Dear Kwame,

Thanks for your answer. I agree with your first paragraph up to the sentence "....and when this object violently spilled out its entrails into the surround void, all its fragments preserved the temperatures, motions and other forms of energy that they acquired from this process and for the past few billion years objects and systems throughout the universe have been actively transforming, transmuting or radiating away the energy and mass that was acquired during the original process." with two provisos. The 'void of space' needs careful definition. In my thinking this means the physical volume that the primordial energy occupies. Secondly you state: "a single finite geometrical structure or object (or polyhedrons).. would have contained all the energy of the universe". I would argue that at this point we should not be stating structure (polyhedrons) as it is beyond observation and is only speculation.

From there on I disagree with your analysis because we do have sound astrophysical observations that do not support your hypothesis.

The astrophysical observations support the expansion of space itself, not it's matter contents. If you believe in discrete aether particles, that means these particles are expanding, causing the evolution of the universe.

If the primordial energy was non-homogeneous as you suggest, then that would show up clearly in the CMB, which it doesn't. I suggest that onc convential matter formed, its gravity molded the first clumps of hydrogen into massive clumps which then quickly coalesced into supermassive black holes, which then acted as seeds for galactic evolution.

I expect spiral galaxies to form first, on account ofthe angular momentum of the PBH. I would then expect ellipticals to form after the merger of spirals whereby angular momentum is dispersed rather than concentrated.

Quasars form early on, as the active centre of a galactic BH, forming relativistic jets. As the universe has evolved the quasar space density has decreased. The quasars eventually turn off once they have finished feeding on available resources, and the spiral galaxy settles down to a quieter evolution unless it merges gravitationally with another galaxy.

I did a thesis on quasars back in 1968, just after Wheeler coined the term 'black hole', which I unfortunately described in a much longer physical description, as the BH term wasn't in common usuage.

Anyway it is good to think and form your own ideas, as I havedone with particles and fields.

Regards

Lockie

Kwame,

Recognizing your instinctive observation and calculations that suggest that several changes must be made to conventional wisdom at one time; I agree. And the "dark matter" question is at the center of multiple puzzles; there is a simple answer. As per evolution of life: The dust from outer space does contain significant amounts of life codes encased for space travel. And note that longer type GRB signals are consistent with light speed shock waves decimating star systems.

I enjoyed your essay very much, thank you.

    Sherman,

    Unfortunately, I am simply proposing that those cold objects from space that have already given up vast amounts of thermal or thermodynamic energy resources to their environment long ago, would be incapable of rekindling the sparks needed to fuel the chain reactions or sustained chemical reactions that would be need to brew biological living entities.

    Life is made by active energy rich objects, not objects that are already dead, stagnant, and frozen.

    Hey Lockie,

    The reference to (polyhedrons) it just me definitively stating that real world singularities are not something that I accept.

    Elliptical galaxies are shaped like ellipses (stretched circles). They are divided into eight types: E0-E7 depending on how elliptical they are. E0 ellipticals are nearly circular, while E7s are very stretched out. Elliptical galaxies are made up of mostly old stars, and do not have much gas and dust. There is very little new star formation in these galaxies. Elliptical galaxies also come in many sizes. The largest galaxies we see are ellipticals, but, elliptical galaxies can also be small. About 60% of all galaxies are ellipticals.

    There are galaxies that look like giant stars; these are elliptical galaxies and they contain many of the oldest stars; why does an elliptical galaxy look like one giant star?

