Thanks for all the useful questions. It really helps me to refine my discrete aether universe when people ask questions about unification and charge. The notion that the universe emerges from just the two axioms of matter and action is really appealing.
John R. Cox replied on Oct. 1, 2016 @ 15:12 GMT as "...Because the question remains; 'what IS charge?!' and how can it be that it exhibits only one direction of action, either inward or outward, if treated as a quasi-surface of a spherical volume?
Charge represents a particular phase of the action of discrete aether and light is just a pair of aether particles in resonance at some frequency. This is akin to the photon as the occupation of a vacuum oscillator in QED, but with discrete aether, it is more useful to think of light as fixed and the rest of the universe moves past each photon.
Notions of space like surface and volume emerge from the radius of electron charge. An electron is an aether condensate with minus phase while the proton is an aether condensate of plus phase. Of course, there is more structure to the proton as three quarks, but quarks are all aether condensates as well stabilized by gluon exchange.
Quantum is at the root of all action as the Schro. equation, which makes the differential of an action proportional and orthogonal to the matter of that action. This means that both matter and action have amplitude as well as phase and these quantum notions do not have any classical analogs. Classical motion like gravity is simply an entanglement between complementary phased actions that makes it seem like action and matter do not have phase.
Matter that has a plus phase attracts matter that has a minus phase and it is the exchange of an aether pairs as photons by which charge attraction or repulsion occurs. In essence, motion is the increase in mass by exchange of aether. So with discrete aether, the nature a photon is as an aether atom. Likewise gravity is the exchange of a photon pair whose symmetry is therefore always attractive. In effect, a photon pair reduces gravity to the exchanges of single aether particles instead of aether pairs.
In essence, the decoherence of aether represents the shrinking of the universe and all observable matter is bathed in that flux in a constant but discrete exchange. It is the decoherence rate of aether and all matter at 0.26 ppb/yr that determines all force and is what holds the universe together.
The CMB creation represents the freezing out of just 1e-7 of aether into observable matter when force reached a threshold and aether has been driving observable matter into black holes ever since then.
Since aether decay is where all force comes from, the matter decay of a star due to radiation loss leads to an extra force and therefore energy in the virial energy of a galaxy. Star decay essential transfers angular momentum from inner to outer stars in a rotating galaxy without the need for a dark matter halo.
Galaxy rotation is then simply a consequence of quantum gravity exchange and there is a similar explanation for dark energy. At the scale of cosmic threads, the motions of galaxy clusters couple by quantum exchange much like the motions of charge couple with magnetism. There is a force associated with the neutral flux of matter on the cosmic scale that is now called dark energy.