Distances, Locations, Ages and Reproduction of Galaxies in our Dynamic Universe by Satyavarapu Naga Parameswara Gupta

Satyavarapu Gupta

Essay Abstract

There are many distant Galaxies whose distances are about 30 Giga light years. There are Galaxies which were born just after 400 million years after Bigbang and which were born 6 to 7 billion years after Bigbang. In Dynamic Universe Model all the Galaxies are distributed at different distances and the Universe looks similar as it is now. On 01March2016 the news of the discovery about the observation of most distant Galaxy 'GNZ11 or GN11'having an light travel distance 13.4 Giga light years & co-moving distance of 32 Giga light years and having a red shift z of 11.1 created quite a stir. There are many such Galaxies like EGSY8p7 (with z= 8.68, age =13.2) and EGS-zs8-1 (with z= 7.73, age =13.04). To show that Universe exists further to GNz11, a Galaxy at distance of 100 times 13.4 Billion light years (1.26862E+28 meters) is simulated and named it as GNz11 in this simulation. 132 more galaxies were assumed in the range (3.02001E+26 to 1.26862E+28) meter. Later distance of the first Galaxy was reduced by 50% and found the graphs of Universe become similar in both the simulations after 102 iterations. Slowly life of the stars and hence subsequently the life of Galaxy will come to end because of their electromagnetic radiation. Galaxies tend to evolve from spiral to elliptical structure and they perish to form Blue clouds known as Galaxy "quenching". Hence we can say that our Universe had reproduction ability, which is a very slow process. Universe produces new Galaxies, and the already formed Galaxies perish slowly. Ours is single universe and is a closed one. In other words, our Universe reproduces its Galaxies, as and when light and other electromagnetic radiation condenses to form enough matter.

Author Bio

Worked in Bhilai Steel Plant for 37 years and retired in 2014. Astrophysics and Cosmology are hobby. 4 books and many papers were published in many countries on Dynamic Universe model. Many predictions of Dynamic Universe Model, like existence of Blue shifted galaxies and 'No Dark matter' came true.

Download Essay PDF File

Avtar Singh

The paper claims universal gravitational force (UGF) as the indomitable resultant vector of gravitational forces acted by all the other bodies in

the Universe. This is impossible since if there is no anti-gravity force to balance the gravity force, the whole universe would collapse on itself and there will be no universe, no galaxies, no stars, no planets, and no biological life.

Satyavarapu Gupta

Lets do a small experiment which we did in our school days. Take a bucket and half fill it water. Tie a string to the handle; hold it with your hand. Now spin around yourself. As you gain speed the bucket will be lifted up to the level of your shoulders or neck. But water will not fall from the bucket due to centrifugal and centripetal forces.

The same thing will happen in Dynamic Universe model also. The bodies in the universe will not collapse into a central mass when there is non- uniform matter density. Papers were published by Dynamic Universe Model on this subject many years back. When there is uniform density distribution of matter, the whole matter will collapse. We can visualize matter distribution is non-uniform. Vacuum density and moon density are different. There are huge voids to huge super cluster structures of Galaxies in the UNIVERSE, They cannot be called uniform density as claimed by other models. All these papers were available from VIXRA or from the Dynamic Universe Model Blog.

Universal Gravitation Force(UGF) is the final resultant force vector acting on any-mass, which includes all these forces.

Satyavarapu Gupta

No additional anti-gravity is required

Avtar Singh

You are referring to a planetary gravitational model wherein a planet circling a star or planet keeps in orbit without falling by gravity due to the centrifugal force. But such a model based only on gravity does not explain the observed star velocities in galaxies and the observed accelerated expansion of the universe and far-field supernova observations. UGF cannot correlate and explain the cosmological constant, dark energy, and the observed Hubble constant.

Satyavarapu Gupta

No please...

This Dynamic Universe Model is different from 'simple planetary model' of two body system. I just gave that example so that you can visualize the centrifugal force.

