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Quantum mechanics and gravitational field theory has already been unified and tested proving that space-time and wave functions are the same phenomena.

2 months later
  • [deleted]

I reckon that blackholes aint that black.these are points in spacetime that spacetime fabric uses as synthensis points of matter into energy.or energy into matter-These are reconversion proccess,probably leading to a cyclic process.The blackholes can be regarded as machines.Machines that compute,they are computers in that they regulate stars in the galaxies.stars that can no longer orbit the Super massive blackholes fall into them,resynthensised and later pop out into existence in another part of the galaxy . their region of operation lies within the shwarzchild radius,and they have a fixed entropy bound by the berkenstein hawking radiation limit.Informatiom in a singularity is likely to obey the principle of conservation of energy-Energy/mass cannot be created but can only be converted from one form to another.May a photon may pop into a blackhole and emerge as a Graviton.Chan paton factors in string /M-theory also kind OF IN A SENSE,WHEn applied to loop quantum gravity display,the garviton to be the unseen superpartner to the photon.Maybe the photon is the Fermio-bosonic bearer of both EM force,and Gravity.instantenously

7 days later

Title -

DIGITAL STRING THEORY DELETES QUARK STARS - EXPLAINS BLACK HOLES

Author - Rodney Bartlett

Abstract -

"Eminent Princeton physicist Ed Witten famously conjectured that the true ground state of matter (in the sense of the lowest energy per particle) consists of a mixture of roughly equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks, with enough electrons thrown in to ensure that this soup is electrically neutral." ("Is it possible for a Quark Star to exist?" by Victoria Kaspi - Astronomy magazine, June 2013) Scientists have never demonstrated this conjecture to be true, and don't have evidence that stars made of such matter ("quark stars") exist. This reminds me of something Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow wrote on p.49 of "The Grand Design" (Bantam Press, 2010) - "It is certainly possible that some alien beings with seventeen arms, infrared eyes and a habit of blowing clotted cream out their ears would make the same experimental observations that we do (regarding the existence of quarks), but describe them without quarks." In a similar way, we non-aliens with two arms, eyes that respond to visible light and no clotted cream in our ears could conceive of a quark-electron mixture forming Quark Stars only to find that it actually describes a different mixture (of binary digits) forming black holes instead of quark stars.

E=mc^2 is referred to in the description of the conversion from gravitational energy to the "coherent, organized energy" that is matter; and also in the description of gravitational energy producing mass in black holes. We should remember that E=mc^2 appears to only be partly correct because the highest speed possible is Lightspeed. Physically speaking, it cannot be multiplied. Einstein himself proved this. The equation E=mc^2 can be considered a degenerate form of the mass-energy-momentum relation for vanishing momentum. Einstein was very well aware of this, and in later papers repetitively stressed that his mass-energy equation is strictly limited to observers co-moving with the object under study. The version of the equation applicable here may be E=m/c^2*c^2.

Referring to the paragraph which states "hidden variables called binary digits could ... allow time travel into the past by warping a 5D hyperspace" - With a single extra dimension of astronomical size, gravity is expected to cause the solar system to collapse ("The hierarchy problem and new dimensions at a millimetre" by N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, G. Dvali - Physics Letters B - Volume 429, Issues 3-4, 18 June 1998, Pages 263-272, and "Gravity in large extra dimensions" by U.S. Department of Energy - http://www.eurekalert.org/features/doe/2001-10/dbnl-gil053102.php

However, collapse never occurs if gravity accounts for repulsion as well as attraction. It does this not only on astronomical scales but on the subatomic, too. It accounts for dark energy and familiar concepts of gravity, as well as repelling aspects of the electroweak force [such as placing two like magnetic poles together] and attracting electroweak aspects like the strong force. "Electroweak" and "strong" force can be united in that sentence because, as we'll see, gravitation and space-time are united with both the (electro)weak and strong nuclear forces.

Content -

"Eminent Princeton physicist Ed Witten famously conjectured that the true ground state of matter (in the sense of the lowest energy per particle) consists of a mixture of roughly equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks, with enough electrons thrown in to ensure that this soup is electrically neutral." ("Is it possible for a Quark Star to exist?" by Victoria Kaspi - Astronomy magazine, June 2013) Scientists have never demonstrated this conjecture to be true, and don't have evidence that stars made of such matter ("quark stars") exist. And they never will demonstrate it to be true, nor will they find Quark Stars. Why? Because the binary digits of 1 and 0 are the ground state or lowest possible energy level - not only of matter but also of space-time.*