    They are about as simple as a gathering of stars can be: massive blobs roughly spherical in shape. Through an amateur telescope, they appear as no more than a round, fuzzy patch of light against the dark background of the night sky. The giant elliptical galaxy NGC 1132 sits about 300 million light-years from Earth

    Get Edwin Hubble classification of galaxies the tuning fork

    Hubble evolutionary tuning fork model was indeed correct

    The existence of elliptical galaxies show that clouds of hydrogen cannot gravitationally collapse instantaneously such clouds of matter can such large scales can only ignite themselves in sections

    Larger quasars are the stage between elliptical galaxies and spiral galaxies where as smaller quasars are the stage between very large star and smaller star such as main sequence star such as our sun. A Quasars is simply a galaxy scale or stellar scale object that harnesses matter, gravity and other fundamental forces to process and object or system that creates an unwavering juggernaut that is a mixture of fastest rotation, high powered very organized magnetic field, more active nuclear reactions, ionization and plasma, powerful gravitational pressure, powerful reverse centripetal force, extreme heat, and high frequency light waves. This quasar is not annihilating matter like a black hole, and it is not consuming mass and energy like a black hole instead this object is simply converting mass, matter and energy into other forms of energy in the pursuit of coming a more stable object either as a galactic centre or as a star.

    Based on the gravity of these large object for matter to escape that can either escape at the equatorial plane or at the poles the reason why escape at the poles is possible is atom within the galactic centre would be so hot you would have streams of nuclei and streams of electrons completely separated from each other swirling around, so all the particles would be charged; additionally, if they get to interact with photons of light that are of the highest frequencies such as x-rays and gamma ray these charge particles would now possess even more mechanical energy or momentum to oppose gravity and swerve along on the magnetic field lines of the rotating structure which would aligned with the rotational axis of this structure. So, it would not be streams or jets of light that these quasar are emitting or ejecting; instead it streams of electrically charged plasma but this plasma or ions would have been endowed with heat radiation related to x-ray and gamma ray and these streams material will start to emit these photons as they start to cool

    While they vary in size, the most common size is most commonly around 5 on this graph, which equates to 100,000 AU, or about 1.5 light years across. That might seem pretty big, but remember that these objects are brighter than our galaxy (consisting of 200 billion stars). On a galactic scale these objects are tiny.

    Light travelling from further away takes longer to get to u; all the galaxies closer to us have already evolved broken apart and became spiral. The objects further away are still very old and have old stars and the light from that far away are just getting to us and they are the remnants of the elliptical structure that would have existed earlier in the universe. One of the elliptical structures could form one giant spiral galaxy or break apart into several pieces to farm multiple spiral galaxies that are so close to each other they remain gravitational linked and seemingly attracts each other.

    In addition to this the larger elliptical galaxies tends to sit at the centre or near the centre of galaxy cluster that can contain thousand of galaxies that seemed to be in billion year orbital periods within these clusters

    To actually observe this evolution mankind would have to be around looking at the sky for a few more billion years to see many of these specific objects evolve.

    Quasars are not black holes devouring matter, instead they are simply 1 or more massive star like object formed from the centre or at the centre of they result from an elliptical galaxies that has used up most of it hydrogen and have many old star and is entering into a new face of its evolution where it starts chain reaction explosion of all its many rotation stars, the exploding stars would not release only heavy elements but a lot of might element all this dust and gas large remain in close gravitational proximity to each other and in the equatorial plane of rotation that original elliptical galaxy has and these brilliantly lit quasar are the captivating and powerfully churning vortex galactic centre of the soon to be spiral galaxy. So, the matter and light being spewed out at the poles of these quasars, perpendicular to the equatorial plane is simply super heated plasma which is in essence charge particles such as nuclei and electron, streams of these essentially electrically units of particles in a dance with the roaring and powerful magnetic field lines of these rotating solar and galactic bodies. So the charge particles bounces from one field line to the next and have enough momentum from nuclear energy and all the heat generated to move upwards and outwards following the magnetic field lines. In the case of one stellar object at the centre of the galaxy the very large unstable and short lived object would carry see ions up from its core via it magnetic field why simultaneously expelling or ejecting vastly more matter neutral nonelectrical charge matter at its equatorial plane to start the creation of the spiral arms.

