Wrinkles in Spacetime

Pentcho,

You win the prize for relativity ignorance. Understand why Einstein said 'all physics is local' and cure yourself.

Absurd Variation of the Speed of Light in General Relativity

The following texts horrify and paralyze Einsteinians:

Albert Einstein: "Second, this consequence shows that the law of the constancy of the speed of light no longer holds, according to the general theory of relativity, in spaces that have gravitational fields. As a simple geometric consideration shows, the curvature of light rays occurs only in spaces where the speed of light is spatially variable."

Albert Einstein: "In the second place our result shows that, according to the general theory of relativity, the law of the constancy of the velocity of light in vacuo, which constitutes one of the two fundamental assumptions in the special theory of relativity and to which we have already frequently referred, cannot claim any unlimited validity. A curvature of rays of light can only take place when the velocity of propagation of light varies with position."

Yes, according to Einstein's general relativity, the speed of light falling towards the source of gravity DECREASES (in the gravitational field of the Earth the acceleration of falling photons is -2g). This is idiotic isn't it:

"Contrary to intuition, the speed of light (properly defined) decreases as the black hole is approached."

"Einstein wrote this paper in 1911 in German. (...) ...you will find in section 3 of that paper Einstein's derivation of the variable speed of light in a gravitational potential, eqn (3). The result is: c'=c0(1+φ/c^2) where φ is the gravitational potential relative to the point where the speed of light c0 is measured. Simply put: Light appears to travel slower in stronger gravitational fields (near bigger mass). (...) You can find a more sophisticated derivation later by Einstein (1955) from the full theory of general relativity in the weak field approximation. (...) Namely the 1955 approximation shows a variation in km/sec twice as much as first predicted in 1911."

"Specifically, Einstein wrote in 1911 that the speed of light at a place with the gravitational potential φ would be c(1+φ/c^2), where c is the nominal speed of light in the absence of gravity. In geometrical units we define c=1, so Einstein's 1911 formula can be written simply as c'=1+φ. However, this formula for the speed of light (not to mention this whole approach to gravity) turned out to be incorrect, as Einstein realized during the years leading up to 1915 and the completion of the general theory. (...) ...we have c_r =1+2φ, which corresponds to Einstein's 1911 equation, except that we have a factor of 2 instead of 1 on the potential term."

Pentcho Valev

I see nothing either horrifying nor paralyzing in the excerpted quotes of Einstein which Pentcho has just posted. GR is covariant and predicated on spherical geometry where change of volume is calculated from the curvature on a prescribed surface, not protracted from an assumed zero point center. SR is invariance between two gravitationally isolated gravitational domains and only enters GR in the terms of elapsed time on a curve, which via the Lorentz Transforms computes a length along a line of spatial curvature. But as in any measurement system, a result can only be expressed in terms where a choice of one parameter is taken as the benchmark against which all other parameters are relational. It is only in normalizing the time parameter across the entire gravitational domain in relation to an averaged mass density, when a result obtains that the speed of light is variable in relation to position and magnitude of gravitational field. So covariantly when expressed in terms of the compression of time in a spatial volume, the light has to traverse a greater amount of time in any given span of space relative to gravitational magnitude. Hence the clearly stated specification by Einstein that ", the curvature of light rays occurs only in spaces where the speed of light is spatially variable." the key word *spatially* cannot be discounted. jrc

Hi all,

Dear John and Tom,Eckard,could you tell me more about the fine structure constant and the theory of perturbations please ,I learn a little the different mathematical methods for the creation of spherical algebras.I don't know well this constant but It is very relevant considering the harmonical oscillators.If the quantum gravitation is a different quantum of E,it is relevant it seems to me to insert the spherical volumes and motions,spinal, orbital and linear before encoding in nuclei.This standard model must insert the BH and dark matter relativelly speaking like our cosmological scale.The standard model seems encircled by BH and dark matter.The harmonical oscillators can perhaps answer.The bridge between the standard model and our irmpoved model is interesting to analyse.Regards