* Suppose Albert Einstein was correct when he said gravitation plays a role in the constitution of elementary particles (in "Do Gravitational Fields Play An Essential Part In The Structure of the Elementary Particles?" - a 1919 submission to the Prussian Academy of Sciences). And suppose he was also correct when he said gravitation is the warping of space-time. Then it is logical that 1) gravitation would play a role in constitution of elementary particles, and their mass, and also in the constitution of the nuclear forces associated with those particles, and 2) the warping of space-time that produces gravity means space-time itself plays a role in the constitution of elementary particles, their mass, and the nuclear forces. Electromagnetism is not separate from space but is waves within it - the frequencies and wavelengths of these waves identify them as electromagnetic. Matter can be thought of as "coherent space" that is bound by forces0. Gravity, being united with EM** and the nuclear forces, is the ultimate physical source of all repelling and attracting (from the attractive strong nuclear force to the repulsive dark energy).

0 This makes sense to me because of Einstein's paper saying gravitation may be involved in the structure of particles. Gravity is only the warping of space, which means space (or space-time) itself may be involved in the structure of particles. To understand how this could happen, we need to remember that higher-frequency light (in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum) can be converted into lower-frequency infrared light (by being absorbed as visible light and re-emitted at infrared wavelengths by interstellar gas and dust). Similarly, the gravitational waves of space could have a frequency even greater than gamma rays. When converted into lower frequencies, they'd produce all the electromagnetic wavelengths. Einstein's paper suggests these interact with gravity to form particles of matter (E=mc^2 would probably describe the conversion from gravitational energy to the "coherent, organized energy" that is matter).

Hidden variables is an interpretation of quantum mechanics which is based on belief that the theory is incomplete (Albert Einstein is the most famous proponent of hidden variables) and it says there is an underlying reality with additional information of the quantum world. Their identification would lead to problems having exact, instead of merely probabilistic, outcomes - and could also restore a reality that exists independently of observation ("Quantum" by Manjit Kumar - Icon Books 2008, p.379) I suggest this underlying reality is the binary digits generated in 5D hyperspace^. These allow time travel by making it possible to warp space, simultaneously adding precision and flexibility to the elimination of distances and the "fitting together" of subuniverses to form a continuous, analog superuniverse.

^ Maybe hidden variables called binary digits could permit time travel into the future by warping positive space-time. And maybe they'd allow time travel into the past by warping a 5D hyperspace that is translated 180 degrees to space-time, and could be labelled as negative or inverted. (The space-time we live in is described by ordinary [or "real"] numbers which, when multiplied by themselves, result in positive numbers e.g. 2x2=4, and

-2x-2 also equals 4. Inverted positive space-time becomes negative hyperspace which is described by so-called imaginary numbers that give negative results when multiplied by themselves e.g. i multiplied by itself gives -1.) The past can never be changed from what occurred, and the future can never be altered from what it will be. Both are programmed by the 1's and 0's.

"Empty" space (according to Einstein, gravitation is the warping of this - it is not empty but is filled with the energy of binary digits) seems to be made up of what is sometimes referred to as virtual particles by physicists since the concept of virtual particles is closely related to the idea of quantum fluctuations (a quantum fluctuation is the temporary change in the amount of energy at a point in space). The production of space by BITS (BInary digiTS) necessarily means there is a change in the amount of energy at a certain point, and the word "temporary" refers to what we know as motion or time. Vacuum energy is the zero-point energy (lowest possible energy that a system may have) of all the fields (e.g. electromagnetic) in space, and is an underlying background energy that exists in space even when the space is devoid of matter. Binary digits might be substituted for the terms zero-point energy (since BITS are the ground state or lowest possible energy level) and vacuum energy (because BITS are the underlying background energy of empty space). Relativistically, space can't be mentioned without also mentioning time - the measurement of particles' properties - which can therefore also be viewed as gravitation (since "dark matter" is invisible but has gravitational influence, its existence could be achieved by ordinary matter travelling through time).

