The Nature of Time by Julian Barbour

Hello Julian and readers:

Importantly, time is dependent upon the integrated extensiveness of being and experience (including space and thought).

Here are some basics regarding the fundamental nature of being, experience, and time:

Since the self has extensiveness of being and experience (in and with time) in conjunction with the integrated and natural extensiveness of sensory experience, we spend less time dreaming (and sleeping) than waking. The integrated extensiveness of being and experience go hand in hand. Consistent with this, the integrated extensiveness of the being and experience of the Common Chimpanzee is understood to be in the middle (or between) that of our waking and dream experience. Accordingly, the Common Chimpanzees live two-thirds as long as we do (in captivity, of course). In comparison to the Common Chimpanzee, we are understood as being more conscious in conjunction with experience that is (on balance) more unconscious; and this is evident in our waking and dream experiences.

Dreams are an emotional experience that occur during the one third of our lives that we spend sleeping, because emotion is one part (or one third) of feeling, emotion, and thought. Consistent with this, both feeling and thought are proportionately reduced in the dream. Thoughts and emotions are differentiated feelings. Dreams are essential for thoughtful and emotional balance, integration, comprehensiveness, consistency, and resiliency. Indeed, emotion that is comprehensive and balanced advances consciousness. If the self did not represent, form, and experience a comprehensive approximation of experience in general, we would be incapable of growth and of becoming other than we are.

It can be seen that in comparison to the Common Chimpanzee, the self does represent, form, and experience a comprehensive approximation of experience IN GENERAL.

This is, indeed, not only a great truth, but it is also a new description/understanding of experience in general.

Your comments and questions are very welcome.

FQXi participants:

Some important facts/truth regarding time:

Time is ultimately dependent upon the integrated extensiveness of being, experience (and space), and thought. You can see how this applies to photons in relation to time -- consider how the words "integrated extensiveness" apply.

Dreams improve upon memory and understanding by increasing (or adding to) the integrated extensiveness of being and experience (including thought) in and with time.(This effect is clearly evident in the works of genius, and also with the past/present/future extensiveness and superior predictability regarding the thoughts of genius.)

Since the self has extensiveness of being and experience (in and with time) in conjunction with the integrated and natural extensiveness of sensory experience, we spend less time dreaming (and sleeping) than waking. The integrated extensiveness of being and experience go hand-in-hand.

The natural and integrated extensiveness of being and experience go hand-in-hand -- and, in and with time as well.

Dreams are an emotional experience that occur during the one third of our lives that we spend sleeping, because emotion is one part (or one third) of feeling, emotion, and thought. Consistent with this, both feeling and thought are proportionately reduced in the dream. Thoughts and emotions are differentiated feelings. Dreams are essential for thoughtful and emotional balance, integration, comprehensiveness, consistency, and resiliency. Indeed, emotion that is comprehensive and balanced advances consciousness. If the self did not represent, form, and experience a comprehensive approximation of experience in general, we would be incapable of growth and of becoming other than we are.

Thought involves a relative reduction in the range and extensiveness of feeling. In keeping with this, dreams make thought more like sensory experience in general. Accordingly, both thought and also the range and extensiveness of feeling are proportionately reduced in the dream. (This reduction in the range and extensiveness of feeling during dreams is consistent with the fact that the experience of smell very rarely occurs therein.) Since there is a proportionate reduction of both thought and feeling during dreams, the experience of the body is generally (or significantly) lacking; for thought is fundamentally rendered more like sensory experience in general. Thoughts and emotions are differentiated feelings. By involving the mid-range of feeling between thought and sense, dreams make thought more like sensory experience in general. The reduction in the range and extensiveness of feeling during dreams is why there is less memory and thought therein.

Also, the unification of Maxwell's theory of light and Einstein's theory of gravity -- that is proven by the addition of a fourth spatial dimension -- demonstrates that this one third relation (i.e., three to one ratio) holds for BOTH space and time. Note the three to one relation of space dimensions to time in Einstein's theory; and note, as well, the three to one ratio (one third) of space dimensions in relation to said unification with the fourth spatial dimension.