Steve,

There are a lot of interesting quotes from notables in physics about the fine structure constant, but nobody knows what its physical significance is. What can be said is that it consistently is observed as a simple numerical proportion in the spacing between elemental spectral lines, in particular the 'splitting' of a dominant line such as the yellow band distinctive of sodium. The problem is that those spectral lines are emitted or absorbed frequencies of light by elements, but when subject to Doppler shift measurement the frequency changes smoothly as would be evident of a continuous spectrum having a physical waveform. So while the emitted light behaves as a wave, the emission behaves as a particle. Its a puzzle. good luck with that - jrc

John Rennie: "The variation of the velocity of light with distance from the black hole looks like:

http://i.stack.imgur.com/XlKh0.gif

At large distances (large r) the velocity tends to 1 (i.e. c) but close to the black hole it decreases, and falls to zero at the event horizon." [end of quotation]

Idiotic isn't it? It can be shown that the absurd DECREASE of the speed of light as photons approach the source of gravity is a consequence of Einstein's 1911 equally absurd fabrication called gravitational time dilation.

Pentcho Valev

I am thanking you John,it is nice.I am asking me how I can utilise the newtonian mechanic and the 3 motions of sphères and the harmonical oscillators.Quantum gravitation can perhaps be found with simple the quantity of movements.The différences is about the E of a spheron and so the planck constant is Under the stadard model, so a bridge is necessary simply with the newtonian mechanic more the spherical volumes.The primes can be inserted.We could insert this new constant intead of h for the fine structure constant considering the particlesof gravitation encoded.The elementary charge also socan be extrapolated for this gravity but differently than with our electromagnetism, it is there that the volumes and the 3 motions become relevant for the different stepsof stability.If the dark matter is also encoded but it is not baryonic, so it becomes relevant to consider if they are correct my humbleintuitive équations.That tends towards infinity this gravitation, it is logic because the central sphere produces the speedest and smallest spherons.The linear velocities of different spherons in function of their spherical quantum volumes and correlated BH.The method can be superimposed and sorted for the gravitation in inserting BH and dark matter even in our standard model.An other constant must appear like alpha the fine structure constant but not with e²/hc4piEo we insert instead of the fréquences of photons, the fréquences of spherons.The relevance is their paradoxal infinite number.The weakest force so is in the same time the strongest considering thecentral singularities.E=m²+ml² seems relevant if it is correct because we can calculate the entire entropy in evolution, increasing furthermore and paradoxally infinite due to this link physicality and infinity above the walls of thissaid physicality.A real puzzle John :)Regards

I am persuaded that a boson photon cannot pass c but a spheron yes.I don't see why this infinite entropy has created a physicality with a prison due to our relativity.It is just that we are still Young and that our technology is limited.In all case, fortunally that we do not check these particles, already that on earth, we are not able to harmonise globally this pale blue dot like said Carl Sagan.It is better like that for this moment.In the future it is necessary for thecivilisations to travel Inside the galaxies and even between the galaxies.But not with our relativity, it is not possible.The spherons permit to communicate also at a kind of present with extraterrestrial lifes.If a civilisation tries to communicate, it utilisees these waves , not our lectromagnetic waves Under our specialrelativity.The future is the gravitation,this universal natural equilibrium purelly correlated with rotating sphères.The centralcosmological BH is the secret of all in fact.

Banesh Hoffmann: No gravitational time dilation. The gravitational redshift "arises from what befalls light signals as they traverse space and time in the presence of gravitation":

"Relativity and Its Roots", Banesh Hoffmann: "In an accelerated sky laboratory, and therefore also in the corresponding earth laboratory, the frequence of arrival of light pulses is lower than the ticking rate of the upper clocks even though all the clocks go at the same rate. (...) As a result the experimenter at the ceiling of the sky laboratory will see with his own eyes that the floor clock is going at a slower rate than the ceiling clock - even though, as I have stressed, both are going at the same rate. (...) The gravitational red shift does not arise from changes in the intrinsic rates of clocks. It arises from what befalls light signals as they traverse space and time in the presence of gravitation."

What befalls light signals as they traverse space and time in the presence of gravitation, Einsteinians? Do they accelerate?

