The problem of time is a fundamental problem of the foundations of nature and the universe.
Throughout the historical development of mankind, people have tried to understand the phenomenon of time.
And now this problem is solved.
It was solved as part of the research project “Theory of Nature”, which began in the second half of 2011. That's when I retired.
The first significant results of this project were achieved in 2014. They were presented in several of my articles, which were published online and sent to various physics institutions (universities, institutes, faculties, departments, laboratories, and various scientific and government agencies). The articles were also sent to the private addresses of a large number of prominent, leading physicists. The articles were also sent to the editorial offices of various physics journals and to the editorial offices of philosophy journals in the Russian Federation.
I believe that 2014 marked the beginning of a scientific revolution in physics. This year, for the first time in the scientific world, I formulated the rigorous proposition that “the content of elementary particles is the ‘pure’ concrete matter of nature”. And this proposition expressed a natural fact.
By this time, within the framework of the scientific project “Theory of Nature”, a number of other fundamental problems of the foundations of physics and cosmology had already been solved.
The fundamental problem of time was fully solved somewhat later.
These dates should probably be considered to be 2020-2021. My book “Theory of Nature” was published in 2021.
What is time?
Let me first give a few judgments regarding the phenomenon of “time” and
judgments of a general nature taken from my book “Theory of Nature”.
Time is the most important essence of NATURE.
Time is an objective reality.
Time is not a figment of our consciousness.
Time is not a subjective factor at its core.
Those people who consider time to be an illusion or a subjective factor are deeply mistaken and deluded.
Time is the reverse side of frequency.
Time is closely connected with matter and its movement.
A quantum of matter is the material “first building block” of the universe, pulsating in the rhythm and tempo of nature.
A quantum of matter is also the smallest amount of matter in nature.
The pulsation of a quantum of matter is the internal movement of matter.
The pulsation of a quantum of matter is a strictly periodic, harmonic process.
All quanta of matter pulsate synchronously in a single natural rhythm and tempo.
Movement (including pulsation) is an attribute (the most important property) of matter (quantum of matter).
And time is a form of existence of (pulsating) moving matter.
In essence, the quantum of matter, as the material “first building block” of nature and the universe, represents an organically inseparable triune essence of nature:
< matter & movement (pulsation) & time>.
It is impossible to consider the matter of nature in isolation from movement and time if our goal is to comprehend the truth (the truths of NATURE).
Motion is not matter.
Time is not matter.
Matter, motion and time are the essences of nature.
At the same time, movement (pulsation, displacement, change, evolution) represents, personifies (conditionally, figuratively speaking) the dialectic of nature.
The dialectic nature of nature means that everything in nature, all material bodies, objects are in constant motion (pulsation, displacement, change, evolution).
The materiality of nature means that all bodies, objects, and entities in nature are fundamentally material. Matter underlies all material bodies, objects, and entities.
Since the pulsation of a quantum of matter is a periodic process, this means that it is a frequency process, and this means that the pulsation of a quantum of matter occurs with a certain frequency, this is a natural frequency.
The numerical value of this natural frequency is given by the unique (and universal) constant of nature (UCN):
UCN=1,210 256*10^{44}.
Everything in NATURE and in the Universe is connected to this constant.
The minimum amount of matter in nature that forms a quantum of matter is equal to the value :
1/UCN=UCN^{-1}.
One pulsation cycle of a quantum of matter (EUM) is completed in a time equal to one quantum of time (EUT), where time (duration) is measured by matter. One quantum of time (EUT) corresponds to one quantum of matter (EUM) :
EUT=EUM.
In this case, the equality holds:
EUT=UCN ^{-1}.
The natural unit of matter (NUM) is defined by the formula:
NUM=UCN EUM= 1.
The natural unit of time (NUT) is defined by the formula:
NUT=UCN EUT= 1.
The total time of evolution of the Universe (STE) is determined by the formula:
STE=UCN NUT= UCN^{ 2} EUT.
This will be approximately 2.8*10^{34} years.
The modern absolute age of the Universe or the modern absolute universal time is:
124 trillion 666 billion 537 million 511 thousand years.
This modern absolute age of the Universe is determined within the framework of the author’s book “The Theory of Nature”.
Both the quantum of matter (EUM) and the quantum of time (EUT) are truly constant quantities in quantitative terms:
EUT=EUM=UCN^{-1}.
At its lowest pulsation limit, a quantum of matter (EUM) appears as a grain of matter. A grain of matter is the material carrier of the elementary units of nature (quantum of length, quantum of mass, quantum of time). The diameter of a grain of matter represents a quantum of length (EUL). The diameter of a grain of matter (also known as a quantum of length) does not remain constant; it increases over time according to a specific law.
