Dear Sir,
We have discussed Wheeler's delayed choice experiment in our essay published on May 31, 2013 to show that the measurement process and the conclusions derived from it are incorrect. Yet, when you say: "measurements made today can determine the past history of the universe", you are correct. Measurement is always taken a time t, and the result is frozen for use at later times t1, t2, etc. Thus, we cannot know the "present state" because by that time we perceive the result of measurement, the object has evolved further. From this, we can infer that the result of measurement represents the past evolutionary state. This is true both for the macro and the micro systems.
First the proposition, then the discarding of the Cosmological Constant by Einstein and its reincarnation to explain dark energy are mired in various controversies. Firstly, there cannot be dark energy (we call a background structure), because energy cannot be dark (non-interacting) - energy is always inferred from its interactions involving mass and has never been seen directly. Bare mass is dark because we see only when the radiation reaches our eyes and without energy, mass cannot interact by itself. The galaxy rotation problem is wrong mathematics. The galactic clusters only appear to recede from each other because the Universe as a whole is spinning on its central axis just like planets go round the Sun. Temporarily they appear to recede from each other to come close again. Similarly, after many years, the galactic clusters will appear to come closer. This is the reason why the expansion of the Universe is not evident in lesser scales.
The mathematics of General Relativity, Einstein's theory of gravitation, is highly misleading. It should be based on a constant differential that is not zero and seek the motion of some given mass or volume. This mass or volume may be as small as we like, but it cannot be zero (hence no infinities). This causes several fundamental and far-reaching changes to the mathematics of GR, but the first of these changes is of course the elimination of singularity from all solutions. Therefore the central "fact" of the black hole must be given up. Whatever may be at the center of a black hole, it cannot be a "singularity".
Chandrasekhar used Einstein's field equations to calculate densities and accelerations inside a collapsing superstar. His mathematics suggested the singularity at the center, as well as other characteristics that are still accepted as defining the black hole. Einstein himself contradicted Chandrasekhar's conclusions. Apart from using mass points in GR, Einstein made several other basic errors that even Chandrasekhar did not correct and is still being continued. One such error is the use of the term γ, which, as we have explained in many threads, really does not change anything except perception of the object by different observers unrelated to the time evolution of the object proper. Hence it cannot be treated as actually affecting the time-evolution of the object. Yet, in GR, it affects both "x" and "t" transformations. In some experimental situations γ is nearly correct due to Doppler shift. But in a majority of situations, γ fails, sometimes very badly. Also γ is the main term in the mass increase equation. To calculate volumes or densities in a field, one must calculate both radius (length) and mass; and the term comes into play in both.
Yet, Einstein had wrongly assigned several length and time variables in SR, giving them to the wrong coordinate systems or to no specific coordinate systems. He skipped an entire coordinate system, achieving two degrees of relativity when he thought he had only achieved one. Because his x and t transforms were compromised, his velocity transform was also compromised. He carried this error into the mass transforms, which infected them as well. This problem then infected the tensor calculus and GR. This explains the various anomalies and variations and the so-called violations within Relativity. Since Einstein's field equations are not correct, Schwarzschild's solution of 1917 is not correct. Israel's non-rotating solution is not correct. Kerr's rotating solution is not correct. And the solutions of Penrose, Wheeler, Hawking, Carter, and Robinson are not correct.
Let us take just one example. The black hole equations are directly derived from GR - a theory that stipulates that nothing can equal or exceed the speed of light. Yet the centripetal acceleration of the black hole must equal or exceed the speed of light in order to overcome it. In that case, all matter falling into a black hole would instantaneously achieve infinite mass. It is not clear how bits of infinite mass can be collected into a finite volume, increase in density and then disappear into a singularity. In other words, the assumptions and the mathematics that led to the theory of the black hole do not work inside the created field. The exotic concepts like wormholes, tachyons, virtual particle pairs, quantum leaps and non-linear i-trajectories at 11-dimensional boson-massed fields in parallel universes, etc, cannot avoid this central contradiction. It is not the laws of physics that breaks down inside a black hole. It is the mathematics and the postulates of Relativity that break down. The idea of Cosmological constant also similarly breaks down.
The cosmological principle has come into question recently as astronomers find subtle but growing evidence of a special direction in space. The CMB, the so-called afterglow of the big bang, is not perfectly smooth - hot and cold spots speckle the sky. In recent years, however, scientists have discovered that these spots are not quite as randomly distributed as they first appeared - they align in a pattern that point out a special direction in space. Cosmologists have theatrically dubbed it the "axis of evil". More hints of a cosmic arrow come from studies of supernovae, stellar cataclysms that briefly outshine entire galaxies. Cosmologists have been using supernovae to map the accelerating expansion of the universe. Detailed statistical studies reveal that supernovae are moving even faster in a line pointing just slightly off the axis of evil. Similarly, astronomers have measured galaxy clusters streaming through space at a million miles an hour toward an area in the southern sky. Thus, the mass density calculation of the universe is wrong.
The equation: ΩM ΩΛ Ωk = 1 appears tantalizingly similar to the Mr. Fermi's description of the three part Hamiltonian for the atom: H = HA HR HI. Here, H is 1. ΩM, which represents matter density is similar to HA, the bare mass. ΩΛ, which represents the cosmological constant, is similar to HR, the radiating bare charge. Ωk, which represents curvature of the universe, is similar to HI, the interaction. This indicates (as Mr. Mason A. Porter and Mr. Predrag Cvitanovic had shown in the Notices of the American Mathematical Society in 2005), that the macro and the micro worlds share the same sets of mathematics. Thus, the Universe is spinning on its axis as a whole, the receding galaxies phenomenon is temporary and the concept of dark matter is fiction.
Regards,
basudeba
