Akinbo,

thank you for addressing the point that this forum is for discussion about Quark Stars and strange quark matter (SQM). I wish to make a quick response to your last point though:

"Finally, as I have posted on a blog elsewhere, RE: Einstein's work famously showed that time is relative... that clocks run more quickly at higher altitudes because they experience a weaker gravitational force than clocks on the surface of the Earth. When you want to dtermine the time taken for light to travel a given distance, which clock will you use?"

It worth noting that pendulum clocks tick or swing more slowly at higher altitudes contrary to atomic clocks. This to me is proof that 'time' can't be thought of as running faster in a lower gravitational field, only *atomic* clocks can. This is why Einstein's mathematical equations without a mechanism for the gravity force are redundant imv.

Alan

This latest finding suggests exotic matter is at play:

NASA's Chandra Sees Runaway Pulsar Firing an Extraordinary Jet (Feb 18 2014)

"With the pulsar moving one way and the jet going another, this gives us clues that exotic physics can occur when some stars collapse," said co-author Gerd Puehlhofer also of the University of Tuebingen.

Originally discovered with the European Space Agency satellite INTEGRAL, the pulsar is located about 60 light-years away from the center of the supernova remnant SNR MSH 11-61A in the constellation of Carina. Its implied speed is between 2.5 million and 5 million mph, making it one of the fastest pulsars ever observed.

"We've never seen an object that moves this fast and also produces a jet," said Lucia Pavan of the University of Geneva in Switzerland and lead author of a paper published Tuesday,in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics. "By comparison, this jet is almost 10 times longer than the distance between the sun and our nearest star."

The X-ray jet in IGR J11014-6103 is the longest known in the Milky Way galaxy. In addition to its impressive span, it has a distinct corkscrew pattern that suggests the pulsar is wobbling like a spinning top.

IGR J11014-6103 also is producing a cocoon of high-energy particles that enshrouds and trails behind it in a comet-like tail. This structure, called a pulsar wind nebula, has been observed before, but the Chandra data show the long jet and the pulsar wind nebula are almost perpendicular to one another.

"We can see this pulsar is moving directly away from the center of the supernova remnant based on the shape and direction of the pulsar wind nebula," said co-author Pol Bordas, from the University of Tuebingen in Germany. "The question is, why is the jet pointing off in this other direction?"

Usually, the spin axis and jets of a pulsar point in the same direction as they are moving, but IGR J11014-6103's spin axis and direction of motion are almost at right angles.

I'll be the first to say anisotropic Strange Quark Matter is responsible.

    Alan,

    That is an interesting observation. I keep making the point that while we experience time as a sequence of events and physics further distills this to measures of duration, the reality is that what is present isn't a point on some dimension and thus moving along it through these situations, but that what is present is all that is physically real and since it constantly changing configuration, it is these events which are created and dissolved, ie, going from being in the future to being in the past. We are not traveling/flowing from yesterday to tomorrow, rather tomorrow becomes yesterday because the earth rotates. This makes time an effect of action, like temperature, not the space in which it occurs.

    Then each action is its own clock and runs according to circumstance. If time really were a flow from past to future, you would think a faster clock would move into the future more rapidly, but because it processes/ages/burns faster, it actually recedes into the past that much quicker.

    Regards,

    John M

    Alan,

    One of my contentions has been that black holes are really cosmic vortices and what gets pulled in them is what gets shot out those jets at the poles.

    So the fact this has a tail and a jet perpendicular to one another raises the possibility the tail is material being pulled in, rather than blown off. Possibly the nebula isn't its own, but one it's pulling material from. Just a thought.

    Regards,

    John M

    Hi John,

    Thanks for joining in on this discussion. Yes, I agree when you say "This makes time an effect of action, like temperature, not the space in which it occurs." I'm from a computer simulation modelling background and so think in simple recreation of events using mechanical modelling.

    Einstein's work is long over due for the recycling bin, yet I hear there's a new film dedicated to the life of Prof. Stephen Hawking who's his biggest advocate, entitled Theory Of Everything

    ..groan..