Accordingly, I have shown that the extension of BOTH time AND space in the dream is consistent with this one third. Moreover, this is all consistent with the fact that the dream is the fundamental union of gravity and electromagnetism/light.

See:

The Dream Fundamentally Balances and Unifies Gravity and Electromagnetism

http://radicalacademy.com/studentrefphilfmd13.htm

Time has an important place in physics.

In 1D x^2=(ct)^2 or dx/dt=c as well as dx4/dt=ic (if we cinsider c a constant).

Why MDT consinders that only x4 is expanding by time?

dx4/dx=i this means that x4 is moving relative to x by i (and not by c).

I feel that c=kt (k=costant) that means dx/dt =2k and dx4/dx=2ik.

In this case all "patial" dimensions are expanding by a factor of k and x4 by ik.

(synpan.blogspot.com)

Congrats Julian! Please remember this old East Texas rancher's conclusion: TIME IS TEMPERATURE!

A photon, though travelling through space for 12 billion years, experiences no advance in time, because at the speed of light at which it moves time slows down to zero. This photon is and always has been in an actual state of timelessness.

Time must therefore be a real attribute of any object which moves slower than this photon.

This argument about time reminds me of Zeno's paradox -Achilles who runs ten times faster than a tortoise in a race of pre-determined length Achilles gives the tortoise one hundred yards start Achilles completes the hundred and the tortoise is ten yards ahead, Achilles completes the ten yards and the tortoise is 1 yard ahead -ad infinitum does this mean that Achilles will take infinitely smaller distances to catch the tortoise? never doing so? Obviously not.. Using the correct equation including the time taken for Achilles to cover the pre-determined distance at 1 yard per second and the tortoise at 1 yard per ten seconds we can calculate precisely where and when Achilles will pass the tortoise and the difference in time between Achilles finish and the Tortoise.. My question Is Julian Barbour a latter day Zeno?

Michael

It is ironic that this essay won just as the existence of time was being demonstrated by experiments (the first in 2005):

Attosecond double-slit experiment

Authors: F. Lindner, M. G. Schaetzel, H. Walther, A. Baltuska, E. Goulielmakis, F. Krausz, D. B. Milosevic, D. Bauer, W. Becker, G. G. Paulus

http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0503165

(which has been confirmed and repeated by several labs in several different ways)

But since then there have been few attempts to produce a new relativistic quantum theory. This is bizarre when, as Ashmead says, the area of study is an "experiment factory". Here are a few background articles that have come out since the first of these double slit experiments:

Overview: Quantum Time

by John Ashmead http://arxiv.org/abs/1005.0789

On the significance of a recent experiment demonstrating quantum interference in time

Authors: Lawrence P. Horwitz

http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0507044

Kryukov's excellent papers on the subject http://depts.uwc.edu/math/faculty/kryukov/index.html

This area of study will be the big one in a decade or two. Come on physicists, get your fingers out, I dont want to wait 20 years!

Dr Barbour,

I have read your article The Nature of Time and some other pieces on your website and watched the video. I find them very interesting because I am interested in the subject as well and have done some thinking about it sometime ago.

If one has the privilege to observe the Universe from the outside, there seems to be a simple way to define (or construct) a "Time" (duration) as "the change in the state of a dynamical system".

Consider a CLOSED Dynamical System, S, whose state is described by the state function, F.

F has n allowed "values": F1, F2,... Fi,..., Fj,..., Fk,... Fn, where i, j, k,.. n are positive integers.

Then one can define (or construct) Time (or Time increment/Time interval), dt, as follows:

Suppose the state function F of S initially has value Fi, and then it changes to Fj (written as

Fi --> Fj), then a certain time increment, dt, is said to have ELAPSED; where dt = 0 if i = j,

and dt is non-zero if i is different from j, for ANY values of i and j from 1 to n.