    However if there are several massive star like objects at the centre these objects would be constantly rupturing their structure would have very violent solar winds consistently emanating from their structure all of them would be rotating in the same direction as well as orbiting in the same direction share conservation of angular momentum given that they were formed from the same elliptical galaxy centre, additionally this shared momentum given that all stars and star like objects have magnetic field and magnetic poles many of them would have their north pole points in the same direction which would cause synchronization of their magnetic field line and charge particles from all their solar winds would dance with these field lines are these objects spin and this would cause matter to be ejected at these shared poles. So, these objects are not consuming or destroying matter they are simply expelling energy from the centre of the galaxy so that the galactic centre and the galaxy as a whole can become a more stable object. These would be some of the most energetic, most violent, most unstable, fastest rotating and fastest orbiting solar objects in the material universe.

    Essentially, an elliptical galaxy is such a densely pack structure, that given enough time, the chaotic motion of it stars, along with the vast amounts of mass, energy, and gravity shared among these structures, would eventually ensure that, over time, a tremendously large number of very volatile objects, or very unstable celestial bodies, would be in very close proximity to each other, or packed together in very cramped spaces (with ever shrinking room to operate independent of each other); which would put the gravitational bonds that exist amongst these unstable celestial objects into overdrive; and would guarantee that this galactic structure would eventually become very unstable. Such that, within certain sections of the galaxy, for a few million years, there would be billions of stars that: (1) would reside within shared orbital paths; (2) would possess interlocked, or synchronized, interstellar magnetic feild lines; and (3) would all explode, or rupture their superheated structures, to release vast amounts of mass and energy, at the same time. Consequently, this would forcibly turn the entire galaxy in to a cauldron of transmuted energy; which, over time, would eventually reconfigure into a roaring juggernaut of mechanical energy, magnetic energy, nuclear energy and ionized chemical energy, or into what is colloquially known as a fast rotating quasar, that would continuously emit many shock waves of exceptionally large amounts of radiant thermal energy and mass; as numerous stars start to get ripped open, or start to congeal into newer or younger stars.

    So, in essence, this roaring interstellar and galactic structure would not just spew out thin clouds of fine particulates, or energetic beams of gamma rays, x-rays and alpha particles, as it starts to change or evolve; but it would instead unfurl entire sections, or entire layers, of its structure, ripping itself open in a myriad of ways; and its redistributed mass would possess the conserved thermal heat energy, nuclear energy, mechanical energy, rotational inertia, linear momentum and chemical energy, or the full assortment of chemical elements and particles, that the original structure possessed. Which means that quasars and the different types of spiral galaxies, that now all possess flattened shapes, or overall structural orientation, that are organized relative to specific rotational axes and planes of rotation, would have all have their origin in structures that were once elliptical or anomalous in shape.

    Hey Lockie,

    The reference to (polyhedrons) it just me definitively stating that real world singularities are not something that I accept.

    Elliptical galaxies are shaped like ellipses (stretched circles). They are divided into eight types: E0-E7 depending on how elliptical they are. E0 ellipticals are nearly circular, while E7s are very stretched out. Elliptical galaxies are made up of mostly old stars, and do not have much gas and dust. There is very little new star formation in these galaxies. Elliptical galaxies also come in many sizes. The largest galaxies we see are ellipticals, but, elliptical galaxies can also be small. About 60% of all galaxies are ellipticals.

    There are galaxies that look like giant stars; these are elliptical galaxies and they contain many of the oldest stars; why does an elliptical galaxy look like one giant star?

