Dan,
I think you paint the correct 'overview' picture, and paint it well. Favourite snippets; nature 'transcends formalisation in thought', maths 'mirrors reality but potentially diverges from it, determinism is a 'property of equations'. Uncertainty relations are not specific to the quantum scale', and 'gotten out onto theoretical limbs'. All goos stuff. But a few questions.
When logic and Philosophy itself remains best by paradox can we really insist it's "true by definition"? (I suggest it needs updating).
Is decidability really only about 'which set'? i.e. We know a sphere has both clockwise and anticlockwise rotation. But what if you have to tell me which at any point you touch, then you find the equator? If nature is smooth not integer then is not observer undecidability inherent?
Again I suggest important implications of that in my essay.
Well done for yours, marked down for a good score.
Very best
Peter