There is no avoiding this change in theoretical physics: The removal of mass' indefinable status. Mass is clearly inferred to exist from empirical data. That empirical data never contains units of kilograms. It always consists of measures of distance and time. The empirical evidence for f=ma consists entirely of patterns in changes of velocities. Before mass was recgnized to exist, there were patterns of changes of velocities,i.e. measures of velocity with respect to measures of time. The only units involved at this stage were meters and seconds.
An inspection of graphs of patterns of changes of velocities reveals that there are two other properties that are inferred to exist. The most obvious is 'force'. We don't know what force is, but we see what it does. Secondly it is seen that the patterns in changes of velocities for the same force, but on different objects, also varies. The reason why they vary remains unknown, but it is seen that something causes it to vary and we name that cause as 'mass'.
At this point neither force nor mass has units. The only units in existence are those of the empirical evidence, meaning the units in which the patterns in changes of velocities are graphed. Yet both mass and force need units by which they may be both measured and then represented in physics equations. The names mean nothing to the equations. The units mean everything. In physics equation, it is the units and their mathematical relationships, accurately modeled, that reveal truths to us.
Before any step is taken to assign units to either force or mass, it is necessary to recognize that it is the empirical evidence that has gotten us started and it must be the empirical evidence that moves us forward into additional physics equations. What I mean is that we must receive our guidance from the empirical evidence. To be more exact: All properties inferred to exist from examination of empirical evidence must be expressible in the same terms as that empirical evidence is itself expressed. The empirical evidence is acceleration. That empirical evidence is expressed in units of meters and seconds only.
The reason why both force and mass must have units that consist of combinations of meters and seconds only is that, if this is not done, then, to assign either of them indefinable units is to say that we believe that empirical evidence reveals nothing about the natures of either force or mass. If physicists continue to accept this position, then to move forward we must assign indefinable units to at least one of them.
That is what was done and remains the case today. Mass was arbitrarily chosen to be assigned indefinable units. Indefinable units represents an indefinable property. An indefinable property whose nature remains unknown. In other words, The nature of mass cannot be revealed by physics equations for the reason that its indefinable status was an admission that empirical evidence did not reveal its nature.
The universe operates in an orderly manner. The fact that the universe operates in an orderly manner proves that there is one cause for all effects. The existence of one cause for all effects means that fundamental unity exists. Fundamental unity might have been revealed to us by the empirical evidence of f=ma, but, was not recognized by us. If this is what occurred, then we permanently removed fundamental unity from physics equations by the act of making mass an indefinable property with indefinable units.
In order to establish fundamental unity for physics, mass must be made a definable property. This cannot be accomplished by choosing force to be an indefinable property instead of mass. Both force and mass must be defined properties. A defined property is one that is defined in terms of pre-existing properties. A defined unit is one that is defined in terms of pre-existing units. The only pre-existing units before either mass or force are meters and seconds. For fundamental unity to be returned to physics equations, the units for both force and mass must consist of combinations of meters and seconds.
looking back at f=-ma, it gave us guidance as to how to make both force and mass defined properties. Solving for f/m=a shows that the combinations of meters and seconds for the ratio of force to mass must reduce to units of acceleration. Inspection will show that there are a few possible combinations that will reduce to units of acceleration. However, the one solution that moves physics equations forward while clearly retaining fundamental unity is for mass to have units of inverse acceleration. In other words m=1/a? where a? is yet to be revealed.
I replace the artificially indefinable units of kilograms with units of inverse acceleration. To answer anyone's question, I say and show that the acceleration that is represented by the inverse of mass is the acceleration of light. It is the acceleration of light that is the single cause for all mechanical effects in the universe including those of electromagnetism and those of gravity.
What I have written concerning mass is not a single isolated incident. There is a second incident that is just as revealing of the mistake of theoretical physicists to introduce artificial indefinable units. The second property for which the same erroneous treatment was given is temperature. Temperature is, to this day, officially an indefinable property. In my work, defining both mass and force led quickly to defining temperature. There remains a problem with the definition of electric charge. However, the task of correcting the definition of electric charge is too much to include in this message.
It is mentioned in this message for the purpose of making it known that the magnitude of electric charge is the only true fully universal constant, and eliminating the circular definition of electric charge with an empirically directed definition reveals an incremental universally constant measure of time that produces full fundamental unity into physics equations.
James Putnam