Reading your discussion about fundamental building‑blocks and cosmic ontology, I would like to present my alternative theoretical framework for the origin of the universe. Below are the title, author information, abstract, keywords and introduction of my paper. The full‑text manuscript is archived on Zenodo.
Light Ontology Theory
——Free‑energy State and Bound‑matter State of Photons
Author: Yan Jiaqing
ORCID iD: 0009‑0005‑2185‑5790
Zenodo: https://zenodo.org/records/22936580
Abstract
Modern fundamental physics has underlying logical fractures when interpreting cosmic origin, mass‑energy transformation, hierarchy of elementary particles and interaction mechanisms, making it hard to unify energy, matter, force‑fields and cosmic evolution at an ontological level. This paper proposes that light is the sole ultimate origin of the universe.
The speed of light is not merely a kinematic propagation rate, but an inherent fundamental driving capacity and evolutionary tendency of the universe. When photons stay in the free‑energy state, their evolution, energy‑level shift and field propagation are directly driven by this fundamental tendency.
High‑energy gamma‑ray photons form localized closed‑loops via the strong self‑locking mechanism and generate material particles. Meanwhile, the driving tendency originally exerted outward is confined inside particles and can no longer govern the external motion of material systems. Along with the confinement of light‑speed, three compensation forces of light‑speed emerge in the universe: the strong force, electromagnetic force and gravitational force. All three compensation forces originate from light‑speed but follow different determining conditions. The magnitude of strong force and gravity depend on the total confined photon energy inside particles, represented by mass in the matter state; the confined energy is mass itself. Energy is used as the measure for the energy state while mass is adopted for the matter state, and they can transform equivalently. The electromagnetic force originates from spatial disturbances induced by photon self‑locking configurations; its intensity is directly determined by electric charge. Electric charge itself is a spatial‑disturbance effect produced by particle structures and is not directly equivalent to mass. Electric charges can neutralize macroscopically, so macroscopic electromagnetic force does not necessarily increase synchronously with mass.
Thus a strict dual‑state driving rule of the universe is established: the energy state is driven by the fundamental tendency of light‑speed, whereas the matter state is driven by three derived compensation forces of light‑speed.
This paper clearly distinguishes two core concepts: strong self‑locking is a structural mechanism for particle formation, while the strong force is a compensation force generated after matter comes into being. Their physical mechanisms are essentially different and must not be confused. This model realizes the unification of mass‑energy transformation, particle hierarchy, interactions and cosmic cycles, constructing a logically self‑consistent ontological system of the universe.
Keywords: cosmic origin of light; dual state of photons; light‑speed tendency; compensation forces of light‑speed; strong self‑locking; mass‑energy transformation; electric charge; interaction mechanism
Introduction
Contemporary physical theories such as the Standard Model, quantum field theory, string theory and topological state theory mostly adopt multi‑base architectures. They study particles, fields, energy and interactions separately and have not achieved monistic unification of cosmic ontology. Meanwhile they cannot clarify micro‑mechanisms of mass‑energy transformation, homologous origin of interaction forces, and driving differences between energy systems and matter systems.
Traditional physics regards the speed of light merely as light’s propagation velocity and overlooks that light‑speed is the underlying dynamic property and evolutionary tendency of the universe, acting as the fundamental driving source for all cosmic motions. Existing theories describe criteria for the magnitude of three interactions separately and lack a unified ontological framework. Gravity and the strong force are bound to confined energy (mass), while the electromagnetic force is bound to electric charge. Electric charge comes from spatial disturbances caused by particle self‑locking structures and has no simple proportional relation to mass. In macroscopic systems positive and negative charges can neutralize, further widening behavioral differences between electromagnetic force and gravity or strong force. This relationship needs to be sorted out within the theoretical framework of photon ontology.
Absolute vacuum and absolute darkness do not exist in the real universe. Space is universally filled with photons of different energy levels. Various electromagnetic waves, cosmic radiation and cosmic microwave background are external manifestations of photons in the free‑energy state. Everything in the universe essentially corresponds to switching between two forms of photons: the open free‑energy state and the self‑locked confined‑matter state.
Based on the postulate of photon ontology, this paper puts forward brand‑new cosmic dynamic rules: free‑photon energy states are driven by the fundamental light‑speed tendency. When high‑energy photons form matter through strong self‑locking and light‑speed is confined inside particles, three compensation forces of light‑speed are derived to replace light‑speed and take full charge of structural formation, object motion and cyclic cosmic evolution in the material world.
