Dear James,
I am sorry it took so long to get back to you, but I wanted to look at your papers on FQXI to get an idea what your concepts are and I also had many other things going on at the same time. I do see that you understand the concept that the most basic constituents of the structure of the universe can only be rightly defined in units of their own quantity, amount or size, etc. and other entities that are derived from or are just relationships to those basic structures can then be defined in terms of these most basic structures.
We certainly both agree that one of these basic structures is space and that the measurement of an amount or extent of space is what we call distance and have divided it up into units like meters or feet, etc. Space also has other aspects that we can readily observe, such as three bidirectional dimensions that are joined together at ninety degrees to each other into a network that allows an entity in space to travel equally freely in any combination of those 6 directions. Space is basically the place where other entities can exist, move, and interact with space and one another.
This brings me to the concept that the next most basic structure is that of the entities that occupy space. Man currently tends to consider there to be 3 types of such entities, which are matter particles, energy photons, and fields. When I looked at the observational data, however, I found that it is clear that matter particles can be changed into energy photons (example, electron positron annihilation with low kinetic energy interaction) and energy photons can be changed into angular or linear motions (example, photon interaction with an electron in an atom that raises the electron to a higher level and photon interaction with a free electron which changes the electron's linear motion amplitude or speed). In both cases the photon disappears and is said to be absorbed by the electron. Since the only change in the electron is its amount of motion, it is obvious that what was the photon has been changed into the observed motion. If photons can be changed into motions then it is reasonable to consider that they are composed of motions that are in some way stored in such a way that it produces the photon. By extension, it is reasonable to consider that a matter particle is also composed of motions. If this is true, it means that motion(s) should also be able to produce photons and matter particles. This has also been observed. Example, An electron in an atom can change from a higher level or orbit in the atom to a lower one and in the process its total kinetic motion decreases. This freed up motion then generates or creates an energy photon, which then travels off into space at the speed of light. When two matter particles with great relative kinetic energy interact they can produce many matter particles that contain much more mass than the original two particles had. It has been demonstrated that the kinetic energy of the resultant particles is less than that of the original two particles by an amount that is equal to the amount that is necessary to produce the increased mass of the resultant particles compared to the mass of the original two particles. This means that this kinetic energy which is another way of saying motion has been converted into matter particles. These things are not hard to understand from the observational data. From this it is easy to see that motion is the next most basic entity and that all of the matter particles, energy photons, and fields are composed of motions in some way. If we start with simple motions because they are the easiest to understand, the next question that one is led to from this is: how do you construct an energy photon from simple motion(s)?
Simple motions possess only a few properties, which are:
1. A continual change of position.
2. The amount of motion it contains or its motion amplitude. This determines how far it will change its motion to in comparison to another motion that is chosen to be a standard motion.
3. Its direction of travel.
A simple motion can read its direction of travel to allow it to change its position in the right direction, but cannot access its direction of travel to change it (read only). It can only be changed as the result of an interaction. It can read its motion amplitude information and use that information to generate its amount of change of motion, but it cannot access it to change its motion amplitude (read only). Again this can only change due to an interaction. It can read its position information and can also change it. (read and write access). As mentioned above the changes that it makes to its position information are controlled by its motion amplitude and direction data.
So how do you use such simple motions to build an energy photon? The first part is rather easy. All energy photons travel in a single direction (each has its own direction, which is not the same as all other photons' directions) at the same motion amplitude, which is called the speed of light or C. This can be done by a single simple motion, although there is the question as to why they all travel at the same motion amplitude. The second part is harder. Each photon possesses a cyclical angular motion that operates at 90 degrees to its direction of travel. The problem is that cyclical motions must periodically reverse their direction of travel in order to return to the beginning point of their cycle and then again to begin the next cycle. This can only occur as a result of periodic interactions of some kind to change the motion's stored directional data. A simple motion cannot do this by itself. It is, however, required to make an energy photon. Since an energy photon can possess this motion even when it is traveling through empty space it must not be a result of interactions with other entities. Moreover if it was due to some interactions with some type of unknown and as yet unobserved entity, it would be expected that such entities would not be uniformly spaced and all traveling at the same motion amplitude so as to produce cycles that are always the same frequency and wavelength, but would be randomly spaced and would likely be moving around so as to produce cycles of varying lengths and frequencies. The easiest answer to this problem that I could see was the use of a small fourth dimension. The Fourth dimensional motion could travel back and forth in that dimension and interact with the ends of the dimension to reverse its motion to produce its cyclical motion. One problem with this concept is that the motion would instantaneously change its direction at each end of the dimension and then travel through the dimension at a single motion amplitude. This would create a cyclical motion with a square wave form, but photons have a sign wave form. If the motion is not always in our three dimensional world, but gradually enters and once it is completely in begins to gradually exit it, the sign wave form is created. This is just a way to explain the observed data concerning how energy photons work. Of course, if you can produce a better way please tell me about it. I am, of course, looking for a way that does not use such things as forces that cannot be explained as to how the work, etc. The way that I have given can do so. It can also explain why energy photons generally all travel at the speed of light because this can be viewed as the speed threshold at which motion is transferred from the lower three dimensions to the fourth dimension and vice versa.