Now you will have to visualize all the gravitational forces of all the masses on that body. That will be UGF. Then at that time this UGF will include the centrifugal forces of all the masses. You can not even ignore the gravitational forces of Sun and Moon on you while you are standing on our Earth. High tide and low tide of seas and oceans are caused by Sun and Moon. Just solving two body problem is not the solution...

You may please have look the paper on how 'No Dark matter' concept is predicted long back using Dynamic Universe model and how it is nullified. This problem arises due to the two-body problem concepts of star circular velocities in a Galaxy. You can have a look at 'Missing Mass in Galaxies' paper in the tab 'all the published papers' in Dynamic Universe model blog. It shows how to solve 'observed star circular velocities in galaxies' using multi body problem solution. You can very easily answer all such many questions using multi body UGF acting on a single mass concept.

Observed accelerated expansion of the universe in far-field supernova observations, are easily explained using observed 'Blue shifted Galaxies' at doi ... dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojmsi.2017.51009 in Jan 2017.

'The cosmological constant, dark energy" are not required and are not present in Dynamic Universe Model. And the observed Hubble constant is different in every twenty years for the last 120 years....

Please have a look at the parts of essay where your questions were discussed....

2.1. Age of Universe: The concepts by Lemaitre, Edwin Hubble and Alexander Friedmann in the 1920s became known as the Big Bang theory, gave the universe some age. Then at that time Hubble constant approximated as 550 km/s/Mpc, the universe had an age as 1.8 billion years which is less than then age of Earth as 2 billion years. The errors by Walter Baade in 1952, and Allan Sandage et al, in 1958 forced a correction in the Hubble constant, to 75 km/s/Mpc. This gave an age as 13.0 billion years, which is much higher than the re-measured age of the Earth of 4.55 billion years. Later the Hubble constant found by Sandage and Gustav Tammann in 1970s gave values around 50-60 km/s/Mpc, give an age of 16-20 billion years, consistent with globular cluster ages. Through Hubble space telescope (HST) [6] got a value of 72 km/s/Mpc + or -10 %. WMAP and Planck spacecraft gave an age of the universe at 13.80 +or - 0.3% billion years. Thus this cosmic age problem was discussed in the last 120 years in various ways and the outcomes of discussions were different in every 20 years. It is most probably Special relativity not applicable or redshift is not a measure of velocity of Galaxy, as distant galaxies are moving away from us at much higher velocities than speed of light.

Main foundational points of Dynamic Universe Model:

No Isotropy; No Homogeneity; No Space-time continuum; Non-uniform density of matter(Universe is lumpy); No singularities; No collisions between bodies; No Blackholes; No warm holes; No Bigbang; No repulsion between distant Galaxies; Non-empty Universe; No imaginary or negative time axis; No imaginary X, Y, Z axes; No differential and Integral Equations mathematically; No General Relativity and Model does not reduce to General Relativity on any condition; No Creation of matter like Bigbang or steady-state models; No many mini Bigbangs; No Missing Mass; No Dark matter; No Dark energy; No Bigbang generated CMB detected; No Multi-verses etc.

Al Schneider

I am confused. I fail to see how this paper relates a mindless universe to the phenomena of intent. Could you explain?

Satyavarapu Gupta

In this essay, the property of reproduction and the property of intent of the biological world are shown to be existing as properties of the universe. The Universe behaves as though it is having its own mind.

How...

I am reproducing the parts of the essay below for you to comprehend easily ......

.... Intent.....

'..... 1.1 About Dynamic Universe Model: In our Dynamic Universe every mass is moving in a direction and goal determined universal gravitational force (UGF) as the indomitable resultant vector of gravitational forces acted by all the other bodies in the Universe. This UGF is not constant force acting in only one direction. This resultant UGF vector force is varying according to ever varying dynamic movements and positions of all the masses in the Universe from time to time. In Dynamic Universe Model, this UGF is the fundamental concept; this model calculates this force "UGF" from moment to moment using its mathematical laws on each and every mass in the SITA simulations. In this way many present-day unsolved physics problems were solved. This method is different from conventional two body problem solution.[10]......'

This UGF sets the goals for every Galaxy or for every mass..

...... Reproduction......