    They are about as simple as a gathering of stars can be: massive blobs roughly spherical in shape. Through an amateur telescope, they appear as no more than a round, fuzzy patch of light against the dark background of the night sky. The giant elliptical galaxy NGC 1132 sits about 300 million light-years from Earth

    Get Edwin Hubble classification of galaxies the tuning fork

    Hubble evolutionary tuning fork model was indeed correct

    The existence of elliptical galaxies show that clouds of hydrogen cannot gravitationally collapse instantaneously such clouds of matter can such large scales can only ignite themselves in sections

    Larger quasars are the stage between elliptical galaxies and spiral galaxies where as smaller quasars are the stage between very large star and smaller star such as main sequence star such as our sun. A Quasars is simply a galaxy scale or stellar scale object that harnesses matter, gravity and other fundamental forces to process and object or system that creates an unwavering juggernaut that is a mixture of fastest rotation, high powered very organized magnetic field, more active nuclear reactions, ionization and plasma, powerful gravitational pressure, powerful reverse centripetal force, extreme heat, and high frequency light waves. This quasar is not annihilating matter like a black hole, and it is not consuming mass and energy like a black hole instead this object is simply converting mass, matter and energy into other forms of energy in the pursuit of coming a more stable object either as a galactic centre or as a star.

    Based on the gravity of these large object for matter to escape that can either escape at the equatorial plane or at the poles the reason why escape at the poles is possible is atom within the galactic centre would be so hot you would have streams of nuclei and streams of electrons completely separated from each other swirling around, so all the particles would be charged; additionally, if they get to interact with photons of light that are of the highest frequencies such as x-rays and gamma ray these charge particles would now possess even more mechanical energy or momentum to oppose gravity and swerve along on the magnetic field lines of the rotating structure which would aligned with the rotational axis of this structure. So, it would not be streams or jets of light that these quasar are emitting or ejecting; instead it streams of electrically charged plasma but this plasma or ions would have been endowed with heat radiation related to x-ray and gamma ray and these streams material will start to emit these photons as they start to cool

    While they vary in size, the most common size is most commonly around 5 on this graph, which equates to 100,000 AU, or about 1.5 light years across. That might seem pretty big, but remember that these objects are brighter than our galaxy (consisting of 200 billion stars). On a galactic scale these objects are tiny.

    Light travelling from further away takes longer to get to u; all the galaxies closer to us have already evolved broken apart and became spiral. The objects further away are still very old and have old stars and the light from that far away are just getting to us and they are the remnants of the elliptical structure that would have existed earlier in the universe. One of the elliptical structures could form one giant spiral galaxy or break apart into several pieces to farm multiple spiral galaxies that are so close to each other they remain gravitational linked and seemingly attracts each other.

    In addition to this the larger elliptical galaxies tends to sit at the centre or near the centre of galaxy cluster that can contain thousand of galaxies that seemed to be in billion year orbital periods within these clusters

    To actually observe this evolution mankind would have to be around looking at the sky for a few more billion years to see many of these specific objects evolve.

    Quasars are not black holes devouring matter, instead they are simply 1 or more massive star like object formed from the centre or at the centre of they result from an elliptical galaxies that has used up most of it hydrogen and have many old star and is entering into a new face of its evolution where it starts chain reaction explosion of all its many rotation stars, the exploding stars would not release only heavy elements but a lot of might element all this dust and gas large remain in close gravitational proximity to each other and in the equatorial plane of rotation that original elliptical galaxy has and these brilliantly lit quasar are the captivating and powerfully churning vortex galactic centre of the soon to be spiral galaxy. So, the matter and light being spewed out at the poles of these quasars, perpendicular to the equatorial plane is simply super heated plasma which is in essence charge particles such as nuclei and electron, streams of these essentially electrically units of particles in a dance with the roaring and powerful magnetic field lines of these rotating solar and galactic bodies. So the charge particles bounces from one field line to the next and have enough momentum from nuclear energy and all the heat generated to move upwards and outwards following the magnetic field lines. In the case of one stellar object at the centre of the galaxy the very large unstable and short lived object would carry see ions up from its core via it magnetic field why simultaneously expelling or ejecting vastly more matter neutral nonelectrical charge matter at its equatorial plane to start the creation of the spiral arms.