So, there is a "dt" associated with each "-->".

This notion of Time is applied over the entire S and may, therefore, be called the "Universal Time" (or Global Time) for S. Whether a Time (or Time increment) defined this way can be applied UNMODIFIED to portions of S is not yet clear.

A "Time" (Time increment) defined in this way is, at most, a DERIVED physical quantity, instead of being a "fundamental physical quantity" as we were taught at school and it has the following properties:

1) If S does not exist, then Time (or time increment), dt, does not exist.

2) Time is quantized, instead of being a continuum.

3) If F changes in sequence given by "Fi --> Fj --> Fk", then the 2 "dt's"

(associated with the 2 "-->") are perceived as being equal in magnitude since

in reality only Fi, Fj and Fk, but not something in-between, that are observable (can be detected) in the physical world. It is not conceivable that the "in-between's", which cannot be detected, can be of different magnitudes. But we are quite sure that the "in-between's", "dt's", do exist because their end-points exist.

4) If F changes in sequence given by "Fi --> Fk --> Fj", where i, j and k all have different values, for example, then the 2 "dt's" are taken as having the same sign (direction). This follows naturally from the way "dt" is defined above since the 2 "dt's" are defined in exactly the SAME manner, if one has a positive (or negative) sign, so does the other.

Following the above, if F changes in sequence given by "Fi --> Fk --> Fj --> Fi", we should perceive S having RETURNED to its "earlier" state of Fi, instead of perceiving Time having gone backwards.

Time is, therefore, unidirectional.

5) Consider the set f = {F1, F2,... Fi,..., Fj,..., Fk,... Fn} and g1, g2 are subsets of f, say,

g1 = {F1, F2,..., Fi} -- g1 has i elements

g2 = {Fj,..., Fk} -- g2 has (k - j + 1) elements

That is g1 is a macrostate contains i microstates {F1, F2,...Fi}

and g2 is a macrostate contains (k - j +1) microstates {Fj,... Fk}

Then the relative amount of "Time" S being in macrostates g1 and g2 are

in the ratio of i to (k - j + 1). This, as I remember, is one of the basic assumptions in Statistical Mechanics.

6) If R is a subsystem of S, one might expect the "Time increment" in S be "more finely quantized" than that in R.

7) If R1 and R2 are both subsystems of S, following from (6), ot should be possible to find out the relationship of the "Time increments" in R1 and in R2 by relating each to the "Universal Time" of S.

Since "Time" can be shown to be a "derived physical quantity", there is reason to believe that Space too is a "derived physical quantity", and, likewise, it should be possible to define (construct) a notion of Space by thought/argument alone. The same might also be true for Matter (inertia mass).

But I could not get any further than this-- Not being able to find a convincing way to define Space-- and consequently stopped pursuing the subject.

Recent reading of the article Is Time an Illusion in Scientific American and further browsing of your website re-ignites my interest on this subject and I am thinking about Space and Matter and might have some preliminary leads on them.

Kan

SSHK

Ironic, indeed.

This essay won because it seems to be one of the better written entrants. Barbour uses clear, easy language and develops his material in a very logical fashion (unlike other more difficult essays), but his central argument is incorrect. He relies on proving that one can have a "timeless" equation to quantify time-like phenomena. In his attempt, he uses V and E, ignoring the obvious fact that V embeds Newton's G which has dimensions which include time and that E embeds c, also requiring the dimension of time. Hence, his "timeless" equation is nothing more than a mathematical tautology.

I am a little unsure what is being discussed here. Clearly, the idea that it is possible to obtain meaningful results on particular levels of observation but assuming a sequential sucession of events is a useful tool. It would seem that 'reality' is such that this paradigm which we call 'time' is valod for a great many situatioms but I do not see why one should limit reality to the limitations of this obvious and limited convenience.

Surely what is under question here is not the reality of time, but our definition of it. As an abstract concept that has a limited mapping to linear phemomina, we ought to consider that our concept of time is, far from being something illusionary, is actually lacking in features.

