Dear James
You are quite right on your analysis on the way Physics faces the properties of the universe - namely when you say "The physics fundamental view of the properties of the Universe is that they are dumb. Dumbness is mechanically compatible with orderliness. There is limited merit in a dumb mechanical interpretation. The merit is that mechanical problems can be solved; and,
mechanical knowledge can be put to useful implementation. The mechanical investigation makes extensive use of mathematics. Objects in motion, predominantly follow predictable patterns that can be modeled mathematically in equation forms." All my life has been dedicated to find the answers to the problem you raise and I think you can find the answers to some of your questions in my work (and also I become very interested in analyzing yours carefully).
You know, there is a problem with Physics but it is the result of a problem of common persons. Physics has to appear as "having all the answers". Most persons are not really concerned with understanding the universe, they have a practical view of things; what they want is to rely on some entity that "has all the answers"; therefore, they will follow the entity that they believe to be the one that best fits such need - either Science or a Religion. One of the main arguments used by those that are recruiting persons to the Daesh is that the Islam "has all the answers".
In general, we do not like doubts, we do not like questions, problems; what we like is answers, certainties. We need them to be able to decide, to know where to go. Therefore, one of the rules I use since a teenager is "never raise a problem if you do not have the solution".
I can say that I have found most of the answers I was looking for. The problem now is how to present them without degrading the image of Physics for common persons. First I though that physicists could be interested in cooperating with me in such task, but so far I had no success - that has to be an operation ruled from the top and I do not have access to it. Indeed, I was not worried about it, I decided very early to follow Copernicus lead, and publish my work only when I would be safely at my deathbed, but recently I discovered something of the utmost importance for the future of humanity and I do not know what to do with that.
Returning to the point, I discovered one important thing that takes the magic out of current descriptions of the universe. Both relativity theory and Cosmological models are made assuming that we can make consistent models of data considering that standard units are invariant. But they are not - length unit varies with motion, field and time also! That is why the universe seems to expand, because standard length unit is decreasing. Also standard time and length units are not independent, they are linked by the average light speed in a closed path. This dependence of units with external conditions and between them is the origin of concepts like spacetime and space curvature. I succeed in "cleaning up" all the mess that arises from our variable units, establishing a new paradigm and sound ground for new models of the universe. (I notice that the problem of units also raised your attention; maybe this draft paper I have in viXra wil interest you: vixra.org/abs/1107.0016; given that it has been downloaded more than 900 times and i have received several complementary emails, it is not certainly garbage)
All you say about Relativity is quite interesting. I will have to take some time to analyze it carefully and see how it fits and possibly complements my own analysis (I present it in a draft paper in the arXiv: arxiv.org/abs/physics/0205033). Latter on, with time - I am a slow thinker - I will give you feedback.
If you take a look to my essay, you will probably suspect that I really may have some knowledge of the universe not at the reach of current theories; and you may find the answer for some of the problems you raise in your essay.
I value specially the essays that dare to address the theme of the contest, as is your case; it is very easy to make a "quality" essay in known ground, giving no contribution at all for the theme of the contest; and the essays that do that are being highly rated, so I feel entitled to do the same to the ones like yours, that has the courage to move forward through the fog of our ignorance.
All the best
Alfredo