Christine,
there are phenomena (e.g. falling apples) and physical theories (e.g. Newton's laws) which according to Gödel are "in HARMONY" with one another. In 1.) you say "The human mind has the ability to disclose intricate mathematical structures, and to use them for DESCRIBING, with a high degree of agreement, the physical world." Then, however, you continue saying that it is not clear why nature follows mathematical laws, which puts in question the assertion that mathematical structures DESCRIBE the physical world. And indeed, nowhere in the philosophy of science you will find clarification what exactly DESCRIPTION is or means. While traditionally the term is associated with reductionism, your essay tries to apply it in the other direction, i.e. emergentism.
But what if Gödel - knowingly or unknowingly - hit the nail on the head? Could that mysterious relation between nature (the real world) and math simply be HARMONY or, as I call it, orthogonality or Absolute non-falseness?
Heinz