This opens up the concept of another type of particle, which I call a sub-energy particle. It consists of a single simple motion that travels at or below the speed of light. If motion is added to it so that it would travel faster than the speed of light, that extra motion is transferred to the fourth dimension and it becomes an energy photon. Individually sub-energy particles have very little effect on energy photons or matter particles because linear motion even at the speed of light has little effect in interactions as can be observed in the very weak interactions of very low frequency photons, which still travel at the speed of light. It is the angular motion components that generate most of the interaction effects. Large numbers of sub-energy particles can be entrained in and by matter particles and under enough combined pressure they can interact. They are what all forces are composed of. As an example, in an atom the electrons travel centered on a low pressure sphere between two high pressure sub-energy spheres. If extra motion is added to the electron it tries to move up and increases its pressure on the high pressure sub-energy sphere above it. If the added motion is great enough it will pass through the sphere and settle in a low pressure sphere higher up above the nucleus of the atom. Since this higher up position is above the natural level it would be in due to its mass, etc. it will tend to be pulled back down causing it to place greater pressure on the high density sphere below it. This extra pressure can allow an interaction to occur between the electron and a sub-energy particle in the high density sphere below it and transfer enough motion to that sub-energy particle to cause it to be changed into an energy photon that carries the extra motion away from the electron which then goes back down to its normal level. This explains the appearance of energy photons without the need for weird vacuum states of space, etc. and also explains the structure of fields in a way that easily explains the causes and effects of their behavior.
The next problem is how to change an energy photon into a matter particle. Matter particles possess a frequency and wave length effect similar to energy photons, so it could be that a matter particle contains an energy photon in it. The main difference between them is that the photon always travels at the speed of light in a linear direction while a matter particle can travel at any speed from zero up to about the speed of light and the photon possesses only a dynamic variable mass that operates at ninety degrees to its direction of travel while a matter particle possesses a static mass effect that continues to exist even when the matter particle is at rest and it operates at ninety degrees to all directions about the particle. The question then is how do you change the observed effects from those observed in a photon to those seen in a matter particle? The easiest answer that I have found is to add another motion that causes the photon to take a curved path that encloses upon itself to create the matter particle. This path must be three dimensional in order to make the mass effect the same in all directions. The result is a change from traveling in some direction at the speed of light to traveling at the speed of light around the enclosed path. This generates great angular motion which operates in all directions about the matter particle to create the static mass effect, so it solves both problems. This motion must be cyclical, which means it must periodically change direction in all three dimensions (not in all at the same time) and it must vary in amplitude in a sign wave pattern. The motions introduced into each of the three dimensions must also be out of phase with each other in such a way as to produce the enclosed path structure. Again I used another (fifth) dimension to explain this motions operation. Maybe you can do better. Since it is not yet time for man to know how the fifth vector works in detail I have kept this part of the explanation vague and will not go into great detail about it.
My intent is to produce a model of the structure of the universe that explains the observed data in a way that can be completely understood and that produces the observed causes and effects without relying on concepts that are vague or don't make logical sense, etc. Instead of considering matter particles to be point objects, but at the same time possess angular motion (as observed) called spin which does not make any sense because a point particle would possess a point about which a spin could occur, but has nothing to spin about that point, I not only show how it can have spin, but also show how you can convert one type of particle into another one and even how fields work. I use two extra dimensions to do it, but I do not need multiverses, space that is not truly space, wave functions that must be observed to cause them to collapse to allow anything to happen, unexplained multiple results from interactions or unexplained probabilities of each of them occurring, etc. It breaks everything down to being composed of simple motions. Remember that all of the theories and math models are just at best a model that closely approximates reality. We cannot observe all of reality in such a way as to fully understand every aspect of it. If you can explain as much as I have about how things are structured without the two extra dimensions, please show me your way of doing it.
I must admit that I do not consider time to be a basic structural constituent, but just a relationship between distance and motion. It is just a way to compare one motion with another one. Its unit of seconds is one sixtieth of a minute, which is one sixtieth of an hour which is one twenty fourth of a day, which is roughly a measure of the motion of any particle of the earth through one complete cycle of its motion about the axis of the earth. It is much easier to just pick any convenient motion amplitude to be the standard motion amplitude and then compare all other motions with it. If you want to stick to the day as your standard motion amplitude then its motion amplitude would be 1 unit of motion amplitude and a motion that would travel around the earth twice during one standard day unit would have 2 units of motion amplitude etc. It makes things much simpler to understand. In this way you are looking at the amount, size, or quantity of motions defined in their own natural units, which is appropriate since motions are a basic constituent of the universe and are the entities which occupy space and interact with each other and with space.
Sincerely,
Paul