Galaxies take birth in different times and quench (die) in different times in different directions. But the positioning of Galaxies is not random, they will come to a stable 'Dynamic Equilibrium' positions due to UGF is the main theam.

Probably you may have a look at the points given by FQXi as guidelines...

This essay is related to COSMOLOGY, This essay is, Original and is entirely different from all the previously published papers by author, It is unpublished. It is Technically correct. This essay covers the long-term, large-scale goals. This essay addresses questions such as:.............

* How did physical systems that pursue the goal of reproduction arise from an a-biological world?

Relevance:.. Universe is having Galaxies, which take birth and death is happening. In the Cosmos the biological world is also a part in which is reproduction is taking place. The same thing is happening in the Galaxies. In this essay this reproduction ability is emphasized.

* What general features -- like information processing, computation, learning, complexity thresholds, and/or departures from equilibrium -- allow (or proscribe) agency?

Relevance:.. Computer simulations were shown to support the paper.

* How are goals (versus accomplishments) linked to "arrows of time"?

Relevance:.. Here Goals were created by the Mathematics of Dynamic Universe Model in the form of Universal Gravitational Force (UGF). This UGF is the total resultant force on any mass ( here in this case the individual Galaxy) which decides the path to be followed in the next instance. That is how the time is pulling every Galaxy..

* What separates systems that are intelligent from those that are not? Can we measure this separation objectively and without requiring reference to humans?

Not Addressed...

* What is the relationship between causality - the explanation of events in terms of causes - and teleology - the explanation of events in terms of purposes?

Not Addressed...

* Is goal-oriented behavior a physical or cosmic trend, an accident or an imperative?

Relevance:.. Here the goal-oriented behavior is a physical or cosmic trend.

Many papers and books were published by the author on unsolved problems of present day Physics, for example 'Absolute Rest frame of reference is not necessary' (1994) , 'Multiple bending of light ray can create many images for one Galaxy: in our dynamic universe', About "SITA" simulations, 'Missing mass in Galaxy is NOT required', "New mathematics tensors without Differential and Integral equations", "Information, Reality and Relics of Cosmic Microwave Background", "Dynamic Universe Model explains the Discrepancies of Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry Observations.", in 2015 'Explaining Formation of Astronomical Jets Using Dynamic Universe Model, 'Explaining Pioneer anomaly', 'Explaining Near luminal velocities in Astronomical jets', 'Observation of super luminal neutrinos', 'Process of quenching in Galaxies due to formation of hole at the center of Galaxy, as its central densemass dries up', "Dynamic Universe Model Predicts the Trajectory of New Horizons Satellite Going to Pluto" etc., are some more papers from the Dynamic Universe model. Four Books also were published. Book1 shows Dynamic Universe Model is singularity free and body to collision free, Book 2, and Book 3 are explanation of equations of Dynamic Universe model. Book 4 deals about prediction and finding of Blue shifted Galaxies in the universe

Additionally you please have a look at the CONCLUSION of the essay.

Joe Fisher

Dear Author Gupta,

Please excuse me for I do not wish to be too critical of your fine essay.

Only nature could produce a reality so simple, a single cell amoeba could deal with it.

One real visible Universe must have only one reality. Simple natural reality has nothing to do with any abstract complex musings about imaginary invisible separated galaxies.

The real Universe must consist only of one unified visible infinite physical surface occurring in one infinite dimension, that am always illuminated by infinite non-surface light.

A more detailed explanation of natural reality can be found in my essay, SCORE ONE FOR SIMPLICITY. I do hope that you will read my essay and comment on its merit.

Joe Fisher, Realist

Satyavarapu Gupta

Dear Author Joe Fisher,

Thank you for your comments on my essay. I did not understand why you are calling Galaxies as..." imaginary invisible separated galaxies"...They are visible to any person through a telescope. This same telescope, a similar one with lower power is used for seeing distant objects. They can be seen by anyone.

Hope you will clarify.

I will be giving my comments on your essay, near your essay only instead of discussing here.

Harry Ricker III

Hi, I think that this essay is very interesting and the topic well worth thinking about, but only the last paragraph in the conclusion addresses the essay contest topic. I would have liked that to have been discussed rather than what was discussed.

