Essay Abstract

The most fundamental concept in physical reality we generally refer to as Nature is truth. Nature's truths are independent of our existence. Some of Nature's truths are readily apparent, others are hidden by obscurity. Some truths are before us yet await our emergence from ignorance or bias. Pure science is the pursuit of understanding Natute's truths. True science has no political agenda, is not about corroborating preconceived notions, and does not necessarily require conformance with group think or so called "settled science". From a position of partial understanding, there are many plausible paths scientists may take towards a goal of more complete knowledge. There is utility in stepping back, examining what is truly fundamental, then using it to optimize the process, perhaps going in a different direction.

Author Bio

B.S. in Physics, Stanford University many moons ago. Correctly determined what I wanted to learn would not be taught in an advanced degree, so began a successful Engineering career designing with hardware and firmware for microprocessors and software. Kept my passion alive for Physics, got sucked into Octonions ~25 years ago, no escape in sight.

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I really inspired by this post. I would like to say that Nature always wears the colors of the spirit. According to students writing services there is required look deep into nature as well then anyone can able to understand everything better.

Dear Rick

Your papers indicate that you have mastered what we consider to be an exceedingly difficult arena - the algebra of Octonians. I have a hunch that a next big breakthrough in physics (apart from string theory) will finally use this algebra for representing higher relevant Lie groups and perhaps as something similar to taking the "square root" of the Dirac equation (like he did from the Klein-Gordon equation). When that happens, you will be in a great position to understand it.

Best Wishes

Dave

    About 25 years ago while looking to integrate a potential based unification of Electrodynamics and Gravitation, I stumbled across Octonion Algebra, which looked very promising.It became immediately apparent its application would not be possible using a pencil and paper. I started development of a symbolic algebra software tool since nothing that met my needs was available. Frankly, there still isn't. Over the years it has developed into something quite useful. I want to encourage more interest and appreciation for Octonion Algebra and it's utility for mathematical physics. To help this along, I will be putting up the latest rendition written in JavaScript open source on my website after I get some time to document it better. It was developed for use with Nodejs.

    Included as an implementation example will be my verification script for my derivation of the Octonion conservation of energy and momentum, matching the classical Electrodynamics divergence of the stress-energy-momentum tensor terms exactly while including gravitation and a number of new rotational fields in proper juxtaposition.

    Stay tuned, let you know when it is up.

      Dave,

      Thanks for reading my essay. My preferences and what I see as more fundamental is Octonion Algebra over any associative algebra which would include all groups which by definition are associative. This is not to say group theory is not important to Octonion analysis, it most certainly is. Octonion Algebra just can't be used for "representing higher relevant Lie groups..." since it is generally non-associative for multiplication.

      Octonion Algebra does infer group structure, as I discuss in my essay. The master of this is Geoffrey Dixon, and I would recommend you take a look at his essay and buy his books also. Not wanting to speak too loudly for him, he is all about applying group theory, using division algebra structure as a guide for initial "right and left action" matrix based group member construction and using them as the means to the end.

      For me it is the other way around. The division algebras are fundamental, and the group theory connections are suggestive of added structure that helps us understand the division algebras. The division algebras, mostly Octonions are the means to the end. It is all about which speaks more loudly to us. Octonion Algebra mandates structure that corresponds to physical reality, whereas group theory is completely general and widely applicable, so gives back little more than what we put into it, which to a large extent in the standard model is "by hand". I do not want to tell the math what to do, I want it to tell me how it must be.

      Take note of my comment that the generally non-associative Octonion Algebra does not need non-associative physics to justify its use, and more important my point that Octonion analysis can go where matrix - tensor - matrix based spinor analysis can't because of the non-associativity for multiplication. My efforts will be exclusively Octonion Algebra based. Any connection to group theory will be welcomed if it is a nature outcome of the algebraic structure, but used within the structure intrinsically.

      Rick

      Dear Rick Lockyer,

      FQXi.org is clearly seeking to confirm whether Nature is fundamental.