    However if there are several massive star like objects at the centre these objects would be constantly rupturing their structure would have very violent solar winds consistently emanating from their structure all of them would be rotating in the same direction as well as orbiting in the same direction share conservation of angular momentum given that they were formed from the same elliptical galaxy centre, additionally this shared momentum given that all stars and star like objects have magnetic field and magnetic poles many of them would have their north pole points in the same direction which would cause synchronization of their magnetic field line and charge particles from all their solar winds would dance with these field lines are these objects spin and this would cause matter to be ejected at these shared poles. So, these objects are not consuming or destroying matter they are simply expelling energy from the centre of the galaxy so that the galactic centre and the galaxy as a whole can become a more stable object. These would be some of the most energetic, most violent, most unstable, fastest rotating and fastest orbiting solar objects in the material universe.

    Essentially, an elliptical galaxy is such a densely pack structure, that given enough time, the chaotic motion of it stars, along with the vast amounts of mass, energy, and gravity shared among these structures, would eventually ensure that, over time, a tremendously large number of very volatile objects, or very unstable celestial bodies, would be in very close proximity to each other, or packed together in very cramped spaces (with ever shrinking room to operate independent of each other); which would put the gravitational bonds that exist amongst these unstable celestial objects into overdrive; and would guarantee that this galactic structure would eventually become very unstable. Such that, within certain sections of the galaxy, for a few million years, there would be billions of stars that: (1) would reside within shared orbital paths; (2) would possess interlocked, or synchronized, interstellar magnetic feild lines; and (3) would all explode, or rupture their superheated structures, to release vast amounts of mass and energy, at the same time. Consequently, this would forcibly turn the entire galaxy in to a cauldron of transmuted energy; which, over time, would eventually reconfigure into a roaring juggernaut of mechanical energy, magnetic energy, nuclear energy and ionized chemical energy, or into what is colloquially known as a fast rotating quasar, that would continuously emit many shock waves of exceptionally large amounts of radiant thermal energy and mass; as numerous stars start to get ripped open, or start to congeal into newer or younger stars.

    So, in essence, this roaring interstellar and galactic structure would not just spew out thin clouds of fine particulates, or energetic beams of gamma rays, x-rays and alpha particles, as it starts to change or evolve; but it would instead unfurl entire sections, or entire layers, of its structure, ripping itself open in a myriad of ways; and its redistributed mass would possess the conserved thermal heat energy, nuclear energy, mechanical energy, rotational inertia, linear momentum and chemical energy, or the full assortment of chemical elements and particles, that the original structure possessed. Which means that quasars and the different types of spiral galaxies, that now all possess flattened shapes, or overall structural orientation, that are organized relative to specific rotational axes and planes of rotation, would have all have their origin in structures that were once elliptical or anomalous in shape.

    Hey Lockie,

    The reference to (polyhedrons) it just me definitively stating that real world singularities are not something that I accept.

    Elliptical galaxies are shaped like ellipses (stretched circles). They are divided into eight types: E0-E7 depending on how elliptical they are. E0 ellipticals are nearly circular, while E7s are very stretched out. Elliptical galaxies are made up of mostly old stars, and do not have much gas and dust. There is very little new star formation in these galaxies. Elliptical galaxies also come in many sizes. The largest galaxies we see are ellipticals, but, elliptical galaxies can also be small. About 60% of all galaxies are ellipticals.

    There are galaxies that look like giant stars; these are elliptical galaxies and they contain many of the oldest stars; why does an elliptical galaxy look like one giant star?