Satyavarapu Gupta

Dear Harry Hamlin Ricker III,

Thank you for the nice complements.

Main problem was the length of the paper. I have to delete many related paragraphs to adjust for the acceptable length.

In this essay, the property of intent of the biological world and the property of reproduction are shown to be present as properties of the universe. These properties were deducted from UGF- the Universal gravitational force acting on any mass, and the fact that Galaxies originate and quench at different times and at different distances irrespective of Bigbang. The Universe behaves as though it is having its own mind.

This paper was not published earlier, it was a new concept. I have to give the supporting graphs and conclusions of research. Hence I kept this discussion related to the topic at the conclusion.

I request you to please have a look at the question asked by Al Schneider (wrote on Jan. 27, 2017 @ 07:59 GMT) and my reply in the above for some more points on your observation.

Harry Ricker III

Hi,

As I said before I like this a lot: By seeing all these, the author proposes a new idea (not published by him earlier) that the Universe had an ability to reproduce Galaxies.

I was going to address that topic in my essay, but I wanted to keep the essay concise. Many years ago I discovered:THE ATLAS AND CATALOGUE OF INTERACTING GALAXIES by B.A. Vorontsov-Velyaminov. He talks about galaxies as if they were reproducing biologically. Halton Arp later talked about Quasars as galaxy seeds. I am wondering if you are aware to these ideas? I personally think that galaxies do reproduce by a process similar to some biological processes we know about.

Satyavarapu Gupta

Dear Harry Hamlin Ricker III,

Thank you for so much nice information to support my paper

Thank you for your nice study. I said that the essay was not published by me earlier. That's true.

Can you please send me some more details of that papers you mentioned..... "THE ATLAS AND CATALOGUE OF INTERACTING GALAXIES by B.A. Vorontsov-Velyaminov" and the paper "Halton Arp later talked about Quasars as galaxy seeds", you mentioned above. I don't k now about them. My paper uses the concept on UGF, the universal Gravitational Force, not biological processes.....

Can you please tell me about your paper and send me copy of your paper. Is that here in this contest? I searched by your name, I could not get any.

Best Regards....

snp

Satyavarapu Gupta

Dear Harry Hamlin Ricker III,

I downloaded the catalogue... "THE ATLAS AND CATALOGUE OF INTERACTING GALAXIES by B.A. Vorontsov-Velyaminov" and the Galaxy names were different to the present day names of the Galaxies.

How to co-relate these names in the year 1959 and present day names...

Hope you can help me...

Best

=snp

George Kirakosyan

Dear Gupta!

Many thanks for your great opinion.

I am just happy to see that we are not alone in our views!

Maybe in any time people will be realized that the way of natural thinking is more preferable in science than any beautiful creativity! Now I am starting to study your work (with pleasure!) I will tell you about it after some time.

I suggest you to read M-r Andrew Scott's article where I find very costly remarks!

With best wishes!

Satyavarapu Gupta

Thank you very much for the nice words. Where to find this ... ' M-r Andrew Scott's article where you found very costly remarks'... please suggest me

George Kirakosyan

Dear Gupta!

Your work is very interesting by informative and by analytical arguments, that shows the serious lacks of present representations in the cosmology. I welcome many your assertions, particularly, concerning to absence of dark energy-matter. I am also sure there are not such things, and questions should be solved by some other ways.

I see yours interesting approach to problems of living - unliving forms of material, related to contest question.

I have nothing against your serious arguments on the paradox of galaxies life and existence of our Universe; it looks you are right! However, this question also should be solved in other ways; in my view, the big bang (BB) is out of doubt. Moreover, the BB, Hubble's expansion and the gravity phenomenon become strongly interconnected each to others, as well as with the single primordial substance of all things that are the electromagnetic field. (It was Einstein's idea and I long working on this.) I have evaluated your work as high, and I only friendly asking you to check up your approach to BB; it maybe there was a few BB? Check for example work of R. Penrouse & V. Gurzadian: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1302.5162.pdf

Best wishes

Satyavarapu Gupta

Dear George Kirakosyan!