      Reliable evidence exists that proves that the surface of the earth was formed millions of years before man and his utterly complex finite informational systems ever appeared on that surface. It logically follows that Nature must have permanently devised the only single physical construct of earth allowable.

      All objects, be they solid, liquid, or vaporous have always had a visible surface. This is because the real Universe must consist only of one single unified VISIBLE infinite surface occurring eternally in one single infinite dimension that am always illuminated mostly by finite non-surface light.

      Only the truth can set you free.

      Joe Fisher, Realist

      Dear Rick Lockyer,

      FQXi.org is clearly seeking to confirm whether Nature is fundamental.

      Reliable evidence exists that proves that the surface of the earth was formed millions of years before man and his utterly complex finite informational systems ever appeared on that surface. It logically follows that Nature must have permanently devised the only single physical construct of earth allowable.

      All objects, be they solid, liquid, or vaporous have always had a visible surface. This is because the real Universe must consist only of one single unified VISIBLE infinite surface occurring eternally in one single infinite dimension that am always illuminated mostly by finite non-surface light.

      Only the truth can set you free.

      Joe Fisher, Realist

      Dear Rick Lockyer,

      FQXi.org is clearly seeking to confirm whether Nature is fundamental.

      Reliable evidence exists that proves that the surface of the earth was formed millions of years before man and his utterly complex finite informational systems ever appeared on that surface. It logically follows that Nature must have permanently devised the only single physical construct of earth allowable.

      All objects, be they solid, liquid, or vaporous have always had a visible surface. This is because the real Universe must consist only of one single unified VISIBLE infinite surface occurring eternally in one single infinite dimension that am always illuminated mostly by finite non-surface light.

      Only the truth can set you free.

      Joe Fisher, Realist

      Dear Rick Lockyer,

      FQXI.org might be seeking to know if there could be a fundamental nature.

      Reliable evidence exists that proves that the surface of the earth was formed millions of years before man and his utterly complex finite informational systems ever appeared on that surface. It logically follows that Nature must have permanently devised the only single physical construct of earth allowable.

      All objects, be they solid, liquid, or vaporous have always had a visible surface. This is because the real Universe must consist only of one single unified VISIBLE infinite surface occurring eternally in one single infinite dimension that am always illuminated mostly by finite non-surface light.

      Only the truth can set you free.

      Joe Fisher, Realist

      Dear Rick Lockyer,

      My research has indicated to me that there must be a fundamental Nature.

      Reliable evidence exists that proves that the surface of the earth was formed millions of years before man and his utterly complex finite informational systems ever appeared on that surface. It logically follows that Nature must have permanently devised the only single physical construct of the Universe allowable.

      All objects, be they solid, liquid or vaporous have always had a visible surface. The real Universe must consist only of one single unified VISIBLE infinite surface occurring eternally in one single infinite dimension that am always illuminated mostly by finite non-surface light.

      Joe Fisher, ORCID ID 0000-0003-3988-8687.

      Seeing that the surface of the earth was formed millions of years before man and his complex finite informational systems ever appeared on that surface, it logically follows that Nature must have permanently devised the only single physical construct of the real visible Universe allowable.

      ..........

      Joe Fisher, Realist

      Rick,

      After reading your essay, I don't know what to say other than simply ... "Thank You". You have given me a road map. Your ideas will be very helpful to me.

      Best Regards,

      Gary Simpson

        Hi Rick

        FYI, in my Windmill Tilting division algebra book I have a section with the following heading:

        "480 Octonion Products: Renumberings"

        Cheers, GD

          Thanks Gary,

          Octonion Algebra not only provides a roadmap, it follows naturally Electrodynamics. I extensively used the 4D tensor cover of Electrodynamics as my roadmap to derivation of Octonion conservation of energy and momentum. I have already skimmed your essay and I am familiar with your previous interest in Quaternion. I will comment later.

          Rick

          Geoffrey,

          Have had this book and your earlier book since first learning they were available. Know your index processes for coming up with the Quaternion triplets. They are "cool" but not as cool as my favorite which uses binary numbers 1-7 and the computationally friendly exclusive or logic function. This naturally partitions 1 through 7 into 7 closed sets of three, perfect for the seven triplets. These are what I use and it ripples into my Right and Left Octonion enumerations and morphs between.