** Gravity would be united with EM if gravitation and electromagnetism are both products of a mathematical foundation to the universe. Let's borrow a few ideas from string theory's ideas of everything being ultimately composed of tiny, one-dimensional strings that vibrate as clockwise, standing, and counterclockwise currents in a four-dimensional looped superstring. We can visualize tiny, one dimensional binary digits of 1 and 0 (base 2 mathematics) forming currents in a Mobius loop - or in 2 Mobius loops, clockwise currents in one loop combining with counterclockwise currents in the other to form a standing current. Combination of the 2 loops' currents requires connection of the two as a four-dimensional Klein bottle (I like to refer to these ideas combining binary digits, Mobius loops and Klein bottles as "digital string theory"). This connection can be made with the infinitely-long irrational and transcendental numbers. Such an infinite connection translates - via bosons being ultimately composed of 1's and 0's depicting pi, e, √2 etc.; and fermions being given mass by bosons interacting in matter particles' "wave packets" - into an infinite number of Figure-8 Klein bottles.[0.1 and 4] Slight imperfections in the way the Mobius loops fit together determine the precise nature of the binary-digit currents (the producers of gravitational waves, electromagnetic waves, the nuclear strong force and the nuclear weak force) and thus of exact mass, charge, quantum spin, and adherence to Pauli's exclusion principle. Referring to a Bose-Einstein condensate, the slightest change in the binary-digit flow (Mobius loop orientation) would alter the way gravitation and electromagnetism interact, and the BEC could become a gas (experiments confirm that it does).

[0.1] A four-dimensional Klein bottle's construction from binary digits would make it malleable and flexible, deleting any gap and molding its border to perfectly fit surrounding subuniverses. This Klein bottle could possibly be a figure-8 Klein bottle because the latter's similarities to a doughnut's shape describes an idea suggested by mathematics' "Poincare conjecture". The conjecture has implications for the universe's shape and says you cannot transform a doughnut shape into a sphere without ripping it. One interpretation follows: This can be viewed as subuniverses shaped like Figure-8 Klein Bottles gaining rips called wormholes when extended into the spherical spacetime that goes on forever (forming one infinite superuniverse which is often called the multiverse when subuniverses - which share the same set of physics' laws - are incorrectly called parallel universes which are wrongly claimed to each possess different laws). Picture spacetime existing on the surface of this doughnut which has rips in it. These rips provide shortcuts between points in space and time - and belong in a 5th-dimensional hyperspace. If binary digits are strings, and if digits create rips in the space of a universe that obeys fractal geometry, Steven Weinberg would be correct to imagine strings as rips in space ("What String Theory Tells Us About the Universe" by Dr. Sten Odenwald (Astronomy - April 2013, p.35). The boundaries where subuniverses meet could be called Cosmic Strings (they'd be analogous to cracks that form when water freezes into ice i.e. cosmic strings would form as subuniverses cool from their respective Big Bangs).

[4] Each one is a "subuniverse" composing the physically infinite and eternal space-time of the universe (our own subuniverse is 13.8 billion years old). We don't have to worry about accelerating cosmic expansion - the result of more space being continually produced by binary digits - leaving our galaxy alone in space. As "dark energy" causes known galaxies to depart from view, more energy and matter - also the product of binary digits - can replace them (since the universe obeys fractal geometry, gravity is the source of repelling and attracting not only on a quantum scale but on a cosmic scale, too i.e. it accounts for dark energy - it accounts for dark matter and Kepler's laws of planetary motion, too [but that's a long explanation best left in my article "Unified Field, Relativity and Quantum Mechanics Meet String Theory, Parallel Universes, the Mathematical Universe, and TOE" - http://vixra.org/abs/1303.0218]). The Law of Conservation says neither matter nor energy can be created or destroyed (though the quantity of each can change), so a better phrase might be "binary digits recycle spacetime" (when matter changes into energy or energy becomes matter, we commonly say matter or energy has been created). As well, other expanding subuniverses can collide with ours and their galaxies enter our space to keep our galaxy company. (see "Cosmic evolution in a cyclic universe" by Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok - Phys. Rev. D 65, 126003 (2002) [20 pages] - also see "Will Our Universe Collide With a Neighboring One?" by Zeeya Merali: http://discovermagazine.com/2009/oct/04-will-our-universe-collide-with-neighboring-one#.UY3YTKL-Gbs (from the October 2009 issue of Discover). That speaks of the "axis of evil", an unexpected alignment of cold and hot [denser and less dense] spots in the cosmic microwave background; one of the possible explanations of this being collision with another universe [other proposals are that the universe's inflation wasn't perfectly symmetrical, and that the entire universe is rotating])

So there's no such thing as a quark-electron mixture forming Quark Stars. But there is a mixture of 1's and 0's forming matter, energy, forces, and all space-time. The form binary digits assume that most resembles stars, or masses of perhaps billions of stars, would be that part of space-time called Black Holes. Black holes aren't composed of matter but do have mass because they are meeting-places and "sinks" for the gravitational currents flowing in and between galaxies (see end of 2nd paragraph), and all this gravitational energy produces much mass via E=mc^2 (to use another description, they're whirlpools of space-time). They possess charge because the universe's mathematical foundation unites gravity/spacetime with electricity/magnetism (see above). Since it has mass, a black hole can naturally possess the 3rd property of holes viz. spin.

