Essay Abstract

The key link between physics and life is provided by bio-molecules, such as voltage gated ion channels. They enable logic to emerge from the underlying physics. They can only have come into being via the contextually dependent processes of natural selection, which selects them for their biological function.

Author Bio

George Ellis is a cosmologist and relativist, who has recently turned to the study of complexity and the mind. He has published a major book on how the combination of bottom-up and top-down causation underlies the emergence of truly complex systems such as life.

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Thanks for that question. This is a special case of my thesis. Thus in the case of proprioception, "There are specific nerve receptors for this form of perception termed "proprioreceptors", just as there are specific receptors for pressure, light, temperature, sound, and other sensory experiences" and these are based in ion channels such as TRPN. More generally the function of sensory neurons is based in receptor molecules - protein molecules that receives chemical signals from outside a cell. Thus they fit the general pattern. [These links don't seem to be working - I don't know why].

Dear Professor Ellis,

I am sure this entry is a winner and will take the time to study it properly to the degree I can. I heard your philosophy talk podcast last year and also read your paper on top-down causation. I just cant understand TDC, if you can assist me briefly? This is my main problem with it, taken from an article i wrote about the philosophytalk podcast:

Like gravity, I argue causation itself a singular event/operation that necessarily requires a singular explanation. We don't have two explanations for gravity, do we? We don't say there multiple types of gravity based on its possible directions. E.g. "Up/left gravity" and "Down/right gravity" etc. These would be relative to how gravity, a singular event, that requires a singular explanation, works. These directions would be a superficial explanation of what gravity is. So what I am suggesting is that you could claim only top-down causation as the singular source account of causation, but surely you cannot claim multiple causal sources as the theory of causation itself. Rather the witnessed multiple causal sources between levels (equivalent to directions in which gravity acts) must arise or emerge from this source explanation, and thus adhere to the causation, which is a singular event.

http://philosopher.io/Top-Down-Causation-A-Conceptual-Flaw

Thanks for your help!

Jack

For the first time in this contest, an essay gave a reference to Hudspeth and other well known to me experts in physiology. I also resonate to mentioning the role of ion channels, of Darwinism, et cetera. Having no serious objections, I am ready to put a sign by my decision for 10 scores. Nonetheless, I would like to defend some aspects of my own somewhat different views. In particular, I would like to add that I see us responsible for more reasonably steering the evolution of mankind.

    Dear Ellis,

    Good research essay on adaptive selection...

    Your words... 1. "outside religious belief, rocks and stars have no purpose."... Don't say like that, please have a look in my essay, where the Birth and Quenching of Galaxies were discussed, Here Universe shows a property of life, "Reproduction of Galaxies in the Universe" ...

    2. ' I am taking for granted that living systems are open non-equilibrium systems. That alone does not characterise life: famously, even a burning candle satisfies those conditions.'.... good.

    3. "Physics underlies adaptive selection in that it allows the relevant biological mechanisms to work; but adaptive selection is not a physical law. It is an emergent biological process.".. Good study

    Best wishes................

    =snp. gupta

      'Your words... 1. "outside religious belief, rocks and stars have no purpose."' - those are not my words, they are quoted from an important article by L H Hartwell, J J Hop field, S Leibler and A W Murray. Hartwell is a Nobel Prize winner for his work on discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle.

      Dear Jack

      Two points here:

      First, I have recently been persuaded that I should really use the term "top down realisation" rather than "top down causation". Causation happens at each level of the hierarchy of structure and causation rather than up or down, whereas realisation is the downward relation and emergence is the upward relation.

      That being said, causation does indeed happen at each level at the same time: in the brain for instance, 1. electrons flow in axons according to Maxwell's equations, 2. genes are turned on and off according to the state of gene regulatory networks, 3. information flows down axons to synapses where signals are summed and used to decide if new spike trains should be sent on, 4. pattern recognition takes place via the neural network structures formed by the neurons, and 5. logical thought takes place at the psychological level, for example deciding if Maxwell's equations are a good description of electromagnetism. The lower levels enable the higher levels to function, but it is the logical highest level that decides what the final result is (Maxwell's equations get written down as a good description of reality)

      Second, "causation itself a singular event/operation that necessarily requires a singular explanation". No, there are multiple causal relations in action at the same time, as indicated above, and as point out by Aristotle in the Wikipedia article on Four Causes. I elaborate further in my book on top down causation, taking the example of why an aircraft flies. It flies 1. because of air particles impinging on the wing, 2. because the pilot is flying it, 3. because it was designed to fly, and 4. because someone is making a profit out of its flying. These four causes operate simultaneously; and without any one of them, it would not fly. Physics is concerned only with level 1. The other three levels are also essential.

      Dear Professor Ellis,

      I read your essay with great pleasure. I want to mention a few things that I hope will be useful in your research of

      adaptation and plasticity Life depends on adaptation to its environment.