The existance of integral transforms is a clear indicationn that we must connect our concept of linear time to other topoligies if it is to be of use to us in many situations.

I am not an advocate for or against the existance of time its current conceptual form, which I believe ,serves as a measure of some aspects of our psychological state rather than a flawed concept in some contempoary models of the universe.

Chi, your idea creates a 'background' needed for those 'instant's' to glue into a causality chain. Better to look at as a 'flow', not instants. In a 'flow' the idea is that the 'flow' both will be your 'instants' as well as being its own 'background' as what you then deem to be 'instants/events/transitions' then will be your definition of 'separating' that flow.

And the 'flow' is only a 'flow', as in having a arrow of time, macroscopically. Under Planck scale I expect that you can forget anything about a specific arrow 'pointing'. There you will have a 'whole sea', moving or not, as defined by from what frame of reference you look at it. Motion as well as time and 'distance' are all emergences applicable macroscopically, and possibly all the way from Plank scale. But under it those definitions breaks up.

One of the worst mistakes one can make is to assume that because we have a 'solid reality' macroscopically, that point of view will be applicable 'everywhere' and 'always'.

This is a general comment to what I read in this thread.

The mistake might rest in how too define 'time'. If you define it as instants you will have to look at durations too. Either that, or you will define a 'instant' as the shortest applicable amount of time, becoming a sort of 'still picture'. But then both ideas will need something more to start 'move'. And that should be our arrow of time.

So the 'arrow' exist, at least macroscopically. And to make that compatible with the idea of 'still instants' you will need a wholeness. you can't just expect all 'instants' to arrange themselves into a meaningful 'motion picture' by itself. Well, you can, but to do it without a background needed you will need something in where your 'instants' is a whole in itself. If you look at it that way the question is not how 'instants' binds together into a meaningful causality chain, but rather how they can 'separate' themselves from the wholeness, creating our reality including that arrow of time.

And that I think falls back to the way you see Lorentz contractions and time dilations. As real or as illusions? I don't find it possible to split those two into separate entities myself, the muon explanation hitting Earth is a perfect example of how they 'interact' with each other, and you also have the 'spinning disc' proving that a Lorentz contraction can be very 'real'.

So, if you choose one before the other I believe you to be mistaken. To me both are real, and they both point to 'distance' being something different from what we normally assume it to be. and if that is true? Then I like to look at it as a magnifying/contracting instead. And with that we come to 'emergences' as described in chaos theory, and those remarkable 'constants' we meet. Those that without explanation creates unmovable borders for our SpaceTime, from light to Planck to the Feigenbaum constant to the Bekenstein bound. All possible constants.

So, everything seems relative when it comes to time and distance. But stay with your own 'room time geometry/frame of reference' and you will find them never to change. In that one your clock never will differ, and all distances you measure will measure up to your yardstick, exactly the same. So if you like you might deem that too as a 'constant' of sorts. What it tells you is that, no matter where you are, or what you do, your expiration date will be the exact same for you, generally speaking.

You can change that two ways, that I know, motion or 'proper mass'. If we look on motion it becomes clear that we, even though 'needing' an acceleration as compared to our origin, too be able to perceive it. We still can't state that the room time geometry we were in, being 'at rest' wasn't twisted too. So a uniform motion, or a inertial object have a 'twisted room geometry' too in fact. The only way to prove me wrong is to show me where the objective universal rest-frame exist. The place wherefrom the universe sets its 'speedometer', and no, not relative.

So, finding those questionable I find it pretty safe to say that 'times arrow' and 'distance', no matter how unchanging it might seem from ones own 'room time geometry', when seen over a whole universe and relating those frames of reference to your own personal one it will be relative truths only, not absolute.

If you want to look at the 'universe' at the 'time keeper' you either will have to assign to it all those 'frames of reference' simultaneously, creating a 'diffracted' universe or assume a hidden reality to it where 'times arrow' and 'distance' becomes something totally different.