This law was discovered within the framework of the “Theory of Nature”. As a mathematical formula, the law of change in the quantum of length (EUL) over time can be written as follows:
EUL=A^{ 0.125}*UCN^{-0.825},
where A is the current absolute age of the Universe in NUT units .
In this case, the limits of change of the current absolute age of the Universe or absolute universal time (A) are as follows:
UCN^{-1 } ≤ A ≤ UCN.
And then the limits of change of the quantum of length (EUL) will be as follows:
UCN^{-1} ≤ EUL ≤ UCN^{-0.75}.
The fact that the diameter of a grain of matter increases over time testifies to the irreversibility of the flow of time. The process of increasing the diameter of a grain of matter is irreversible. And time is irreversible. Time has a direction. And its direction coincides with the direction of increase of the quantum of length (the diameter of the particle of matter). Thus, the arrow of time is an objective factor.
At its upper pulsation limit, a quantum of matter (EUM) appears as an elementary particle. This limit varies for different types of elementary particles. It is the diameter of the quantum of matter at its upper pulsation limit that determines the type of elementary particle.
The trajectory of a quantum of matter's pulsation can be represented as a sine wave. But it must be a sine wave with its peaks and valleys cut off in a straight line. This will guarantee that the time (temporal duration) of the existence of a grain of matter and elementary particles within a single pulse of a quantum of matter will not be zero. The time a quantum of matter remains in both its "particle of matter" and "elementary particle" forms will be nonzero, nonzero in duration.
The time of existence of a quantum of matter is a continuous entity, a duration.
The existence of a quantum of matter is a continuous process.
The time of existence of a grain of matter or elementary particles in this case will be represented by a dotted line, when periods of existence and periods of non-existence periodically alternate.
In this case, we can talk about the discrete-continuous existence of both grains of matter and elementary particles.
This is a new look at the problem of the existence of elementary particles and grains of matter.
The existence of elementary particles or grains of matter is not a continuous process. These two processes of discrete-continuous existence of a grain of matter or elementary particle occur against the backdrop of the continuous existence of a quantum of matter, pulsating in the rhythm and tempo of nature (EUM).
This knowledge is given to us by the “Theory of Nature”.
Matter and time are two distinct, fundamental entities of nature. But these entities are so deeply and organically linked that we have every right to equate them (in a certain sense):
time = matter.
Another important essence of NATURE is Singularity.
Singularity is a special, unique area or a special, unique mechanism of NATURE!
Singularity is the natural driver of matter.
Conventionally speaking, the Singularity is a “black box” with an input and an output.
Material vacuum dust (MVD) enters the Singularity input .
It should be understood that a vacuum in nature is emptiness and the matter of vacuum dust (MVD).
The fact that material vacuum dust (MVD) is the raw material for the functioning of the Singularity implies implicitly that a mechanism for the movement (attraction) of MVD to the Singularity is implemented in nature.
At the exit of the Singularity, quanta of matter (EUMs) are formed.
The singularity, in the process of its functioning, emits quanta of matter into the surrounding vacuum.
Singularity can be conditionally considered as a natural material oscillator, and as a single, unique source (spring, fountain) of matter for the Universe.
The functioning of the Singularity is a strictly periodic, harmonic process.
It is the Singularity that sets and determines natural rhythm and tempo. The Singularity itself functions within this natural rhythm and tempo. All quanta of matter (EUMs) exist and reside within this natural rhythm and tempo. All nature and the entire Universe are fundamentally tuned to this natural rhythm and tempo.
The frequency of the Singularity's operation is determined by a unique and universal constant of nature (UCN).
In every beat (cycle) of its functioning Singularity emits UCN quanta of matter (EUMs).
Each quantum of matter emitted by the Singularity receives an initial impulse and begins to move (externally) by inertia, uniformly and rectilinearly in its own direction away from the Singularity. The number of such directions of motion of matter of quanta is equal to the value of UCN.
Here is the original cause of the movement of the inertia of matter of quanta.
The duration of one clock cycle or pulsation of the Singularity is equal to one quantum of time (EUT).
The pulsating, strictly periodic, harmonic nature of the functioning of the Singularity sets the rhythm and tempo and the minimum duration (quantum of time, EUT) of the flow of natural time .
The process of the Singularity's pulsation is irreversible. This circumstance testifies to the irreversibility of the flow of time. This circumstance speaks of the existence of a directionality of natural time. Natural time is irreversible and cannot go backwards. The directionality of time coincides with the directionality of the Singularity's functioning process. This directionality is determined by the transformation of material vacuum dust (MVD) into matter of quanta (EUMs).
The “Theory of Nature” addresses the problems of the evolution of nature and the evolution of the Universe. These solutions are presented in a separate article:
“Nature as an Objective Reality” https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSNAA.