    They are about as simple as a gathering of stars can be: massive blobs roughly spherical in shape. Through an amateur telescope, they appear as no more than a round, fuzzy patch of light against the dark background of the night sky. The giant elliptical galaxy NGC 1132 sits about 300 million light-years from Earth

    Get Edwin Hubble classification of galaxies the tuning fork

    Hubble evolutionary tuning fork model was indeed correct

    The existence of elliptical galaxies show that clouds of hydrogen cannot gravitationally collapse instantaneously such clouds of matter can such large scales can only ignite themselves in sections

    Larger quasars are the stage between elliptical galaxies and spiral galaxies where as smaller quasars are the stage between very large star and smaller star such as main sequence star such as our sun. A Quasars is simply a galaxy scale or stellar scale object that harnesses matter, gravity and other fundamental forces to process and object or system that creates an unwavering juggernaut that is a mixture of fastest rotation, high powered very organized magnetic field, more active nuclear reactions, ionization and plasma, powerful gravitational pressure, powerful reverse centripetal force, extreme heat, and high frequency light waves. This quasar is not annihilating matter like a black hole, and it is not consuming mass and energy like a black hole instead this object is simply converting mass, matter and energy into other forms of energy in the pursuit of coming a more stable object either as a galactic centre or as a star.

    Based on the gravity of these large object for matter to escape that can either escape at the equatorial plane or at the poles the reason why escape at the poles is possible is atom within the galactic centre would be so hot you would have streams of nuclei and streams of electrons completely separated from each other swirling around, so all the particles would be charged; additionally, if they get to interact with photons of light that are of the highest frequencies such as x-rays and gamma ray these charge particles would now possess even more mechanical energy or momentum to oppose gravity and swerve along on the magnetic field lines of the rotating structure which would aligned with the rotational axis of this structure. So, it would not be streams or jets of light that these quasar are emitting or ejecting; instead it streams of electrically charged plasma but this plasma or ions would have been endowed with heat radiation related to x-ray and gamma ray and these streams material will start to emit these photons as they start to cool

    While they vary in size, the most common size is most commonly around 5 on this graph, which equates to 100,000 AU, or about 1.5 light years across. That might seem pretty big, but remember that these objects are brighter than our galaxy (consisting of 200 billion stars). On a galactic scale these objects are tiny.

    Light travelling from further away takes longer to get to u; all the galaxies closer to us have already evolved broken apart and became spiral. The objects further away are still very old and have old stars and the light from that far away are just getting to us and they are the remnants of the elliptical structure that would have existed earlier in the universe. One of the elliptical structures could form one giant spiral galaxy or break apart into several pieces to farm multiple spiral galaxies that are so close to each other they remain gravitational linked and seemingly attracts each other.

    In addition to this the larger elliptical galaxies tends to sit at the centre or near the centre of galaxy cluster that can contain thousand of galaxies that seemed to be in billion year orbital periods within these clusters

    To actually observe this evolution mankind would have to be around looking at the sky for a few more billion years to see many of these specific objects evolve.

    Quasars are not black holes devouring matter, instead they are simply 1 or more massive star like object formed from the centre or at the centre of they result from an elliptical galaxies that has used up most of it hydrogen and have many old star and is entering into a new face of its evolution where it starts chain reaction explosion of all its many rotation stars, the exploding stars would not release only heavy elements but a lot of might element all this dust and gas large remain in close gravitational proximity to each other and in the equatorial plane of rotation that original elliptical galaxy has and these brilliantly lit quasar are the captivating and powerfully churning vortex galactic centre of the soon to be spiral galaxy. So, the matter and light being spewed out at the poles of these quasars, perpendicular to the equatorial plane is simply super heated plasma which is in essence charge particles such as nuclei and electron, streams of these essentially electrically units of particles in a dance with the roaring and powerful magnetic field lines of these rotating solar and galactic bodies. So the charge particles bounces from one field line to the next and have enough momentum from nuclear energy and all the heat generated to move upwards and outwards following the magnetic field lines. In the case of one stellar object at the centre of the galaxy the very large unstable and short lived object would carry see ions up from its core via it magnetic field why simultaneously expelling or ejecting vastly more matter neutral nonelectrical charge matter at its equatorial plane to start the creation of the spiral arms.