Dear Dr. Barbour,

Here's a post that tries to comment on FQXi's 2008 essay contest (The Nature of Time) as well as its 2010 essay contest (Is Reality Digital or Analog?)

We have to wonder if the Large Hadron Collider was worth all the time and money it took to build. It won't find the Higgs boson. It may well "prove" that strings exist but this will only deceive the world because strings are only a tiny fraction of matter's true composition. Perhaps it would have been better to spend the money buying several million desktop computers for scientists to develop and refine theories with.

ALTERNATIVE TO HIGGS BOSON

An important step might be to think of "... the grand design of the universe, a single theory that explains everything" (words used by Stephen Hawking on the American version of Amazon, when promoting his latest book "The Grand Design" - coauthored with Leonard Mlodinow, Bantam Books, 2010) in a different way than physicists who are presently working on science's holy grail of unification. The universe's underlying electronic foundation* (which makes our cosmos into a partially-complete unification, similar to 2 objects which appear billions of years or billions of light-years apart on a huge computer screen actually being unified by the strings of ones and zeros making up the computer code which is all in one small place) would make our cosmos into physics' holy grail of a complete unification if it enabled not only elimination of all distances in space and time, but also elimination of distance between (and including) the different sides of objects and particles. This last point requires the universe to not merely be a vast collection of the countless photons, electrons and other quantum particles within it; but to be a unified whole that has "particles" and "waves" built into its union of digital 1's and 0's (or its union of qubits - quantum binary digits). If we use the example of CGH (computer generated holography, which is reminiscent of the holographic simulation called the Holodeck in "Star Trek: The Next Generation"), these "particles" and "waves" could be elements produced by the interaction of electromagnetic and presently undiscovered gravitational waves, producing what we know as mass and forming what we know as space-time. Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational waves, and measurements on the Hulse-Taylor binary-star system resulted in Russell Hulse and Joe Taylor being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993 for their work, which was the first indirect evidence for gravitational waves. The feedback of the past and future universes into the unified cosmos's electronic foundation would ensure that both past and future could not be altered. (Our brains and minds are part of this unification too, which must mean extrasensory perception and telekinetic independence from technology are possible.)

* For more information on the universe's proposed electronic foundation, please see my article and postings at

http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/814

as well as my replies to Dr. Israel Omar Perez at

http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/817

STRINGS ARE ONLY PART OF MATTER'S BASIS

Space and time only exist in our experience. They are emergent properties, like wetness and mind. We experience wetness because it emerges from the building blocks of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms which make up water. We experience mind because it emerges from the building blocks of neurons composing the brain. And we experience space-time since it emerges from the building blocks making up the universe. These units are a combination of electromagnetic pulses (forming a cosmic computer which includes randomness and thus the potential to escape rigid preprogramming, and have a small degree of free will) as well as a cosmic hologram (this is produced by the interaction of electromagnetic plus gravitational waves and combination of the holographic aspect with the electronic aspect unifies general relativity with quantum physics). Every physical and nonphysical part of the universal hologram would be a receptor for the downloading of data from the cosmic computer which not only exists in the hyperspace of the large-scale universe but also in the hyperspace of each subatomic particle. (In other words, the holographic universe or spacetime we know is a screen for displaying data from the 5th-dimensional computer).

It might be helpful to visualise time as the playing of a CD or video tape. The entire disc or tape obviously exists all the time. But our physical senses can only perceive a tiny part of the sound and the sights at any fraction of a second. I believe space and time are infinite, so it might be more accurate to visualise time as that HUGE number - in this case, of CDs or tapes - which some versions of string theory propose (at a minimum, 10 exponent 500). My essay - http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/814 - tells you how to travel to the future, how to return home, and how to travel into our past. Neither future nor past can be altered (a blow to our belief that we have the free will to shape the future) and my explanation of travel to the past requires re-interpretation of the concepts of "multiverse" and "parallel universes". It also requires the ability to travel billions of light years INSTANTLY. This sounds like pure fantasy, but I outline an approach based on electrical engineering, General Relativity, and Miguel Alcubierre's 1994 proposal of "warp drive" that makes it logically possible.