    Alan

    John,

    I had the thought that all these exotic high energy celestial bodies have the same basic form. It's exactly like that of the Earth: they spin around an axis, have a magnetic field and also wobble:

    "The X-ray jet in IGR J11014-6103 is the longest known in the Milky Way galaxy. In addition to its impressive span, it has a distinct corkscrew pattern that suggests the pulsar is wobbling like a spinning top."

    I'm convinced that they all have exotic matter, anisotropic strange quark matter, at their cores to produce the same basic form. How do you feel about this extraordinary idea? I'm guessing you'll need plenty of convincing.

    Alan

    Alan,

    I'm somewhat of the opinion that we don't really appreciate the nature of ordinary matter. Physics seems bent on finding some mystery buried down in the most elemental nature and goes to extremes of smallest, largest and most abstract, but this everyday reality we live in is a balancing act of forces and properties, of which we tend to focus on one side of, or see the two sides as somehow distinct. A good example is the whole Big Bang cosmology, where the universe is a singular vector from beginning to end. What seems to be overlooked is that galaxies are not inert points of reference, but 'space sinks,' which do balance the expansion of the measure of inter-galactic space, resulting in an overall flat space, as is measured. Logically this would imply some sort of cycle and we know radiation expands, while mass contracts and they do emerge from one another. Yet our intellectual model is to focus on the distinctions, rather than the connections, so its a search for what we are missing, but it may be what we are missing is not hiding, we just are not looking at it the right way.

    This is something I wrote for another discussion and it was ignored, but it's an idea that keeps nibbling at my brain;

    "According to increasingly accurate measurements, the overall universe appears flat, with gravity balancing the expansion. While the space between galaxies appears to expand, these galaxies are not just inert points of measure, but 'space sinks,' collapsing measures of space in proportion to that which expands between them. Given this balance it would seem to me some form of convection cycle, of expanding radiation and collapsing mass, would better explain the entire process, than just the current focus on the expanding inter-galactic medium creates the impression of an expanding universe.

    The contraction of mass and the expansion of energy would then constitute opposing directions of time, as structure forms on the perimeters of galaxies and becomes increasingly complex and dense, until apparently collapsing into the center and being ejected out the poles, if not previously radiated away as light. Meanwhile the radiation is constantly expanding away from prior forms and coalescing into new forms. Keep in mind that a clock has two components, the face and hands and they go in opposite directions. To the hands, it is the face going counterclockwise. The form of classic clocks evolved from sundials and the hand(s) originally represented the sun, or conversely, the shadow created by its light, moving around the dial. As such it represented the present, while the marks on the face represent the units of time. So the hands/present moves from past to future units, while these units go from being in the future, to being in the past. Such as energy is constantly manifesting form, expanding in out, until it becomes rigid, then breaking it down and going onto new forms and growing them. So we have these galaxies, composed of physical forms that are constantly coalescing out of more basic forms, expanding out as they accumulate energy and mass, then radiating it away, eventually to where the last of the energy appears to be shot out the poles as cosmic jets. All this energy goes to create the effect of an expanding inter-galactic space.

    Gravity, then, is not so much a property of mass, but the vacuum effect of energy coalescing into mass and ever more dense forms after that. Given dark matter cannot be detected, but there is excesses of unexplained cosmic rays on the perimeters of galaxies.

    So there are two directions of time. That of the physical present, as the energy, moving onto the future and expansion, while the forms it manifests coalescing and eventually dissolving, ie, going future to past.

    Now when we measure something, we convert energy into information, which is form. So in an elemental sense, our very effort of measurement converts energy into mass, that of a stabilized state of the energy."

    So, in a sense, matter is stabilized energy and when we measure anything, we have to balance it with another force, so we are creating mass by measuring energy. This then gets to the issue of the 'observer generated' reality.