    However if there are several massive star like objects at the centre these objects would be constantly rupturing their structure would have very violent solar winds consistently emanating from their structure all of them would be rotating in the same direction as well as orbiting in the same direction share conservation of angular momentum given that they were formed from the same elliptical galaxy centre, additionally this shared momentum given that all stars and star like objects have magnetic field and magnetic poles many of them would have their north pole points in the same direction which would cause synchronization of their magnetic field line and charge particles from all their solar winds would dance with these field lines are these objects spin and this would cause matter to be ejected at these shared poles. So, these objects are not consuming or destroying matter they are simply expelling energy from the centre of the galaxy so that the galactic centre and the galaxy as a whole can become a more stable object. These would be some of the most energetic, most violent, most unstable, fastest rotating and fastest orbiting solar objects in the material universe.

    Essentially, an elliptical galaxy is such a densely pack structure, that given enough time, the chaotic motion of it stars, along with the vast amounts of mass, energy, and gravity shared among these structures, would eventually ensure that, over time, a tremendously large number of very volatile objects, or very unstable celestial bodies, would be in very close proximity to each other, or packed together in very cramped spaces (with ever shrinking room to operate independent of each other); which would put the gravitational bonds that exist amongst these unstable celestial objects into overdrive; and would guarantee that this galactic structure would eventually become very unstable. Such that, within certain sections of the galaxy, for a few million years, there would be billions of stars that: (1) would reside within shared orbital paths; (2) would possess interlocked, or synchronized, interstellar magnetic feild lines; and (3) would all explode, or rupture their superheated structures, to release vast amounts of mass and energy, at the same time. Consequently, this would forcibly turn the entire galaxy in to a cauldron of transmuted energy; which, over time, would eventually reconfigure into a roaring juggernaut of mechanical energy, magnetic energy, nuclear energy and ionized chemical energy, or into what is colloquially known as a fast rotating quasar, that would continuously emit many shock waves of exceptionally large amounts of radiant thermal energy and mass; as numerous stars start to get ripped open, or start to congeal into newer or younger stars.

    So, in essence, this roaring interstellar and galactic structure would not just spew out thin clouds of fine particulates, or energetic beams of gamma rays, x-rays and alpha particles, as it starts to change or evolve; but it would instead unfurl entire sections, or entire layers, of its structure, ripping itself open in a myriad of ways; and its redistributed mass would possess the conserved thermal heat energy, nuclear energy, mechanical energy, rotational inertia, linear momentum and chemical energy, or the full assortment of chemical elements and particles, that the original structure possessed. Which means that quasars and the different types of spiral galaxies, that now all possess flattened shapes, or overall structural orientation, that are organized relative to specific rotational axes and planes of rotation, would have all have their origin in structures that were once elliptical or anomalous in shape.

    Dear Kwame,

    You wrote a nice, original and provocative Essay. This is more remarkable if one considers that you are a high school student. In all honesty, I only partially agree with your claims. On one hand, you are correct to stress that today there is too much mathematical abstraction in developing modern science. On the other hand, I have read too much complains about "the mathematics of Einstein". Mathematics is the language of science, and science cannot be developed without mathematical rigor. The same logic and arithmetic, that you claim one must use to reference the things contained within the material universe, are part of mathematics. Nature is often complex, but sometimes less complex than one thinks. "The Lord God is subtle, but malicious he is not. " was the famous Albert Einstein's remark during visit to Princeton University (1921).

    In any case, I liked reading your Essay. Thus, I will give you a high score. I wish you good luck in the Contest.

    Cheers, Ch.

      Dear Christian

      In general, my issue are not necessarily with the mathematics itself, but it's that we no longer question or recognize the thought experiment, postulates, and notions that led to those tensor equations or those mathematical models in the first place; such that, if there is a flaw, it might not be present in the maths, but present in the flawed ideas that came before the maths or that lay at the foundation of the maths.

      5 days later

      Hello Kwameh. Fantastic work coming from an upcoming mind like you.You are a great inquirer and this will surely propel you high in the future.Rated you well. please take your time to read my ideas on how I think the three UnS emerged here-https://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/3525.All the best in the essay contest, and also in life.