These unbelievable things are made believable if you read my essay (along with its postings and replies) as well as the little books I've written (listed in the essay's Endnotes). But if you don't have time to read all that (I don't think I do!), here's a little picture that tries to summarise everything in a few lines -

My essay suggests the universe is a Mobius loop and is contained in, or unified with, each of its particles (relying on physical senses or 21st-century scientific instruments would make this statement ridiculous). Then each fermion and boson would also be composed of the 3 spatial dimensions, the 4th dimension of time, and the 5th dimension of hyperspace. Detectors like the Large Hadron Collider would be unable to "see" the time and hyperspace components of particles but could only see the small (maybe 5%) 3 spatial dimensions (the time and hyperspace components would be what we call dark matter), erroneously assuming particles are those tiny fractions of a Mobius loop that physics calls strings. "Dark matter" would exert a gravitational influence because both time and hyperspace, being parts of a curved Mobius loop (whether of quantum or cosmic scale), would push objects together in the same way Einstein's curved space-time pushes objects together. We can speak of the HST now - no, not the Hubble Space Telescope but Hyperspatial SpaceTime. We can visualise the Mobius loop as composed of a hyperspace computer which generates information on how things change from one undetectably tiny fraction of a second to the next (we call this time, and it's comparable to the frames in a movie) and transmits the data (transmits dark energy?) to the insignificant portion of length, width and depth that makes up subatomic particles ... and the universe.

That's the end of my one-paragraph summary. Now for some extra thoughts that popped into my head -

Preceding the Big Bang (which created this local section of the infinite, eternal universe ... or if you prefer, this subuniverse of the megauniverse) there would have been no space, matter or time in this subuniverse and all would have been hyperspace. No transmissions of dark energy (creating time and space/matter) would have occurred - therefore the dark-energy content of the universe would have been zero, increasing to the present 72% as more and more matter was created. How is matter created? Perhaps as cosmologist Alan Guth once suggested -

"You might even be able to start a new universe using energy equivalent to just a few pounds of matter. Provided you could find some way to compress it to a density of about 10^75 (10 exponent 75) grams per cubic centimeter, and provided you could trigger the thing ..."

At the time the Cosmic Microwave Background was emitted (less than a million years after the big bang), results from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe say the dark-energy content of the universe was negligible. Space/matter has been increasing since the big bang so transmissions from hyperspace (dark energy) which create them are increasing while the volume of the Mobius loop occupied by time/hyperspace (dark matter) has been shrinking as a result - according to the WMAP satellite, from 63% when the CMB was emitted to 23% today. Why isn't dark energy increasing at the same rate dark matter is decreasing? It must be because, as stated earlier, both time and hyperspace exert a gravitational influence, thereby mimicking space and matter to a degree. This mimicry causes the dark matter between the start of the CMB and the present to decrease by only about 40% while dark energy increases in the same period by about 70%.

My essay tells you how to travel into the future, how to return home, and how to take a trip into our past. Regarding travel beyond our start and into the past ... it can't be denied that these paragraphs imply the possibility of humans from the distant future time-travelling to the distant past and using electronics to create this particular subuniverse's computer-generated Big Bang. An accomplishment such as this would be the supreme example of "backward causality" (effects influencing causes) promoted by Yakir Aharonov, John Cramer and others. However, realising that we live in a cosmic-quantum unification with zero-separation and recalling Isaac Newton's inverse-square law and what it says about the force between two particles being infinite (does infinite mean 10 ^ 500, the HUGE number of universes proposed by some versions of string theory?) if the distance of separation goes to zero means there's still room for God (as Creator) because God would be a pantheistic union of the megauniverse's material and mental parts, forming a union with humans in a cosmic unification.