      We found that in the nanotubes with a diameter of 14.5 nm and a length of a few microns, including carbon ones, there is a giant diamagnetic effect, which is like the Meissner effect in superconductors. This effect is observed from helium temperatures (-270°C) to temperatures of +93.5 °C. This effect we call "hot" superconductivity. For example, our discovery of the "hot" superconductivity clearly explains the effect of diamagnetic levitation samarium cobalt magnets in the man's hand and a live frog at room temperature. US Patent No 6,570,224

      We have found that this effect is determined by the diamagnetic properties of the tubulin microtubes that make up the cytoskeleton of cells, rather than the diamagnetic properties of the water of the human body. The inner diameter of the microtubes is about 14.5 nm. As a result, the resonance conditions for motion of electrons inside the microtubules are created. This leads to a giant diamagnetic effect at normal temperatures.

      Best regards

        Professor Ellis, thank you for your reply.

        From your answer, it seems to me (just as a participant in this essay contest) that there may be a specific hypothesis to test this idea about a system of systems-- that a hierarchy with many levels of structure built upon each other has a different description and vocabulary suitable for each level of the hierarchy that is related to the effective entities which occur at that level.

        And, that a selection from possibilities at a higher level can, by changing context, change the possibilities for a lower level-- perhaps making some possibilities at the lower level impossible; perhaps changing the probability for a possibility to be selected at that lower level.

        As an example, you have talked about "cell" as one such description. I would use hypersets to say: "cell = (cell)." It is using a computer science concept called "coalgebra" or "stream." Specifically when you use this language, say, to talk about information produced by the cell: "cell = (signal, cell)."

        Today, there is some talk by physicists about "consciousness." Classically this may be self-awareness, or "consciousness of self." It does seem to me that to be conscious, one must be conscious of something. So before consciousness, there must first be "self," which again I would phrase in terms of hypersets as: "self = (self)."

        Then there can be language, for example, about thinking, and the beliefs which are based on thinking: "self = (thinking, self)".

        Using such language for the "higher level module" of interest, how would it emerge from lower level systems?

        Again to use concepts from computer science, I think of a single transition in a Petri net, with a single output arrow to a single "place" in the Petri net, and another arrow from that single place-- an input arrow back to the same transition. The label for this Petri net place is "self."

        So in terms of this picture, the question of how "self=(self)" emerges from lower level systems or lower level modules is then "How does the feedback loop in the above Petri net get going?"

        The feedback loop would then comprise those "lower level modules" of which you speak-- in this case ion channels.

        An experiment:

        Radioactively label the ions. Study a pregnant laboratory animal. One hypothesis is that the feedback on which "self = (self)" emerges is the breath, involving specifically the proprioceptors involved in breathing and their ion channels. On the birth of the laboratory animal, when it first breathes, what can be seen with neuro-imaging?

        In opposition to this hypothesis, test for the same kind of images, but for the ion channels for the interocepetors required for the heart to beat.

        According to this language of Petri nets, a feedback loop is required for "self=(self)" and it may involve either the interoceptors or the proprioceptors. And-- the respective ion channels.

        (It seems to me-- again just as a contestant-- that the KAVLI Institute might be interested in funding such an experiment. If you were a principal.)

        Best Regards,

        Lee Bloomquist

        Thank you for the kind words. "I would like to add that I see us responsible for more reasonably steering the evolution of mankind." I can only agree.

        Dear Alexander Ilyanok,

        That is very interesting. The question this raises for me is whether the diamagnetic properties of the tubulin microtubes can be used to construct logic gates. If so that would be most interesting, and maybe even important (it might relate to Roger Penrose's conjections about the brain)

        Dear Lee Blomquist,

        you say

        "From your answer, it seems to me that there may be a specific hypothesis to test this idea about a system of systems-- that a hierarchy with many levels of structure built upon each other has a different description and vocabulary suitable for each level of the hierarchy that is related to the effective entities which occur at that level.

        And, that a selection from possibilities at a higher level can, by changing context, change the possibilities for a lower level-- perhaps making some possibilities at the lower level impossible; perhaps changing the probability for a possibility to be selected at that lower level."

        Exactly so, that is a nice summary.

        The experimental suggestions sound interesting - I'd have to think about them more, specifically the difference between interoceptors and proprioceptors.

        What is a good reference to the computer science concepts you mention?

        George Ellis

          Hello Mr Ellis,

          I loved your general works about our neurons process.The informations always and this evolution of adaptation.

          I rank all since many years more than 20 years.It is in ranking that I found this theory of spherisation....H.....CNO....H2C2 HCN CH4 NH3 H2O....ine ase...unicells and this and that givent complexification and increasing mass on this line time.I studied the works of Darwin and Lamarck.Lamarck also was relevant considering the adaptation with environments and mutations.We encode at each instant.Lamarck had found an intersting link with the will.In resume if a giraf has a long neck, it is because an encoding has been made to eat the leaves higher.Darwin, Lamarck and now the modern theories of evolution consider many paramters.The informations and encodings become very complex.The classifications become so universal keys.I am persuaded that we must consider two main systems.One electromagnetic, the other gravitational.The standard model is one thing.The gravitation an other.That said our biology seems correlated only with the earth and the standard model.