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8 days later

For a minute, let's focus on the article's references to gravitational waves - the following paragraph shows that the Newtonian theory of gravity may have things back-to-front (in physics, nothing is dogma and everything needs to be questioned - even the work of the great Isaac Newton).

If the Sun's gravity can keep something as distant and massive as Jupiter in orbit and prevent it from flying off into space, why can't it stop a relatively puny Coronal Mass Ejection from going anywhere? Surely this means the gravity associated with the Sun doesn't emanate from its centre. It must be gravitational waves from deep space that both push against CMEs (but are too weakened - because of the energy they lose during mass formation - to stop their progress) and push them from behind (giving them a boost that's constantly moderated by the waves pushing against CMEs). The waves from deep space would both push Jupiter towards the Sun, and away from the Sun. They'd thus cancel and maintain the planet's orbit (in the short term). Over billions of years, Einstein's paper "Do Gravitational Fields Play An Essential Part In The Structure of the Elementary Particles?" - a 1919 submission to the Prussian Academy of Sciences - implies that planets gradually move farther away because gravity waves that first encounter the sun would help form the solar mass. They'd be diverted to the Sun's centre - during this journey, the increasing density would concentrate and magnify the gravitational waves. Therefore, they'd be more powerful when they emerge from the Sun's opposite side, and gradually push planets farther away. According to "Celestial Mechanics & Dynamical Astronomy", Volume 90, Issue 3-4, pp. 267-288 by Krasinsky, G. A. and Brumberg, V. A., the distance between Sun and Earth is growing by approx. 15 centimetres per century.

See http://vixra.org/abs/1303.0218 for further explanation (in nomathematical, layman's language) regarding gravity's attraction, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, tides, orbits, dark matter.

a month later
  • [deleted]

The black hole information paradox is the object of my Essay for the 2013 FQXi ESSAY CONTEST "It from Bit or Bit from It", which recently won the community rating. I propose a natural solution by improving my analysis on the correspondence between Hawking radiation and black hole quasi-normal modes which obtained an honorable mention in the 2012 Gravity Research Foundation Essay Contest.

Cheers,

Ch.

5 months later

Thanks for the news, Eckard. I think Hawking is right -- no firewalls. Further though, I think that Hawking radiation is a compelling bit of evidence that we live (or at least, measure physical events) on the 3-sphere manifold, for this reason:

That physical singularities are extinguished in finite time comports with the mathematical proof (Perelman) that Ricci flow with surgery continues the flow for infinite time on the half open interval [0,1). What this means, is that the singularity never reaches the endpoint in more than finite time, which implies that the manifold is simply connected.

In physical terms, imagine that the observer applies "surgery" to the singularity by sending a test particle to the black hole event horizon; to the observer, the test particle appears frozen as it sends back information of its state, because the time intervals between pulses are longer and longer. The image dims, and never disappears. Information is conserved for infinite time because no information is lost in any finite time interval.

Maybe Hawking is right that the event horizon is itself a superfluous concept. I hope so, because it is a step closer to reconciling general relativity with quantum rules. (See my post of 9 April 3013 in this article forum.)

Tom

Eckard,

You've got a really good eye for important results -- Hawking's short paper, I predict, will be a game-changer.

" ... black holes should be redefined as metastable bound states of the gravitational field. It will also mean that the CFT on the boundary of anti deSitter space will be dual to the whole anti deSitter space, and not merely the region outside the horizon."

Same thing I said in my 9 April 2013 (not 3013! LOL) post:

"If it seems paradoxical that simply connected space adjoining multiply connected space is not itself multiply connected -- that's because it *is* a paradox. Either the interior quantum configuration space maps nonlocally to the exterior space -- or the exterior space outside the event horizon is simply connected, not multiply conected, and all the space inside and outside the black hole horizon is simply connected."

Tom

I meant to write the half open interval [0, oo), not [0, 1). I was trying to express that the flow never reaches length 1.

(Something I don't understand -- why is the "edit" function available only occasionally? Is it just my computer, or my settings?)

Tom,

"why is the edit function available only occasionally?"

Try running the cursor across the bold 'Add/Edit' line without clicking when you go to 'submit new post', it seems to place the 'edit' tab at the top right corner of the posting. jrc

Hawking's new conclusion: "The chaotic collapsed object will radiate deterministically but chaotically. It will be like weather forecasting on Earth. That is unitary, but chaotic, so there is effective information loss. One can't predict the weather more than a few days in advance."