      5 days later

      Dear Kwame Bennet,

      You might read my previous essays as to realize to what comprehensive extent I share your Darwinian stance and your criticism of widely accepted while paradoxically looking modern theories. In contrast to you I feel not in position to suggest explanations. I merely am trying to make aware of stubbornly denied very basic mistakes. You seem young enough as to have time for checking my arguments which I consider compelling to every open minded.

      Eckard Blumschein

      First of all, great work! It's really impressive that you entered this essay contest, and must have taken a lot of time to write your ideas up. I certainly don't think I could have produced something like this when I was in high school. Best of luck in the college admissions process, I think you'll do quite well!

      Second of all, it's true that there are a lot of mysteries in modern astrophysics---the strange rotation curves of some galaxies being one such mystery. In many cases, some of the most common explanations (dark matter in that case) have some unsatisfying aspects. Dark matter has never been directly detected, for example. So it's great to be skeptical, and to imagine and investigate alternatives (e.g. modified gravity is one alternative to dark matter).

      Moreover, if you can show that an alternative theory produces both qualitatively and quantitatively true predictions (quantitative is important---people will demand the numbers match up!), generally speaking the scientific community will be happy to take up your idea with open arms. The scientists I know don't falsify data. If aspects of relativity (which has been tested pretty thoroughly, e.g. time dilation in particle lifetimes) are rigorously shown to not be true, scientists will accept it if your proof is convincing.

      On the other hand, while it's tempting to throw up your arms and call lots of scientists dummies that don't understand that their favorite theory is clearly wrong (I want to do that quite often, myself), the reality is usually more complicated than that. And there's a lot of work out there you have to familiarize yourself with to be sure. Some of your claims (e.g. on pg. 4, you claim the sun may have a high abundance of heavy elements) have been well studied. People use the spectrum (light at various wavelengths) of stars like the sun to determine the abundance of various elements. According to empirical results from such spectroscopic studies, the sun is mostly hydrogen and helium.

      Also, keep in mind that plenty of other scientists have had a hard time accepting counterintuitive theories like relativity. That's why people have thought them over so much, and tested so many consequences of them. So far it turns out to be mostly right in its regime of applicability, but no one will be sad if Einstein turns out to be wrong---we just want to know what the truth is about the universe!

      Lastly, keep asking questions, working hard, and staying curious. It may be that you're right! But convincing people, and yourself, is a much harder task that requires lots of evidence and careful thinking. And remember, at the end of the day, that your task is to find the truth, not to confirm that your favorite theory is true. I am reminded of a great quote by Feynman:

      "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself--and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that."

      John

      Dear Kwame Bennet,

      I greatly appreciated your work and discussion. I am very glad that you are not thinking in abstract patterns.

      "Consequently, this paper takes an intentionally unorthodox, unconventional, or a less mathematically rigorous approach, and instead uses plain standard language, or visually descriptive language, to highlight three (3) of the yet to be fully understood things about the nature of the physical universe. These are: (1) the mechanisms that facilitated the creation and evolution of the Earth's moon alongside the Earth; (2) the fractal system that shaped the Earth's position in the overall scale of the material Universe; and (3) the process by which energy from the planet helped to facilitate and induce the many nuclear, chemical and physical reactions that led to the emergence of eukaryotic biological complexity on the surface of the Earth".

      In my essay there are answers to some of your questions.

      While the discussion lasted, I wrote an article: "Practical guidance on calculating resonant frequencies at four levels of diagnosis and inactivation of COVID-19 coronavirus", due to the high relevance of this topic. The work is based on the practical solution of problems in quantum mechanics, presented in the essay FQXi 2019-2020 "Universal quantum laws of the universe to solve the problems of unsolvability, computability and unpredictability".

      I hope that my modest results of work will provide you with information for thought.

      Warm Regards, `

      Vladimir

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