          Your O+3 is a "Right" Algebra as is O-5, O-3 and O+5 are "Left" Octonion. Take any index, cyclically shift the three triplets containing it until the chosen basis is in the middle position. If the 3 indexes on the right side are another triplet, you have a "Right" Algebra, otherwise the left side will be another triplet and you have a "Left" Algebra. If this is not consistent for all 7 indexes, you are not representing a normed division Algebra.

          Now think about that index in the central position of the Fano Plane representation, and envision how there are 2 distinct forms, either the vertex bisectors all come out or all go in. Different structure.

          You and I discussed the 480 forms back at the turn of the century. My position was and still is there are 30 different ways to partition the Quaternion triplets, and any one will do, with the others being nothing more than aliases. So you have 480/30 = 16 meaningful differences, 8 Right, 8 Left. If I call you Geoffrey today and Jimmy tomorrow, you will still be the same self-described curmudgeon.

          Liked your essay, having read your books you could have left your name off it and I would have guessed it was you without the clear give-aways. Will comment later.

          Did you actually read mine? Check out the 2012 essay also.

          I first heard about the Hadamard connection from your 1994 book, thanks for that. I am sure it was subconsciously there when I explored the valid chiral changes on the triplets and the Hadamard pattern they describe.

          Rick

          Rick,

          Hmmm. Very interested. You'll recall I've supported your view in principle before but I'm no mathematician. I've invoked Maxwells 4 states mechanistically without ever understanding quaternions. You conclude; "Nature's choice will surely be Octonion Algebra." I think I've found it already has done! Are you familiar with Dirac's QM twin stacked orthogonal inverse pair equation? I'd like you to check out a very important finding for me (with non-linear Chirality) advise, and maybe sign up to help with the algebra!

          It's all in my essay (with matching computer code and plot in Declan Traill's) amazingly appearing to reproduce QM's predictions classically, shocking enough but all barriers to compatibility with 'SR' are then also lifted!!

          Thanks for yours, very hopeful and helpful I hope and pencilled in for a possible 10. I don't think it was surprising physicists; "had difficulty working full four dimensional algebraic elements into physical theories. But I'm now convinced the inverse of that will work! So Octonians may indeed be prove a critical reality.

          Excellent job. Please do ask any questions of mine if not clear.

          Very Best

          Peter

            I remember years ago contact, but not context. Anyhum, I'll try to prove I've read the essay (I am somewhat of a slacker in this regard):

            "Most noticeable was J. C. Maxwell some 30 years later. He saw within individual Quaternion differentiation sub-forms all of the differentiation product forms he needed for his famous 4 equations,but could not work it out with full 4 dimensional algebraic elements."

            Part of the reason I was awarded a PhD was that at the end of two years of not very stellar grad school there was an oral qualifier exam. I was asked a question about Maxwell's equations. I responded that to answer it I'd have to write the equations in a form the professors had never seen before. They were skeptical, but I had all 4 written as one using quaternions. They had in fact never seen anything like it. I passed the qualifier. :) I should add that it is not clear to me what "Quaternion differentiation sub-forms" means. That kind of thing makes reading difficult for me.

            Speaking of quaternions: "It has three separate Complex sub-algebras." Well, ok, if we just look at the basis units, but really there are infinitely many sub-algebras isomorphic to C, one for every element of norm 1 with no real part, so topologically, S2. This is just a quibble.

            "One should expect Octonion Algebra to fundamentally speak to us louder and perhaps with more authority than this Geometric Algebra." Expect? Authority? The problem with this in my view is that in having an expectation of this sort you are in a sense instructing the maths where you want it to go. It may not listen. (On the other hand, you're not wrong, IMO.)

            "For some, the fact that the above Geometric Algebra is associative for multiplication makes it more attractive. This reluctance towards the use of Octonion Algebra is a fundamentally false criticism."

            Well, yes. But you're glossing over the fact that the algebra of actions of O on itself is an associative geometric algebra for a 6-D space. Anyway.