    Sorry I'm wandering off topic, but the brain tends to wander off while I'm doing other things. I think that on a deeper spiritual level, we have some primal sense of this, For example, the primitive assertions that cameras and taking a picture are 'soul stealers.' That some tiny measure of the person takes some of their energy. On a personal sense, I seem ever more suspended in the interpersonal and organic web of consciousness and any thread I pull, causes lots of different effects, so my sense of the material becomes ever more tenuous. It's all about balance.

    Regards,

    John M

    John,

    Quite off topic, yes. Your use of the word "mass" means you are subscribing to Einstein's spacetime imv and therefore not too open to non-baryonic candidates for dark matter. There was something that you mention which caught my interest:

    "Given dark matter cannot be detected, but there is excesses of unexplained cosmic rays on the perimeters of galaxies."

    I have a hunch that strange quark matter at the center of celestial bodies create cosmic rays when two such bodies interact on the plane of their rotation. There's evidence that cosmic rays originate from Jupiter Cosmic rays from Jupiter.

    Even from the Earth's core. Take a look at the diagram for terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGF's)

    There's a clue that TGF's have a trigger emanating from the center of the Earth imo:

    [Quote]Second, TGFs are strongly concentrated around Earth's equator when compared to lightning.[11] (They may also be concentrated over water compared to lightning in general.)[end quote]

    The thinner crust under the oceans would allow the easiest escape route for a mystery pulse escaping the center of the Earth. Bermuda Triangle type mysteries also occur over the oceans - coincidence?

    Alan

    Here's a recent paper which reads suspiciously similar to the 1982 paper on Jupiter Cosmic Rays linked above:

    Global Anisotropies in TeV Cosmic Rays Related to the Sun's Local Galactic Environment from IBEX (Feb 2014)

    [quote]Observations with the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) have shown enhanced energetic neutral atom (ENA) emission from a narrow, circular ribbon likely centered on the direction of the local interstellar medium (LISM) magnetic field. Here, we show that recent determinations of the local interstellar velocity, based on interstellar atom measurements with IBEX, are consistent with the interstellar modulation of high energy (TeV) cosmic rays and diffusive propagation from supernova sources revealed in global anisotropy maps of ground-based high-energy cosmic-ray observatories (Milagro, AsĪ³ and IceCube). Establishing a consistent local interstellar magnetic field direction using IBEX ENAs at hundreds to thousands of eV and galactic cosmic rays at tens of TeV has wide-ranging implications for the structure of our heliosphere and its interactions with the local interstellar medium, particularly important at the time when the Voyager spacecraft are leaving our heliosphere.[end quote]

    Alan

    John, you said, "According to increasingly accurate measurements, the overall universe appears flat, with gravity balancing the expansion...". Mass until shown otherwise is the source of gravity and expansion implies an increasing radius. One can therefore rephrase your statement as "According to increasingly accurate measurements, the overall universe appears flat, with increasing Mass balancing the increasing radius...". I wrote a paper some years ago, which I am afraid of updating for fear that Moderators may disallow me. In that paper I posed the question: Does the universe have a constant mass during its evolution or has its mass been increasing with its radius? Come to think of it, if the universe is now about 1052kg, was all that mass there right from the beginning? Apart from being unnatural, as Nature tends to do its work gradually unlike we humans, having everything all at once results in theoretical difficulties for the Big bang model, such as "a temperature problem", quite apart from the identified flatness problem which inflationary theory was invented to resolve.

    Akinbo

    *I make this post here because this blog is categorized under Cosmology, although I know Alan wants nothing but his Strange type of matter discussed! But if the universe is increasing in mass, the initial stable types of matter must have the strongest bonds between them because of the high ambient temperature, but newly forming matter can make do having just gravitational bonds to form stable structures, and so will be more diffuse and less clumpy since current ambient cosmic energy and temperature is about 2.7K.

    Alan,

    It's not strange if it fits in the larger system. So what you are saying is that at the gravitational center, energy radiates back out. Isn't that emblematic of a vortex? That the energy radiates back out out into the larger system, rather then disappearing into some other dimension?