I will just quote the definition of nature from this article.
“Nature, this is a “five”:
< NATURE > ::= < Singularity, matter, emptiness, UCN, FLN >”.
All the explanations from the right side of this identical definition were given above, except one, which concerns “FLN”.
The FLN is the Fundamental Law of Nature. It is the law of the circulation of matter in nature. The Singularity is the driving force behind the matter of nature.
There is a movement of matter toward the Singularity, this movement of matter of vacuum dust (MVD).
And there is a movement of matter away from the Singularity. This is the emission of matter (quanta of matter) by the Singularity. All matter emitted by the Singularity goes toward the construction of the Universe.
Although a vacuum permeates the entire Universe, and the vacuum consists of a certain type of matter, matter of vacuum dust (MVD), MVD is not the matter of the Universe. This matter is not taken into account in the balance of matter of the Universe. In the balance of matter of the Universe, only quanta of matter (EUM) emitted by the Singularity are taken into account.
The quantity of this matter (quanta of matter) is essentially the only argument (variable) for all fundamental characteristics of the Universe. All fundamental characteristics of the Universe are functions of this one argument (this independent variable). This can be expressed as the evolution of the Universe being a function of a single argument. This argument is the amount of matter present in the Universe, emitted by the Singularity.
It is worth giving a few examples.
Let M (in NUM units) denote the current amount of matter emitted by the Singularity and present in the Universe at some point in time A (in NUT units).
Then the following equalities hold:
A=M/UCN, M=A*UCN – formulas for the relationship between the current absolute universal time (absolute age of the Universe) A in units of NUT and the current available amount of matter in the Universe M in units of NUM at the same moment in time A;
EUL=M^{0.125}/UCN, (EUL=A^{0.125}*UCN^{-0.825 }) – the formula for the quantum of length, which is also the diameter of a grain of matter;
[ EUL=√√√M/UCN, (EUL=√√√A/√√√(UCN)^{7}= √√√ (A/(UCN)^{7}))]
MVN=M^{0.125} – formula for Maximum Velocity in Nature;
[ MVN=√√√M ];
GVU=M^{0.5}/UCN – formula for the Gravitational Value of the Universe;
[ GVU=√M/UCN ].
The values of MVN and GVU are presented in SI units.
MVN value is an expanded version of the physical quantity, the speed of light in a vacuum. For the current age of the Universe, this value is equal to 299 792 458.
GVU value is an expanded version of the physical quantity Newton's gravitational constant. For the current age of the Universe, this value is equal to 6.67430*10^{-11}.
If the numerical value of the quantity EUL (length quantum) in the given formula, multiply by the physical quantity (constant) the fine structure constant (α), then we will get the value of the length quantum in meters (m).
If the numerical value of the quantity A (the absolute age of the Universe or the absolute universal time) presented in NUT units is multiplied by the physical quantity (constant) the fine structure constant (α), then we obtain the value age of the Universe in seconds (s).
The last two formulas we can represent (write down) as a function of absolute universal time (A):
MVN=A^{0,125} * UCN^{0,125}, MVN=(A * UCN)^{0,125} – formula for Maximum Velocity in Nature;
[ MVN=√√√(A∙UCN) ];
GVU=M^{0,5}/UCN, GVU={A/UCN)^{0,5} – formula for the Gravitational Value of the Universe;
[ GVU=√(A/UCN) ].
From these last two formulas we obtain two very simple and remarkable formulas for determining the current absolute universal age (the current absolute age of the Universe) A in NUT units:
A=MVN^{8}/UCN, [ A=MVN^{8}/UCN ];
A=GVU^{2}*UCN, [ A=GVU^{2}∙UCN ].
We remember that for the current epoch of the Universe, the numerical values of the two fundamental characteristics of the Universe MVN and GVU are equal, respectively, to the numerical values of the physical quantities the speed of light in a vacuum (c) and Newton's gravitational constant (G) in SI (299 792 458 and 6.67430 * 10^{-11}).
We also remember that the numerical value of the unique constant of nature UCN=1.210256 * 10^{44} originates from the numerical equality (see “Theory of Nature”):
UCN={c}^{4}*{G}^{-1},
[ UCN={c}^{4}∙{G}^{-1} ].
I would like to draw the attention of our esteemed readers to the following equality (identity):
MVN^{4}*GVU^{-1}=UCN,
[ MVN^{4}∙GVU^{-1}=UCN ].
This identity means that although the fundamental characteristics of the Universe—MVN (the Maximum Velocity in Nature) and GVU (the Gravitational Value of the Universe) — are variable, both increasing over time, the numerical value of the product of their magnitudes, represented in the latter formula, remains constant, an unchanging value. And this is the unique and universal constant of nature, UCN. This is the most important law of nature, the law of the evolution of the Universe.