Best wishes,

Rodney Bartlett

I know I can't submit another essay. I don't plan to - these are just some comments that came to mind after thinking about my essay. They don't seem very relevant to the topic "Is Reality Digital or Analog?" but writing them has given even more satisfaction than writing the essay, and I'm in the mood to share them with the whole world. So if you've got time to read them ...

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

I fully realise that my essay doesn't sound like science at all. I can appreciate that many readers think it belongs to science fiction and fantasy. It does have saving graces though. I'm amazed at how well it fits in with the discoveries of the Microwave Anisotropy Probe and with string theory, culminating in the LHC's experimentally verified strings and my prediction of antistrings. Having said that, I must say this - it's very strange that the scientific world is so obsessed with mathematics (admittedly, my essay did dabble with it when offering a version of E=mc2 to suit the digital world - but I kept it very simple ... so simple it might be regarded as wrong). Math seems to be regarded as infallible, even though it leads to mistakes. The (partial) mistake I have in mind is string theory. I don't deny that there certainly is value in the theory, and in maths, but logic reveals shortcomings. Let me explain, after first writing a short section describing an unconventional approach to unveiling unification and offering an alternative to the Higgs boson that relies on gravitational waves.

ALTERNATIVE TO HIGGS BOSON

An important step might be to think of "... the grand design of the universe, a single theory that explains everything" (words used by Stephen Hawking on the American version of Amazon, when promoting his latest book "The Grand Design" - coauthored with Leonard Mlodinow, Bantam Books, 2010) in a different way than physicists who are presently working on science's holy grail of unification. The universe's underlying electronic foundation* (which makes our cosmos into a partially-complete unification, similar to 2 objects which appear billions of years or billions of light-years apart on a huge computer screen actually being unified by the strings of ones and zeros making up the computer code which is all in one small place) would make our cosmos into physics' holy grail of a complete unification if it enabled not only elimination of all distances in space and time, but also elimination of distance between (and including) the different sides of objects and particles. This last point requires the universe to not merely be a vast collection of the countless photons, electrons and other quantum particles within it; but to be a unified whole that has "particles" and "waves" built into its union of digital 1's and 0's (or its union of qubits - quantum binary digits). If we use the example of CGH (computer generated holography, these "particles" and "waves" could be elements produced by the interaction of electromagnetic and presently undiscovered gravitational waves, producing what we know as mass and forming what we know as space-time. Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational waves, and measurements on the Hulse-Taylor binary-star system resulted in Russell Hulse and Joe Taylor being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993 for their work, which was the first indirect evidence for gravitational waves. The feedback of the past and future universes into the unified cosmos's electronic foundation would ensure that both past and future could not be altered. Our brains and minds are part of this unification too - which must mean extrasensory perception and telekinetic independence from technology are possible, despite modern science's objections to these phenomena which appear to be based on non-unification.

* For more information on the universe's proposed electronic foundation, please see my article and postings at

http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/814

STRINGS ARE ONLY PART OF MATTER'S BASIS

Space and time only exist in our experience. They are emergent properties, like wetness and mind. We experience wetness because it emerges from the building blocks of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms which make up water. We experience mind because it emerges from the building blocks of neurons composing the brain. And we experience space-time since it emerges from the building blocks making up the universe. These units are a combination of electromagnetic pulses (forming a cosmic computer which includes randomness and thus the potential to escape rigid preprogramming, and have a small degree of free will) as well as a cosmic hologram (this is produced by the interaction of electromagnetic plus gravitational waves and combination of the holographic aspect with the electronic aspect unifies general relativity with quantum physics). Every physical and nonphysical part of the universal hologram would be a receptor for the downloading of data from the cosmic computer which not only exists in the hyperspace of the large-scale universe but also in the hyperspace of each subatomic particle. (In other words, the holographic universe or spacetime we know is a screen for displaying data from the 5th-dimensional computer.)