Thank you very much for evaluating my work high. I also evaluated your work very high. I downloaded the paper by V. G. Gurzadyan and R. Penrose you suggested...

They wrote on CCC cosmology...

There are some basic problems in WMAP satellites' instrumentation and software. WMAP cannot eliminate Microwave radiation from Stars, Galaxies and clusters. If you calculate CMB using Stephen-Boltzmann law there will be nothing left from BB generated CMB radiation...

Please have a look at my essay on CMB in FQXi few years back

http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/1607

Best Wishes

Branko Zivlak

Dear Mr. Satyavarapu Naga Parameswara Gupta

Have you any value for UGF?

I will briefly comment on your: Main foundational points of Dynamic Universe Model:

No Isotropy; In fact we have an approximate uniformity in all orientations.

No Homogeneity; I do not agry.

No Space -time continuum; In fact Space and Time are phenomenon like others.

Non-uniform density of matter(Universe is lumpy); I agry.

No singularities; There is something wrong with diplomas of those who support the concept of singularity.

No collisions between bodies; This is explained extensively by R. Bošković.

No Blackholes; I agry.

No warm holes; I do not know.

No Bigbang; My Theory show that all structure coexist in one point of time.

No repulsion between distant Galaxies; I agry.

Non-empty Universe; I agry.

No imaginary or negative time axis; I agry.

No imaginary X, Y, Z axes; That is a mathematical tool, if it produces results, why not.

No differential and Integral Equations mathematically; This is explained in Temur Kalanov brilliant papers.

No General Relativity and Model does not reduce to General Relativity on any condition;

For the time it was created, GR was very advanced. It is now outdated. It is the Mach principle, which is also promoted by Einstein, the solution to everything.

No Creation of matter like Bigbang or steady-state models; I agry.

No many mini Bigbangs; I agry.

No Missing Mass; I agry.

No Dark matter; As you can see in my formula (17), it is not necessary dark matter, dark energy, also supersymmetry to relate the fundamental constants of nature.

No Dark energy; I agry.

No Bigbang generated CMB detected; You can see my solution here. http://vixra.org/abs/1602.0095

No Multi-verses etc. What is Multi-verses, part of the Whole? Then, Universe is enough. But if we do not understand the whole, we are inventing new terms.

Of course, your article is outstanding.

Regards,

Branko

Satyavarapu Gupta

Dear Branko

My English is poor, I am sorry for that...

Thank you for your comments, and for trying to understand Dynamic Universe model. Thank you for well esteemed comments... I did not reply on what you already agreed.....

1. About: Have you any value for UGF?

-This UGF is not constant force acting in only one direction or having only one value.

In our Dynamic Universe every mass is moving in a direction and goal determined universal gravitational force (UGF) as the indomitable resultant vector of gravitational forces acted by all the other bodies in the Universe. This resultant UGF vector force is varying according to ever varying dynamic movements and positions of all the masses in the Universe from time to time. In Dynamic Universe Model, this UGF is the fundamental concept; this model calculates this force "UGF" from moment to moment using its mathematical laws on each and every mass in the SITA simulations. In this way many present-day unsolved physics problems were solved. This method is different from conventional two body problem solution. This UGF sets the goals for every Galaxy or for every mass..

2. About: No Isotropy; In fact we have an approximate uniformity in all orientations.

-Large voids of the order almost 30 percent of observable universe are present were present in the Universe. Large scale mega Galactic structures exist in our Universe...

3. About: No Homogeneity; I do not agry.

-Densities of Earth, Moon and Sun etc., are different compared to vacuum in between. Inter Galactic spaces are so big compared to sizes of Galaxies. Observationally Universe is not having uniform density anywhere.

4. About: No singularities; There is something wrong with diplomas of those who support the concept of singularity.

- Hahaha !!!. You are correct, I also agree....

5. About: No collisions between bodies; This is explained extensively by R. Bošković.

- Please give some reference..

6. About: No Bigbang; My Theory show that all structure coexist in one point of time.

- You have to see Blue shifted Galaxies and Quasars etc, also; as red shifted Galaxies are only 40 percent in the Universe.