    Akinbo,

    My view is that space is unbounded/infinite, so the whole system isn't expanding, rather it is a cycle, effectively a cosmic convection cycle, of energy radiating out and eventually congealing into mass/balanced structure, than inexorably falling back together and heating up, until it breaks down and radiates back out again. It's just they are only looking at the effect of the expansion and not adding in that gravity does cancel/balance out the overall expansion. They use inflation to explain why it appears flat, but that just shoehorns evidence of an infinite universe into a finite model. It's institutional myopia, given the proof is in their own evidence.

    Having to keep it short, off to work.

    Regards,

    John M

    John,

    I'm saying that there's additional tide raising forces at the center of the Earth from non-baryonic matter interaction on the plane of rotation. I've worked backwards from a novel explanation for both the ice age 100ky insolation-only conundrum as well as the mysterious climate millennial cycle which fits with the 1,800 yr lunar tidal cycle. It's a long story, but as Akinbo points out, that's all I want to talk about right now. Sorry for my obsession but I'm convinced this is a worthy avenue of inquiry, if nothing else. Strange quark matter fits the bill just right.

    Cheers,

    Alan

    Alan,

    No prob. I got drawn in by your point about measures of time being affected differently, depending on mechanism and relation to gravity. Sorry I can't be of help, but it's a time thing(s).

    Regards,

    John M

    John,

    No problem too. The discussion went a bit off topic by then. I pointed out that pendulum clocks tick or swing more slowly in a lower gravitational field contrary to atomic clocks, which speed up. This is why Einstein's work should be taken with a pinch of salt.

    Here's a video of a pulsar jet taken by the Chandra observatory. It shows the corkscrew emission just as described in the "runaway" pulsar above.

    Vela pulsar

    I can't really see the mystery of the runaway pulsar. It's moving perpendicular to it's jet, yes, but that's what I'd expect.

    "Usually, the spin axis and jets of a pulsar point in the same direction as they are moving, but IGR J11014-6103's spin axis and direction of motion are almost at right angles.2

    I think it's the more usual movement in the direction of the spin axis which is the real mystery here.

    Alan

    Reading further about pulsars led me to pulsar glitches:

    [quote]A glitch is a sudden increase (up to 1 part in 106) in the rotational frequency of a rotation-powered pulsar, which usually decreases steadily due to braking provided by the emission of radiation and high-energy particles. It is unknown whether or not they are related to the timing noise which all pulsars exhibit. Following a glitch is a period of gradual recovery where the observed periodicity slows to a period close to that observed before the glitch. These gradual recovery periods have been observed to last from days to years. Currently, only multiple glitches of the Crab and Vela pulsars have been observed and studied extensively.

    While the exact cause of glitches is unknown, they are thought to be caused by an internal process within the pulsar. This differs from the steady decrease in the star's rotational frequency which is caused by external processes. Although the details of the glitch process are unknown, it is thought that the resulting increase in the pulsar's rotational frequency is caused by a brief coupling of the pulsar's faster-spinning superfluid core to the crust, which are usually decoupled. This brief coupling transfers angular momentum from core to the surface, which causes an increase in the measured periodicity. It is thought that the coupling could be caused by a breaking of the pulsar's magnetic dipole, which would apply a torque to the crust causing a brief coupling between the two parts. [end quote]

    I read this as a strange quark matter innercore coupling and decoupling possibility. When a pulsar moves perpendicular to it's jet, then the innermost core has aligned itself with the spin axis. When a pulsar moves in the same direction as it's jet, then the innermost core has swung more dramatically to align itself with the spin axis.

    Pulsar schemtaic

    Why it is more common for the larger swing is the next mystery to be solved.