            "If division must be a characteristic of Nature's Algebra, we can stop at Octonion Algebra, since it is the end of the line."

            I of course agree that O is the end of the line, but rather because there are only 4 parallelizable spheres, and only 4 sequences of classical Lie groups. Any higher dimensional algebra you may concoct will have none of the properties and associations that make R,C,H and O exceptional, generative, and resonant. If you start with spheres, no further arguments are needed.

            "We have useful three dimensional items like the magnetic, electric and gravitational fields that we must find homes for in the eight dimensional structure of the Octonions."

            Let me say that I heartily approve of pursuing this line of thinking, for whether or not it is physically correct, it can generate mathematical insight that can lead to better physical applications. If, that is, one listens to the mathematics. I question whether trying to find homes for gravity and EM within the relatively small structure of O you are allowing your ideas of what the mathematics ought to do lead you. It may have other ideas that your preconceptions blind you to seeing. Maybe.

            I am intrigued my your thoughts on the applicability of left-right versions of O. They are, of course, isomorphic, but ...

            Anyway, in conclusion, you have real ideas here, and, as suggested, "so little time" to develop them all. But what better way to use that time than by listening to the whispers from the universe.

            Hmm. Am I "all about applying group theory"? Groups arise as secondary structures from the mathematics inherent in tensored division algebras. This was first noted in conjunction with color SU(3) 45 years ago at Yale by Feza Gürsey and company. His starting point, as is mine, is the division algebras: specifically, CâŠ--O. Clearly his group had SU(3) as a goal, and were initially very pleased with how naturally it arose from the mathematics. But they tried to shoehorn this elegant connection into QM. Their failure in this regard made them turn rather vehemently away from trying for any further connections of O to physics. They had reputations to protect.

            I chose to ignore QM and just pay attention to the algebraic structure. You say: "I do not want to tell the math what to do, I want it to tell me how it must be." We are on the same page here. Yes, I did assume that the mathematics would lead from CâŠ--HâŠ--O to U(1)xSU(2)xSU(3). And in fact, even in the absence of any knowledge of physics it does. So, cool. But in my paper "Seeable Matter; Unseeable Antimatter" I take the mathematical structure well beyond what we all know and love. I shan't be taking those ideas any further, but to get to that point, if the mathematics had ever not presented an easily followed path I would have given up on the whole thing. In particular, the mathematics never had anything to say about gravitation that I could see, so I never tried to incorporate it. And if that above mentioned paper is in fact correct (which of course it is ... ahem), then gravity has a whole new playground - one I freely admit I am not competent to enter.

            Having the table of ordered permutation triplet basis product rules for Right Octonion Algebra in the body of my essay, it can be used to visualize my algebraic variance/invariance sieve, and demonstrate that all product terms for any number of Octonion algebraic element products will fall into an algebraically invariant set, or one of 14 algebraically variant sets.

            To make sure everyone gets the drift on the ordered permutation triplet basis product rule, going cyclically left to right, the consecutive product of two basis elements is + the third element, and commuting the product order going cyclically right to left, the consecutive product of two basis elements is - the third element. For any three unlike non-scalar basis elements there are two possible definitions, starting with one order then forming another rule exchanging any two elements which is fully equivalent to ordering them in the opposite direction. This singular rule change has the effect of changing the sign on all 6 basis product pairs. Very important that it is just a sign change.

            It will not be of any importance that I use a table for Right Octonions and not Left Octonions, nor that the table is relative to algebra R0. Any other choice will sieve the same product terms into the same sets, the only difference will be the relative signs within the variant sets.

            I will do a proof by example using a sequence of basis element products describing the product history of the final resultant basis element. The product e1 * e2 is ruled by the ordered permutation triplet including the set {e1 e2 e3}, using curly braces to not imply a sign rule quite yet. For R0, R1, R2 and R3 the sign rule is (e1 e2 e3) and for R4, R5, R6 and R7 the rule is the opposite: (e3 e2 e1). The correspondence between algebra enumerations and triplet enumerations is no accident, they were purposefully enumerated to make it such. Anyway, for the former 4 the result is +e3, and for the latter 4 it is -e3. This would be a simple example of an algebraically variant product term; it can change signs when a change of algebra definition is made.

