty space, the vacuum of space, the void of space, and the ever popular, free space.

        I have read that Boeing has an active decades long anti-gravity research effort. Is your essay influenced by knowledge of Boeing's effort?

          Thanks, Georgina.

          When you cite UFO reports, you invoke the paranormal, more like the supernatural, rather than the potential for scientific discovery, in a lot of us. Even the 5% unexplained sightings could be other than ET, just not within the realm of our science.

          Do you agree?

          Jim

          Thanks for your thoughtful comments, Frank.

          As I responded to Gary above I have no first-hand knowledge of this Boeing research. I would suspect that it doesn't have the aspect of cancelling gravity.

          Jim

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          James,

          Having some knowledge of how the government and defense contractors do things, I would never go out on a limb and "suspect" a defense contractor would or would not use a certain approach to solving a problem.

          I have found reports on the web, where researchers, using a specific physical effect, have measured changes in the weight of objects that were subjected to a particular type of physical effect. Everyone of these experiments had a common characteristics, the spin of "something."

          Good point, Frank. I have read these reports too about a measurable affect on weight, but not rendering them massless, though progress. My thought ran toward the anti-graviton concept.

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          James, Gary,

          There is an odd satellite motion that gets a lot of study, and a number of individuals have been trying to identify the cause. The LAGEOS-1,-2 satellites, passive laser reflectors, were given a specific spin when released from their carrier vehicles. They are spinning down, LAGEOS-1 has almost stopped spinning, plus LAGEOS-2 is falling faster than contemporary theory supports.

          LAGEOS-1,-2

          LAGEOS falling

          I haven't followed the latest reports, but in the early ones gravity shadowing effects, Sun, Earth, satellite, were never mentioned as a possible contributor. An abstract of a later report considers, "(2) the Earth's gravity field," but I do not have access to the full report.

          Spin axis behavior of the LAGEOS satellites

          • [deleted]

          Dear Jim,

          These are the types of questions, one has to really answer for themselves.

          For me, I will explain my reasoning for each of your questions:

          1. Is there a beginning to the Universe?

          a. The simple answer is NO. However, if you believe that "Time" is momentary, as I do, then the Universe or Universes are created in every moment, so the answer would be "Yes" in that sense. But for all intense and purpose behind your question for me, the answer is an absolute "NO." As Infinity, or a beginning presupposes that nothing existed before the Big Bang, and something surely did exist before. That is the conundrum of "Infinity."

          i. NOTE: As well the Big Bang is only our Universe, as you look at the CMB, and beyond, there is much more to space than our small little universe.

          2. Yes we are separated from the Infinite, as we are finite matter. And Infinity, cannot be circumscribed. Infinity is beyond understanding. If it were understandable, then it would be defined. And anything that is defined, is "Finite." Infinity by definition cannot be defined. Again, if it were, it would be finite, hence not infinite. It is a paradox, which is the engine that runs the Universe(s). Without the Infinite and the finite, we would be non-existent, and the nature of Space and Time, would not allow for that. Read my Essay "Infinite and Finite" @ www.otterthink.wordpress.com .

          3. Death again is a question, no one knows about. I am agnostic, as I have to be to be honest with myself. But for me, when I die, I will become part of the Infinite, and depart the finite.

          4. Religions, and Cultures, formed answers before, we had much science through the shamans, and spiritual leaders to find purpose.

          a. Today, we have with the Galileo's, and Copernicus's of the world - have found new answers to these old traditions of mythology and hope for purpose, that religion and culture developed. So we are slowing changing some of our previous superstitions, such as burning witches, and so on. I believe we are becoming a more loving world, as we release on some of the behaviors religions and ancient cultures gave us. Such as killing infidels, and so on.

          b. Important to note Religion and some cultures gave us the "Golden Rule", and values of the greatest measure of good too. So you have to decide for yourself which parts of Religion you accept and which you must abandon.

          Hope this answers some of you thoughts, but they are the most difficult of questions, as science even tells us we do not understand very much in this Universe(s).

          Thanks for the questions, and All the Best to You,

          Russ

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            James,

            I just read your outstanding essay. I would like to share some relative thoughts and not so realitive: Please review my BLOG: www.otterthink.wordpress.com for Essays:

            1. Pancake Universe

            2. Hope, Goals and Realities through the Prism of Physics

            3. Our Universe Science and Potentials in Review (Section 3) Primarily

            Thanks and Congrats,

            Russ

              • [deleted]

              Hi James,

              I make no assumption that the lights were supernatural or extra terrestrial but they were behaving in ways uncharacteristic of known aircraft.They were visible both to the pilots and ground based radar. It was unfortunate that at that time no military jets were available to better investigate them.

              The unknown and unexplained can be interesting,even exciting, like magic, until it is understood. Then it may becomes ordinary, common place and ceases to be of interest. It might still be beautiful though. Like the flying Chinese candle lanterns often mistaken for UFOs. Nevertheless is a little intriguing to think that, there just might be something entirely new to learn.Or that there might be, unknown to most, advanced technology with unusual capabilities in use.

              Having said all that, UFOs are not a particular interest of mine. I just happened to have seen around the Argosy and enjoyed the experience.

              Dear James

              Thank you for a interesting and well-presented paper. You have framed your views in terms of conventional physics of gravity (GR) and gravitons, the vacuum foam etc. which you know from my writings are ideas I feel should be recast in terms of dielectric ether lattice interactions. In discussions of my FQXI article you asked me what my Beautiful Universe (BU) theory would say about anti-gravity. I will answer it here.

              In (BU) gravity is not a force as such, but comes about as the result of the redistribution of angular momentum in ether nodes making up the vacuum which are in turn affected by the rotation of matter nodes. An essential point in my theory is that most of the nodes in the universe follow the right-hand rule and spin in the same sense. This allows torsion to exist in a chain of ether nodes between any two objects. Fig. 18 of this pdf of my (BU) paper shows this and therin lies the answer to your question. BTW my original (BU) paper's illustrations show the nodes spinning with a left-hand-rule, the mistake was corrected in the pdf. The rest is in the geometry of the linkage between the network of gazillions of magnetic nodes between two pieces of matter- and in engineering: will a rotating object weigh more or less according to whether the net relative rotation between it and another object be clockwise or anti-clockwise? How much rotation will create how much anti-gravity (if any?).

              I have not thought enough about anti-matter in terms of (BU) - is it merely the switching of (plus minus) pole configurations of the polyhedral structure of the particles making up matter? Or is it a more esoteric result of ether nodes spinning using the left-hand rule if any exist? Hmmm

              Now to continue googling about UFOs, rotating Nazi Bells, LAGEOS spin, Vacuum energy generation and other related stuff - its fun but as you point out it is hard getting reliable hard evidence about such things.

              Again thank you for a very interesting article and question. Do you have a website about your UFO engineering speculations?

              Vladimir

                Jim, I would add one addtional essay, as it also relates to your other questions as well, as it does to your essay related to gravity:

                Add: Connections : Found @ www.otterthink.wordpress.com

                Hope this is of interest...

                Russ

                Thanks, Russ. You should never ask a question there is no real answer to. But we all do. Good response.

                I know there have been changes in Earth's magnetic field but are they so frequent that equations change often?