    Alan

    The pix in attachment may explain why a supernova can explode twice; what lies at earth centre; the source of planetary and stellar magnetism; the reason behind celestial bodies spinning on the one hand (which matters more to Alan), and on the other hand (the aspect that matters more to me), why Michelson-Morley type experiments on earth surface are null (isotropy of light speed despite the earth's motion), while in contrast light arriving to observer from beyond the earth shows anisotropy and dependence on observer's motion (like CMBR and the need to correct for observer motion when studying Pulsar light); why the frequency of light should vary vertically with height as if there was a medium varying in density with height; why light grazing the surface of a celestial body should undergo refraction in the process. All these, in addition to resolving why outer lying stars do not escape from galaxies given their high rotational velocities as if galaxies contained more than the observed luminous matter, the major reason why dark matter was discovered in the first place. There may be more that the pix can explain.

    AkinboAttachment #1: FQXi_pix.doc

      Akinbo,

      I appreciate the diagram and the consideration of strange quark matter at the core of celestial bodies. I don't quite see why there has to be a significant mixture on the surface though and also existence in the interstellar medium. Just having gravitationally anisotropic exotic matter at the inner cores of planets and stars would be enough to explain observations imv.

      The null result from the M-M experiment is an interesting point of discussion. It is considered to show that a stationary aether doesn't exist in which light waves travel, analogous to waves on water. Yet we've ended up with a stationary "fabric" on which gravitational waves travel. Isn't the concept of space-time much the same thing as the aether?

      Alan

      Here's an interesting snippet on the first measurements of the speed of light:

      View From Mars Hill: Jupiter key to estimating the speed of light

      [quote]So what of this constant rate of light's speed on which the above numbers rely? In our Earthbound lives, light seems to travel extremely quickly, virtually instantaneously. How did we ever accurately determine the speed of light, and what does Jupiter have to do with any of this?

      Soon after Galileo pointed his telescope at the heavens and discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter (known today as the Galilean satellites, in his honor), he attempted to measure the speed of light by setting up lanterns on distant hills. Galileo's plan was to flash his lantern and as soon as his assistant on the other hill saw this light, he was to flash his own lantern. Galileo would measure the amount of time between the two flashes and, knowing the distance between the two hills, could then determine the speed at which the light traveled. This crude experiment left Galileo without any conclusions, except that light travels much faster than sound.

      Years later, in 1676, the Danish astronomer Ole Roemer observed that the eclipse times of Jupiter's moons correlated to the relative distances between Earth and Jupiter (and its satellites). When Earth was at its closest point to Jupiter, the eclipses occurred earlier than expected; when Earth was at its most distant point, the eclipses were later than expected.

      As we now know, light travels too fast to be detected across the short distances of Earth, explaining why Galileo's experiment failed. However, when observed across the much vaster distances between bodies in space, as Roemer had done, the speed is detectable. Roemer used his discovery to measure the speed of light for the first time and prove that light moved at a finite speed. While his estimate was on the low side, due to imprecise estimates of related measurements, he still came up with a fair approximation of the modern accepted value of 186,000 miles per second.[end quote]

      Alan,

      This may not be your forte. RE: "The null result from the M-M experiment is an interesting point of discussion. It is considered to show that a stationary aether doesn't exist in which light waves travel, analogous to waves on water".

      Let's leave the aether out for the moment. The greater importance of the M-M experiment vis-a-vis other experiments indicating on the contrary that earth's motion can influence light arrival times was that an earth-bound medium, not necessarily the aether must be present to explain the discordant light findings. In the absence of such a transparent medium Galilean relativity MUST be abandoned and another type of relativity (Lorentz transformation/Special relativity) MUST take its place. No feasible transparent candidate medium capable of being earth bound to influence earth surface experiments was found until long after the drama of 1887, 1905 and 1916. It was only from about 1932/1933 that a new actor previously unrecognized as a possible member of the cast came into reckoning and in my thinking it has come to rescue Galilean relativity from the strangle hold of Special relativity as the long sought earth-bound medium. See also the references in the pix I attached.

      Akinbo

      • [deleted]

      Akinbo,

      I read the Wikipedia entry, Michelson-Morley experiment and it's quite clear that until the experiment an aether was widely accepted as the medium for light waves.

      Why can't light be Archimedes screw shaped particles moving through space without the need for any medium?

      Alan