Dark Energy or a Simple Mistake: Do We Understand How Non-Unique the Einstein Tensor Actually Is? by Jeff Baugher

Jeff,

You say,

"Although the possibility of this error raises more questions than can possibly be answered in an essay, we maintain that little progress can be made until it is understood that General Relativity does not trump its own foundations."

I'm not sure about your meaning when you say that GR does not trump its own foundations -- foundations referring to "space-time?"

My essay discusses gravity but with emphasis on empirical evidence.

Would be interested in hearing your thoughts on it.

Jim

Jeff,

For this contest, I decided to go through and comment on essays of interest and see what responses I got to my own essay. There are over 250 entries, so I narrowed down my evaluations. For only those who responded, I decided to reread and provide my evaluations before time expired, not making it a popularity contest but keeping in mind that I entered for an exchange of interesting ideas, whether I agree or not. Some concepts are superior and more persuasively supported.

Jim

Jeff,

This is in response to your post on my essay site regarding my new zero's relation to the stress energy tensor Guv. You said "Where I see this relating to your concept is that while a stress energy tensor for Guv may become zero or 'nothing', if the two tensors of the right half become equal, the sum may become zero but that certainly does not imply it is "empty". This would very much seem to fit the full void of 'sunya'."

I see it the same way. Space may be empty of matter, but that doesn't necessarily mean nothing is there. My new zero makes explicit the possibility of something potentially being there.

After studying about 250 essays in this contest, I realize now, how can I assess the level of each submitted work. Accordingly, I rated some essays, including yours.

Cood luck.

Sergey Fedosin

Hi James,

My meaning concerning foundations involves understanding the Einstein field equations through unimodular gravity. This idea, originally proposed by Einstein, is thought to be equivalent to GR, but views the cosmological constant as a constant of integration. It would appear that despite this, the ramifications have never been considered if one does this before defining the Einstein tensor as the stress energy tensor of matter. The derivation of GR requires curvature to go to zero (Ruv=0)with no matter or energy present, but the presence of a cosmological constant means that we must ignore this requirement. Using a unimodular approach, and prior to defining the Einstein tensor, this requirement can still be enforced and end up with a constant of integration in the equations. It would seem that the value of this constant is large but would appear small to us due to the simultaneous change in our understanding of the Einstein tensor. This change should pass down through the weak field equations, but the main way we would notice is that gravity would appear to become repulsive after a certain radius.

Jeff

Dark energy/Dark matter 3:1 is mistake

Right answer Dark matter/dark energy 3:1

If you do not understand why your rating dropped down. As I found ratings in the contest are calculated in the next way. Suppose your rating is [math]R_1 [/math] and [math]N_1 [/math] was the quantity of people which gave you ratings. Then you have [math]S_1=R_1 N_1 [/math] of points. After it anyone give you [math]dS [/math] of points so you have [math]S_2=S_1+ dS [/math] of points and [math]N_2=N_1+1 [/math] is the common quantity of the people which gave you ratings. At the same time you will have [math]S_2=R_2 N_2 [/math] of points. From here, if you want to be R2 > R1 there must be: [math]S_2/ N_2>S_1/ N_1 [/math] or [math] (S_1+ dS) / (N_1+1) >S_1/ N_1 [/math] or [math] dS >S_1/ N_1 =R_1[/math] In other words if you want to increase rating of anyone you must give him more points [math]dS [/math] then the participant`s rating [math]R_1 [/math] was at the moment you rated him. From here it is seen that in the contest are special rules for ratings. And from here there are misunderstanding of some participants what is happened with their ratings. Moreover since community ratings are hided some participants do not sure how increase ratings of others and gives them maximum 10 points. But in the case the scale from 1 to 10 of points do not work, and some essays are overestimated and some essays are drop down. In my opinion it is a bad problem with this Contest rating process. I hope the FQXI community will change the rating process.

Sergey Fedosin

Mr. Baugher,

very interesting and insightful essay. I am especially intrigued by this explanation you posted a few days ago and its conclusion:

" The derivation of GR requires curvature to go to zero (Ruv=0)with no matter or energy present, but the presence of a cosmological constant means that we must ignore this requirement. Using a unimodular approach, and prior to defining the Einstein tensor, this requirement can still be enforced and end up with a constant of integration in the equations. It would seem that the value of this constant is large but would appear small to us due to the simultaneous change in our understanding of the Einstein tensor. This change should pass down through the weak field equations, but the main way we would notice is that gravity would appear to become repulsive after a certain radius. "

Is there a way to ruffly estimate this radius? I have a visual approach to physics and understand GR as if it describes the curvature of a 3D hypersurface of a hypersphere, similar to a 2D surface of water in the ocean, with the troughs of the waves corresponding to attractive gravity and the crests, repulsive. To paraphrase the saying, my geometrical approach (in 4D) states that "what curves in must eventually curve out", which implies that the repulsive aspect of gravity manifests itself in intergalactic voids, thus explaining why they are empty. In this regard, I would very much appreciate your feedback on my essay ( fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/1547 )

I wish I could follow the technical aspect of your essay, but intuitively I feel that yours is one the most important essays in this contest.