7. About: No imaginary X, Y, Z axes; That is a mathematical tool, if it produces results, why not.

- Mathematics produce square root of (-1) as i. But where is it. How will you represent it in reality? Physically nonexistent. In Dynamic Universe Model only Physically existing things, which are real and observable were taken. Why to use a non-existing and imaginary thing...?

8. About: No differential and Integral Equations mathematically; This is explained in Temur Kalanov brilliant papers.

- Please give some references... Differential and Integral equations give rise to Singularities like Blackholes and Bigbang...

9. About: No General Relativity and Model does not reduce to General Relativity on any condition; For the time it was created, GR was very advanced. It is now outdated. It is the Mach principle, which is also promoted by Einstein, the solution to everything.

- Bigbang is based on General Relativity, Please give some references.

10. About: No Dark matter; As you can see in my formula (17), it is not necessary dark matter, dark energy, also supersymmetry to relate the fundamental constants of nature.

- Very Good...!

11. About: No Bigbang generated CMB detected; You can see my solution here. http://vixra.org/abs/1602.0095

- Very Good...! Wonderful...!

12. No Multi-verses etc. What is Multi-verses, part of the Whole? Then, Universe is enough. But if we do not understand the whole, we are inventing new terms.

- Very Good...! You are exactly correct !

13. About: Of course, your article is outstanding.

- Thank you once again for the nice appreciation...!

Best

Branko Zivlak

Dear Mr. Gupta

About: Proton shift ... I did not understand...

Newton's gravitational theory, it always works, although few people understand.

You may not understand Proton shift based on one reading. The important thing is that it gives results. But I assure you that my Theory of Unity between the Whole and its Parts is much easier to understand than the theory of relativity, which for 100 years nobody understood. If you apply my theory to cosmology, little by little, you will increasingly understand and accept.

I propose that we together do an article about cosmological structures. I'd based my theory simulate a hypothetical and artificial Cosmos and you make comments comparing the results obtained with the real Cosmos.

About: Witticism.... And What is this unique structure that has the same orbital and rotation speed?... Compared with what? ...

Good question. It's like in a police investigation. If they know that some people were in the same place and at the same time of the crime, and then analyze their possible involvement.

For example: Define the following hypothetical rate:

Rotational speed v = sq (Gm / r) and the orbital speed V = sq (GM / R)

G-universal gravitational constant,

r - the radius of the structure,

M- mass of the structure,

m - mass of the structure that has the same relationship to the whole universe as the square of the radius of m = (Mu / m = Ru2 / r2).

Mu- mass of the universe

Ru-radius of the universe

R- radius which corresponds to the mass M, R = sq (M / m)

Than in http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers/View/5752

In formulas (7) and (8) we get two masses that satisfy the conditions set out in Theory. For these two masses is also v = V. Now we know that these two masses are unique in that it is v = V. Also, we conclude that such masses are limits, such as the limits are some inputs. It is not for me to say, but it is very indicative that the mass of Chandrasekhar limit has similar value as in (7).

So we actually compared the speed of masses m and M. Note that m and M represent same object, as r and R and also Compton wavelength represent same object.

Satyavarapu Gupta

Dear Branko,

Thank you for the fast reply.

Thank you for your nice offer, we will definitely do some combined papers.. no problems!

About your paper at... http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers/View

/5752

In equation (2) : 1-1 = 0, hence n^0 = 1,

Equation (2) becomes...

m = k*mq ( m with subscript q),

Probably every other equations also change

Probably there is some typographical error....

May please look once again....

Best Regards

John LaMuth

I fail to fully see how this paper relates a mindless universe to any of the phenomena of intent. Could you explain?

John L

Satyavarapu Gupta

Dear John Edward LaMuth,

Thank you for your interest on my essay and good question...

Please See above... my reply to the question by...

Al Schneider wrote on Jan. 27, 2017 @ 07:59 GMT

and my reply to...

Harry Hamlin Ricker III wrote on Jan. 31, 2017 @ 14:49 GMT

I hope it will clarify your question, if not we can discuss again

Best