Exactly the points I have been making for years: (1) deterministic laws do not NECESSARILY result in deterministic behaviors, and (2) Information, correctly understood, is "chaotic", by definition. If the data has any order (non-chaos), then it is not high in information in the first place. Order = low information content.

See my comments on the PBS-NOVA website: Do Black Holes Destroy Information

The way in which entities behave, in a high-information-content environment, is almost entirely "determined" by the initial conditions, not the "laws" of physics. "Pure" information is like an index into a look-up-table. The is no NECESSARY relationship (law) relating the index into the table, to the contents of the table (that "determines"s how the entity is to behave in response to the index).

Rob McEachern

Tom,

"Time = Information"? I thought Time = Money.

But on a more serious note, if I substitute your above equivalence into your statement that:

"3.8 If, as we assert, time is identical to information-and if information flow is as we have conjectured, from information-rich spaces to information-poor spaces..."

Then I obtain:

"3.8 If, as we assert, time is identical to information-and if time flow is as we have conjectured, from time-rich spaces to time-poor spaces..."

What do you mean by "time-rich" and "time-poor"?

Rob McEachern

Hi Rob,

Under the assumption that there are more (many more) randomly-oriented time intervals of length 1 than ordered histories of length 1 oriented from an arbitrary initial condition -- I find that local rigid transformations of spacetime histories (path integrals) are self-similar to nonlinear global transformations of spacetime intervals.

So if one chooses to substitute "time-rich" and "time-poor" for information rich and information poor -- one finds that the information in thermal energy is the only form of information that can be physically real. Then:

Because the Ricci flow (Richard Hamilton) is identical to heat flow and time dependent, and the Ricci evolution equation preserves the curvature operator for n dimensions, we find that from my definition of "time":

Time: n-dimension infinitely orientable metric on random self-avoiding walk

applied to physical information, it follows that rigid rotations in space depend on nonlinear transformations in time -- such that local random changes in angular momentum at every spacetime scale and orientation of the plane, are nonlinear. The wave function therefore does not collapse and spacetime is not quantized; Joy Christian's quantum measurement framework is exactly as general, natural and manifestly local as he claims. The only non-arbitrary choice of initial condition on the 3-manifold is the simple pole at infinity, compactifying R^3 and showing by existence that Bell's choice of topology was in error.

I am in the editing/polishing stage of a paper that more formally explains all this in detail with supporting mathematics.

Best,

Tom

16 days later

Some people do not appreciate Hawking changing his mind. Kind of sad.

January 27, 2014

Stephen Hawking's Blunder on Black Holes Shows Danger of Listening to Scientists, Says Bachmann

Posted by Andy Borowitz

http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/borowitzreport/2014/01/stephen-hawkings-blunder-on-black-holes-shows-danger-of-listening-to-scientists-says-bachmann.html

    Wow. This reaction is *serious* and in some ways very understandable:

    "Actually, Dr. Hawking, our biggest blunder as a society was ever listening to people like you," said Rep. Bachmann. "If black holes don't exist, then other things you scientists have been trying to foist on us probably don't either, like climate change and evolution."

    Rep. Bachmann added that all the students who were forced to learn about black holes in college should now sue Dr. Hawking for a full refund. "Fortunately for me, I did not take any science classes in college," she said.

    It only goes to show how important it is for the science community to really have a light bulb moment about quantum mechanics being at odds with general relativity. For me the answer is easy. It's general relativity which is flat wrong. Newton's idea of gravity working equally in all directions without a mechanism being required is flat wrong. Einstein never changed this ludicrous premise. A particle model of a graviton, a spinning Archimedes screw, is the ONLY model to bridge the gap between a theory of gravity and quantum mechanics. It's easy AND common sense! Gravity then becomes directional, like the other forces. Baryonic gravity of everyday matter then becomes an average radiation of gravitons equally in all directions, which is why his simple equation is so effective.

    Science must be saved from scientists themselves so a very understandable reaction from politicians. This is to be expected when scientific criticism is stifled and opposing views are systematically shut out without bothering to discredit them on merit. See this effort aimed at avoiding this kind of future embarrassment of science by politicians. How should humanity steer the future? Look up to politicians, not scientists the way things are going.

    Akinbo

    Akinbo,

    Thank you so much for the link to 95 Years of Criticism of the Special Theory of Relativity (1908-2003).

    Here's a taster of what the research project have to say:

    [quote]The public in Germany has been cheated since 1922 and is cheated by the influential scientific community until today. Academic physics exert strong pressure on newspapers, journals, publishers and congresses not to accept any criticism of special relativity for publishing. Critical papers are suppressed, critical persons are excluded from any participation in the scientific dialogue.[end quote]