After the completion of the evolution of the Universe, all quanta of matter (EUMs) are transformed into the matter of vacuum dust (MVD). Matter of vacuum dust (MVD) is the ultimate (at the end of the Universe's evolution) version of the existence of a quantum of matter, when the diameter of its lower pulsation limit (this state of a “grain of matter”) reaches its greatest numerical value equal to UCN^{-0.75}.
Quanta of matter move away from the Singularity. When quanta of matter (EUM) transform into material vacuum dust (MVD), the latter begins to move toward the Singularity. The circle is complete. The cycle of matter in nature is formed. And the Singularity acts as the perpetual motion machine of the matter of nature. The process of functioning, of pulsation of the Singularity, is an eternal process in nature. NATURE itself exists eternally. But NATURE has no beginning, and NATURE will never have an end.
After the completion of the evolution of one universe, the evolution of a new universe immediately begins.
Essentially, this article presents a dialectical-materialistic model of the structure and algorithm of nature's evolution. And within the framework of nature's evolution, the evolution (and evolutionary algorithm) of the Universe is presented.
One cycle of evolution of nature represents the complete, final evolution of a single universe. The evolution of nature represents a sequential series of the evolutions of the universes.
However, I will also say a few words about the algorithms of evolution of nature and the Universe.
The process (algorithm) of evolution of nature can be represented in the form of the following diagram:
{{{{ … MVD --> Singularity --> EUM --> Universe }| UCN}|UCN} --> MVD}|∞
In this diagram, the part of the diagram (the construction):
{ … MVD --> Singularity --> EUM --> Universe }
denotes one cycle of the pulsation of the Singularity with the emission of UCN quanta of matter (EUMs), this occurs in one quantum of time (EUT);
{ … MVD --> Singularity --> EUM --> Universe }| UCN
denotes the Universe at a time equal to 1 NUT= UCN EUT. The construction, a pair of symbols “|” and “UCN” (this is one single three-letter symbol!), connected together (“|UCN”) denotes the repetition of the preceding construction, enclosed in curly brackets UCN times;
{{ … MVD --> Singularity --> EUM --> Universe }| UCN}|UCN
denotes the Universe at the moment of completion of evolution, at the moment in time, equal to UCN NUT=UCN^{2} EUT;
{{{ … MVD --> Singularity --> EUM --> Universe }| UCN}|UCN} --> MVD
denotes the moment of transformation of all quanta of matter (EUMs) after the completion of the evolution of the Universe into a matter of vacuum dust (MVDs);
{{{{ … MVD --> Singularity --> EUM --> Universe }| UCN}|UCN} --> MVD}|∞
denotes the infinite repetition of the construction enclosed in curly brackets and preceded by a pair of symbols “|∞”, thereby the evolution of nature appears as infinite sequence of evolutions of universes.
Everything written above is the most important part of the content of the “Theory of Nature” (TN).
This is how nature and the Universe are structured and evolve.
“Theory of Nature” is a scientific Revolution in physics and cosmogony (cosmology).
More than 40 fundamental problems concerning the foundations of nature and the universe have been solved within the framework of the TN. These same problems are fundamental problems of physics and cosmogony (cosmology).
Every fundamental problem solved within the framework of the “Theory of Nature” is worthy of a Nobel Prize. But the merits of the "Theory of Nature" are priceless. No prize can adequately appreciate the scientific value, significance, and validity of the “Theory of Nature”.
TN is a powerful breakthrough in our knowledge of nature and its fundamental laws.
TN is proof of the truth and scientific nature of the philosophy of dialectical materialism, as the philosophical foundation of the “Theory of Nature”.
TN is a crushing blow to all forces of modern obscurantist reaction.
TN is a beacon on the path of our further scientific and social progress.
Sincerely,
Robert Yusupov from Vladivostok, author of “Theory of Nature”, independent researcher, dialectical materialist, Marxist, communist
References
- Nature as an Objective Reality https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSNAA,
- Philosophy and Physics https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSPAP,
- Theory of Nature (in Russian) https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSTON,
- Announcement of the Scientific Revolution https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSAOT,
- The Third Side of the Main Question of Philosophy (MQP) https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSTTS,
- About the Quantum of Matter for Philosophers https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSPAT-2,
- My View on K. Popper's Criterion https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSOLA,
- The Universe as a Function of One Variable (in Russian) https://proza.ru/2023/12/25/1093,
- Once Again about Nature and its Material Principles
- https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSOAA,
- What is time? https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSWIT,
- Modern Physics is Not a Science https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSMPI,
- The Fundamental Question of Physics and All Natural Sciences (FQFANS) https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSTFQ.