          Congratulations for your essay and good luck, you are going to be well ranked ,you merit a prize :)

          Best Regards

            Your essay was cogent and well argued. It relies upon the issue of top-down causation or correlation, which as you argue is a sort of emergent biological structure, not a physical law or principle. You make a rather interesting statement:

            there is a resulting space of possible proteins of vast dimensions: a kind of Platonic space of possible structures [18].

            These structures are then selected for, such as with the model you have for a projector operator. As an aside I will say that many physicists and even a lot of mathematicians chafe at the suggestion of Platonic realm. However, we can think of this as a sort of state space of possible structures. Given conditions at the time the particular E(X) exists. Maybe for all we know other E(X)'s that do not exist on Earth and never have existed do so on other planets or elsewhere in the universe.

            This state space is the subject of my essay, though I am a bit conservative in saying this is a Platonic realm. I have this conjecture the world at the very low IR energy limit, such as what we ordinarily observe, has a duality say a modular or T-duality with the UV limit. The UV limit is near the Planck scale. This is observed as quantum hair on black holes; it is observed as highly red shifted quantum fields on the stretched horizon. It is here that the set of all possible structures can exist.

            For a potassium channel gate, such as the one I attach here, these structures have a lot of symmetry in them. In particular the alpha helix chains rotate upon phosphorylation, which occurs with a voltage or action potential, so the negative charged amino acid residues present themselves to permit the ion to pass through. Similar structures are found and one of the most amazing is ATP synthase. These have physical or chemical physical properties on a small scale that match requirements of the large scale system, such as in a top down correlation. Of course maybe there is in face top-down and bottom-up properties in an interplay. These structures do seem to have some intrinsic properties in the universe.

            I argue these have their existence in UV hair on black holes or cosmologies in an open entanglement system http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/2737 . This is the thesis of my essay. I don't make mention of this, but it may the the ultimate set of structure are with the monster group and monstrous moonshine. There are 8.1x10^{53} roots, which means this is enough to cover a 10^{15} solar mass black hole. This is larger than black holes today, though in the distant future if a good percentage of galaxy clusters get eaten up in black holes they might reach these proportion in around 10^{20} years.

            To extend this to consciousness the fitness paradigm is similar to Daniel Dennett's hetero-phenomenology. It is similar to his idea of competing neural narratives from which emerges the optimal representation of the world.

            LC

              Professor Ellis,

              Here's a paper by Samson Abramsky.

              In this paper he asks about using Channel Theory to model the three-valued Chu space he obtains as a full representation based on Wigner's theorem.

              I've answered, with more references (and references to references) here.

              Dear Lee Blomquist

              this is very interesting, thanks. It will take time to understand it fully, but it seems to me that it takes seriously the measurement problem by means of the evaluation function eH, which presumably implies collapse of the wave function; and that is a projection operation of the form (8) given in my essay. I developed an approach that is a bit similar (but much simpler in mathematical terms) in a paper on quantum theory here: arXiv 1108.5261.

              I will cogitate on this further, and also comment over at your essay.

              George Ellis

              Dear Lawrence Crowell

              thanks for that. I talked with Andrew Wiles last year about the Platonic nature of Mathematics, and he strongly believes that good working mathematicians all agree they are exploring mathematical structures rather than inventing them. Andreas Wagner in the book I mentioned writes very convincingly about the nature of Platonic spaces of possible biological microstructures: Gene Regulatory Networks, Signal Transduction Networks, Metabolic Networks, and Proteins. I strongly recommend that book. These possibilities all follow from the underlying physics, which is what you are commenting on. Maybe the biological properties follow from the symmetries you mention. Fascinating linkages.

              George Ellis

              I do think there is some objective nature to mathematics. I tend to be dissatisfied with the idea mathematics is just a set of rules as in a game and proving theorems is just playing different outcomes in the game. Plato had his idea on this as a realm of pure forms. Aristotle had the concept of potentia, in particular with the relationship between physical world and mathematics.

              It is not that often though one reads a paper discussing scientific matter that platonic ideas come up/

              Cheers LC

              Hi,

              the key argument some philosophers have had against Platonic mathematics is that there is then no way the human mind could interact with it. However Paul Churchland has clarified how this is possible in his great book Plato's Camera, based on the neural network nature of the mind (which of course is a result of evolutionary adaptation). My favourite example is the fact that the square root of 2 is irrational - a timeless eternal truth. Such facts can be claimed to constitute the deep nature of cosmology. I will be writing a book about this later in the year.

              Cheers GE