"Crimestop means the faculty of stopping short, as though by instinct, at the threshold of any dangerous thought. It includes the power of not grasping analogies, of failing to perceive logical errors, of misunderstanding the simplest arguments if they are inimical to Ingsoc, and of being bored or repelled by any train of thought which is capable of leading in a heretical direction. Crimestop, in short, means protective stupidity."

Pentcho Valev

Why Is Flat Earth Society Thriving?

"Our new website includes the Flat Earth Society forums (a thriving online community since 2004) as well as..."

The Flat Earth Society is a natural opposition in Einstein schizophrenic world, less insane than the science establishment. For instance, the flat-Earth idea sounds much less idiotic than this:

Introduction to Classical Mechanics With Problems and Solutions, David Morin, Chapter 11, p. 14: "Twin A stays on the earth, while twin B flies quickly to a distant star and back. (...) For the entire outward and return parts of the trip, B does observe A's clock running slow, but enough strangeness occurs during the turning-around period to make A end up older. Note, however, that a discussion of acceleration is not required to quantitatively understand the paradox..."

In moments of mental aberration, Einsteinians do admit that their world is schizophrenic:

John Baez: "One of the big problems in physics - perhaps the biggest! - is figuring out how our two current best theories fit together. On the one hand we have the Standard Model, which tries to explain all the forces except gravity, and takes quantum mechanics into account. On the other hand we have General Relativity, which tries to explain gravity, and does not take quantum mechanics into account. Both theories seem to be more or less on the right track - but until we somehow fit them together, or completely discard one or both, our picture of the world will be deeply schizophrenic."

Marc Lachièze-Rey: "La physique est schizophrène (...) ...relativiste le matin, quantique le soir... mais schizophrène lorsqu'il tente de concilier les deux visions. C'est là que réside le problème fondamental de la physique d'aujourd'hui."

Pentcho Valev

Hello Mr Agnew,I am thanking you very much.It is nice.It is a beautiful general explaination and Isee better now.I am going to learn more.mlosV if it is correct so can be relevant for the bridge with gravitation, dark matter(spherons.If l is the linear speed,so the samelogic can be made in superimposing the dark quantum matter and quantum BH.The standard model is encircled by BH and dark matter like our cosmological scale in logic.The same method can be made for spherons.An other alpha exists for this matter not baryonic it seems to me.What a puzzle:) Thanks still.

Oh blast it...c / alpha not alpha / c...

The dimensionless fine structure constant, alpha ~= 1/137, is indeed one of the important keys for unlocking the underlying nature of physical reality. Feynman's quantum field theory uses perturbation expansions based on factors of alpha and the gyromagnetic ratio calculated with such a QFE series is the most accurately known physical constant of nature.

The problem with alpha is not that there is no way to describe it...the problem is that there are any number of ways to describe alpha since it is dimensionless.

My favorites are as the product alpha x c (or c / 137) is the average velocity of the electron for a hydrogen atom as well as c / alpha (or 137c, 137 times the speed of light) is the velocity of spin at the elementary charge radius of an electron or proton. That means that the charge velocity of the electron in hydrogen makes a magnet that interacts with the magnet that comes from the superluminous charge velocity of the electron spin. This spin-orbit coupling is what splits the s and p orbits of hydrogen, which have different average velocities, and that is what causes most of the spectral splitting of S and P states of hydrogen and other elements.

The constancy of alpha from spectral splittings in both distant galaxies and precision atomic clocks is the only argument for an expanding universe of unvarying constants. Any theory that supposes forces are different in distant galaxies must somehow explain why alpha appears to be constant for both distant galaxies as well as for precision atomic clocks.

In fact, it is not really alpha that appears to be constant, it is really alpha^2. In a shrinking universe, this key fact means that alpha does vary in distant galaxies and alpha^2 only varies as a second order. In fact, there are many reports of the second order variation of alpha^2 and atomic clocks are only now precise enough to begin showing these second order effects.

Question to All .....

I understand that QM and GR are both 4-D models. Presumably, they both share the same three spatial dimensions.

What is the basis for the belief that they also share the same 4'th dimension?