            Now take the e3 result and multiply on the left by e2, effectively doing e2 * (e1 * e2). This is based on the same triplet rule {e1 e2 e3}, so any algebra change induced negation will be done twice, meaning for every possible Octonion Algebra choice, the result will always be +e1. This is an example of a non-trivial (not singularly defined e0 * en, ej * ej etc.) algebraically invariant product term.

            If instead we did e5 * (e1 * e2), the second product would be using the rule for {e6 e5 e3} so the sign on the final result basis element e6 would be dependent on both {e1 e2 e3} and {e6 e5 e3} rules, and they can change in different ways for specific changes in algebra. Relative to R0, which has all +1 values in its column and results in +e6, the e6 sign for some other Right algebra will be determined by the product of the row {e1 e2 e3} and {e6 e5 e3} values for that algebra's column. If the row product is +1, the result in that algebra will be the same as in R0: +e6, and if the row product is -1, the result for that algebra will have opposite sign as R0 indicates, or -e6. These column products are precisely the compositions mentioned in my essay. {e1 e2 e3} and {e6 e5 e3} have e3 in common, and the only other triplet including e3 is {e7 e4 e3} which indeed is the resultant row from the composition operation. So we can look at this row and see for R0, R3, R4 and R7 the final result for e5 * (e1 * e2) will be +e6, and for R1, R2, R5 and R6 the result will be -e6. Doing the same row composition on our first example above, the composition ends up on the all +1 row, which is where every algebraic invariant product term will end up, independent of the number of products. If along the way we needed to multiply by the scalar e0 or the very same current result basis, these rules are singularly defined, so one must stay on the current row.

            You can see now 7 algebraically variant rows to land on, and might be questioning how I get to my claim of twice this number. We must bring in the Left Octonion Algebras into the discussion, or more precisely the anti-automorphism Right to Left morph which negates all seven triplet rules. If you ended up on a particular variant row through the application of an even number of variant products, changing every one would not change the final result. However, if you did an odd number of variant products, the anti-automorphism would change the result sign. Thus the variant count parity doubles the 7 to 14. My V+{abc} is even count, and V-{abc} is odd count. Since the composition rule is closed, any number of basis products may be done with comparable results.

            Now, what happens in each of these variant sets is that for any legitimate Octonion Algebra definition change, every product term in a set will either change sign, or not change sign. My "Law of Octonion Algebraic Invariance" states any observable described by Octonion Algebra must be an algebraically invariant form. The corollary to this is any algebraically variant form is not observable. If we individually add/subtract per sign all product terms in a variant set and force a zero result for each set, a mixed bag of variant and invariant product terms now becomes fully invariant since +0 = -0. These are my "Homogeneous Equations of Algebraic Constraint". It is easy to believe experimentation will not show everything that needs to be seen. I am thinking these equations of constraint are extremely important.

            Octonion Algebra is not talking softly here, it is shouting!

              Very hard to grasp this without a blackboard. I think we have likely both experienced the frustration of an audience failing to immediately grasp ideas with which we are so familiar that we can no longer imagine everyone does not see what we see.

              Why do you use Porteous's (e1,e2,e3) quaternionic triple? In 1993 at the first Octoshop (which I organized in hopes of finding meterial to finish my first book), everyone was using tables for which the set of quaternion index triples was invariant wrt index doubling and cycling. At the time mine was based on the index triple, (1,2,6), and Martin Cederwall (inventor of the octonion X-product, and whose university hosted the Octoshop (Porteous was there, too)) started with the triple (1,2,4). Conway and Sloane also used (1,2,4), and I eventually succumbed to peer pressure and now also start with (1,2,4). Anyway, if you are not already familiar with it, you should get familiar with the X-product, and my extension of it, the XY-product). It's very cool stuff.

              However, I have not played with this stuff in a number of years, so even to follow my own work would now require some effort.

              I need to see your stuff with fewer words, and more symbols.