I had some more questions being asked so made up this Powerpoint to help relay the idea. This was quickly done so let me know if you catch any mistakes.Attachment #1: Poisson_equation_and_metaphysics.pptx

Ms. Vasilyeva,

Thank you for the kind words on my essay. I have put a powerpoint up top to help explain it also which includes the equation you are asking about.

I have read your very interesting essay and will comment on your page so that others can chime in also.

Thanks

Jeff

The article is truly informative. However very recently there have been unexpected advances in understanding dark energy. In fact if the claim of the Egyptian Scientist M. S. El Naschie is correct, then there is no more a mystery regarding dark energy. El Naschie's solution is disarmingly simple and was presented at two conferences which were almost entirely devoted to his work. The first was held in Bibliotheca Alexandrina early October 2012 and the second was in Shanghai a week or so ago. On both occasions El Naschie presented a revision of Einstein's theory leading to an equation very similar to that of Einstein's namely Energy equals mass x the square of the speed of the light. However unlike Einstein's equation, the result is divided by 22. His explanation of 22 is as follows: As in the old string theory of strong interaction, space time of relativity should have been considered 26 dimensional. Taking 4 only is what Einstein did and that is how he got his famous result. Nevertheless Einstein ignored 22 dimensions. This is a scaling factor following Nottale's theory as argued by El Naschie. Even in simpler terms, he reasons that Einstein knew only one elementary messenger particle namely the photon. He knew nothing about the other 11 messenger particles of the standard model which were not known in 1905. Adding 11 super partners it turned out that Einstein did not know about an additional 22 elementary particles. These are the particles needed to explain the missing dark energy. In this way El Naschie was able to show that 95.5% of the energy of the Universe is missing. Alternatively this energy was never there to start with because space time is a fractal and although it looks puffed up it boils down to very little similar to cotton candy. In addition the compactified 22 dimensions are the cause for the negative pressure which increases the acceleration of the Universe's expansion. He claims to have tested his theory using 25 different methods including Witten's M-Theory and reached the same result. Even more importantly this result agrees completely with observation. In other words mathematics and physics have been substantiated by measurement which led last year to the award of the Nobel Prize to the 3 team who obtained this incredible measurement and data. Click on this link to get more info re the above (under news) http://www.msel-naschie.com/ and also http://mohamed-elnaschie.blogspot.com/.

Einstein's equation mc square is a relativistic equation. When you regard the entire energy of the cosmos you are dealing with an extreme case. The point with an extreme case is that partial theories fail. For instance when you want to know the origin of all forces then you are in the realm of unification and therefore in the realm of quantum gravity. When you ask about quantum gravity then you had better use a theory which combines relativity and quantum mechanics or else you will get the wrong answer or no answer at all. The situation is similar in the case of the missing energy of the cosmos, dubbed dark energy. To find quantitatively the right answer you cannot use E = mc square. You need a theory which combines E = mc square with relativity. We did it before within Schrodinger's equation when Dirac derived his equation combining Schrodinger with relativity. The same is true for quantum field theory. However E = mc square is something else. It needed the inclusion of quantum mechanics in a major way. The only person who was able to do that, whether we like it or not, is an Egyptian. Except for racial prejudice, we cannot judge a theory being right or wrong based on the nationality of the scientist otherwise we will end up back in the Middle Ages using Well's time machine. It is bad enough that Egypt as a whole seems to be moving towards the Middle Ages nowadays. Mohamed El Naschie, a professor of engineering, fused, to use his terminology, Hardy's quantum entanglement with Einstein's famous formula. To be able to do that Hardy's golden mean to the power of 5 had to be divided by 2 because it is originally due to the entanglement of two particles while Einstein's formula is there for one particle only. Intersection leads to the multiplication of Einstein's equation with half of Hardy's famous value. The result is exactly as Einstein predicted when we see it qualitatively. However to get the correct exact quantitative result you have to divide by 22.18033989 which is almost 22. If this is right, and I believe it is right, then the new quantum relativity equation of Mohamed El Naschie predicts only 4.5% of what Einstein's original equation predicted. In other words the 95.5% missing dark energy may well be a missing quantum gravity factor equal roughly to 1 divided by 22. This is amazing. It is amazing mainly because cosmological measurements say that this simple formula, almost as elegant as Einstein's original formula, must be correct. The measurement of dark energy goes back to the work of Perlmutter,Schmidt and Reiss and these three scientists may have without knowing, given us the definite experimental proof that Einstein's relativity and Heisenberg, Schrodinger, Dirac theories are true and when combined together, are absolutely true. The three scientists deserve the Nobel Prize threefold because they assured us of the entire rationality and solidness of our modern methods of investigation which is detached from any prejudice, including racial and religious prejudice. They confirmed the correct philosophy upon which the age of enlightenment, renaissance and separation of church and state is based. Moving in the other direction would be catastrophic.

Farsy

You do not need all this complication. That equation is just the end conclusion. The fault lies at the outset. He conflated existence and observation of existence, so c, as in observational light, is non-existent. Having deemed light reality to be reality, he then used c as time, which is a constant, because he calibrated distance in x=vt with the duration elapsed if light travelled it. In simple terms: he shifted the actual time differential which is in the receipt of light to existence, and substituted observational light with time.

Paul