Regards,

Gary Simpson

Hello Gary,

You can learn the lagrangian and the Minkowski space time.In fact it is just model of evolutive metric to see the evolution in time.So time is considered like a relativistic tool which permits to class and analyse the intrinsic dynamics.You can also learn more about the maxwell's équations.The works of Lorentz are relevant also considering the time dilation and lenght contraction.The relevance is to link with the special and the general relativity.You can also see that general relativity islinked with sphères acting on the space time considering the curvature of our space time.The spherisation appears naturally due to this mass curving.They are just Tools to analyse our quantum scale and cosmological scale.It permits to have correct results considering the evolution and the encodings.Hope that helps.Best Regards

An expression for the fine structure constant contains constants that come from electromagnetic theory (e), relativity theory (c) and quantum theory (h).

That expression of the fine structure constant is:

a = (2*pi*k*e2)/(h*C)

k is the proportionality constant from Coulomb's equation

The fine structure constant is also equal to ve/C where ve is the speed of the hydrogen electron in its lowest energy level.

How do theoretical physicists derive the equation,

(2*pi*k*e2)/(h*C) = ve/C

beginning with either expression and, after mathematical manipulation, ending with the other?

My reason for asking this question is that I think that they can't do it. Can they?

James Putnam

James,

I think you have correctly identified the ambiguity that has pervaded attempts to account for the fine structure constant. The physical significance of the proportionate value cannot be found without a rational model of what constitutes matter and what constitutes the light which is displayed in the interaction between the two. It is only the response of the detection system that we can observe, no one has ever observed a photon. And to parameterize the velocity of an electron in the assumed ground state of a hydrogen atom is meaningless without answering the question Einstein posed; "I just want to know what an electron is." The Quantum model is non-realistic and we have literally no explanation of the Transition Zone and the peculiar measured proportionate rates of change of field strengths observed in the Near Field. jrc

Yet another way to express alpha is with the Rydberg energy, Ry. The Rydberg energy comes from the energies of the hydrogen lines and represents a very solid constant for mainstream science.

alpha^2 = Ry / (me c^2)

So, the mass of the electron, me, times c^2 is the electron's relativistic energy and somehow Ry, the energy of the light that hydrogen emits, is just some small fraction of the electron relativistic energy.

Guess what? That fraction is exactly alpha^2 ~= 1/137^2. Once again, it is not that there is no way to define alpha, the difficulty is that there are many ways to define the dimensionless alpha.

My proposition for aethertime is that there is a phase factor for alpha that is normally ignored and that phase factor means that alpha^2 does not appear to vary except in second order. This explains why neither galaxy light nor precision clocks show a variation in alpha^2 except to second order and yet alpha in first order does therefore vary along with c and it is c / alpha that is constant.

In a shrinking universe, both c and alpha vary together and that decoherence rate is what defines all force in aethertime.

Qunantum is relativistic, but not 4D in the same sense as GR...

Gary D. Simpson wrote on May. 1, 2016 @ 05:26 GMT as "I understand that QM and GR are both 4-D models. Presumably, they both share the same three spatial dimensions. What is the basis for the belief that they also share the same 4'th dimension?"

While GR is clearly 4D with time as a spatial dimension, Quantum uses mass-energy equivalence, E=mc^2, and therefore an exchange particle, the photon, to make things relativistic.

In GR, things always happen along geodesics ever since the universe was set in motion from the big bang. In quantum, the universe moves by exchange of photons and so there are no completely certain geodesics. Since gravity and charge differ by 1e39 power, these differences can be ignored for most all objects and action.

The quantum phase coherence of photon exchange entangles objects throughout the universe with each other but GR has no such quantum phase coherence. While GR is a very good representation of most objects of the universe, GR utterly fails to represent objects inside of black holes and other event horizons. GR also fails to represent dark matter and dark energy, which are simply quantum exchange forces working at very large scale.

However, a quantum gravity will represent objects inside of event horizons as well as the quantum exchange forces called dark matter and dark energy...but mainstream science does not yet have a quantum gravity. I am glad that I do because it is silly not to have a quantum gravity in a quantum universe...

Hi Jonh,James,Mr Agnew,

That rocks :) thanks for all these informations and reasonings.It is relevant.Regards and don't stop dear thinkers to think of course....