It might be helpful to visualise time as the playing of a CD or video tape. The entire disc or tape obviously exists all the time. But our physical senses can only perceive a tiny part of the sound and the sights at any fraction of a second. I believe space and time are infinite, so it might be more accurate to visualise time as that HUGE number - in this case, of CDs or tapes - which some versions of string theory propose (10 exponent 500). My essay tells you exactly how to travel to the future, how to return home, and how to travel into our past. Neither future nor past can be altered (a blow to our belief that we have the free will to shape the future) and my explanation of travel to the past requires re-interpretation of the concepts of "multiverse" and "parallel universes". It also requires the ability to travel billions of light years INSTANTLY - no doubt many readers will instantly dismiss the essay because their preconceptions "know" this simply isn't possible. It indeed sounds like pure fantasy, but I outline an approach based on electrical engineering, General Relativity, and Miguel Alcubierre's 1994 proposal of "warp drive" that makes it logically possible.

My essay explains why the universe is a Mobius loop and how it is contained in, or unified with, each of its particles (relying on physical senses or 21st-century scientific instruments would make this statement ridiculous). Then each fermion and boson would also be composed of the 3 spatial dimensions, the 4th dimension of time, and the 5th dimension of hyperspace. Detectors like the Large Hadron Collider would be unable to "see" the time and hyperspace components of particles but could only see the small (maybe 5% of the whole) 3 spatial dimensions (the time component would be what we call dark matter), erroneously assuming particles are those small fractions of a Mobius loop that physics calls strings. "Dark matter" would exert a gravitational influence because time, being part of a curved Mobius loop (whether of quantum or cosmic scale), would push objects together in the same way Einstein's curved space-time pushes objects together. We can speak of the HST now - no, not the Hubble Space Telescope but Hyperspatial SpaceTime. We can visualise the Mobius loop as composed of a hyperspace computer which generates information on how things change from one presently undetectably tiny fraction of a second to the next (we call this time, and it's comparable to the frames in a movie) and transmits the data (transmits dark energy) to the insignificant portion of length, width and depth that makes up subatomic particles ... and the universe.

Preceding the Big Bang (which created this local section of the infinite, eternal universe ... or if you prefer, this subuniverse of the megauniverse) there would have been no space, matter or time in this subuniverse. No transmissions of dark energy (creating time and space/matter) would have occurred - therefore the dark-energy content of the universe would have been zero, increasing to the present 72% as more and more matter was created. How is matter created? Perhaps as cosmologist Alan Guth once suggested -

"You might even be able to start a new universe using energy equivalent to just a few pounds of matter. Provided you could find some way to compress it to a density of about 10^75 (10 exponent 75) grams per cubic centimeter, and provided you could trigger the thing ..."

At the time the Cosmic Microwave Background was emitted (less than a million years after the big bang), results from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe say the dark-energy content of the universe was negligible. Space/matter has been increasing since the big bang so transmissions from hyperspace computer (dark energy) which create them are increasing while the volume of the Mobius loop occupied by time/hyperspace (dark matter) has been shrinking as a result - according to the WMAP satellite, from 63% when the CMB was emitted to 23% today. Why isn't dark energy increasing at the same rate dark matter is decreasing? It must be because, as stated earlier, both time and hyperspace exert a gravitational influence, thereby mimicking space and matter to a degree. This mimicry causes the dark matter between the start of the CMB and the present to decrease by only about 40% while dark energy increases in the same period by about 70%. If we were dealing with a simple and ordinary loop, this similarity would cause dark matter and dark energy to be more or less equal and if there was any difference in their amount of decrease/increase, it would be in the same direction. But we're talking about Mobius loops which are like strips of paper that have been twisted 180 degrees before the ends are joined. This causes their variation to go in different directions (one increases, the other decreases) and the amount of variation is quite significant (+72%, -40%). My guess is that the real-life twist occurs in the temporal segment of the loop, enabling a traveller in time to go in different directions i.e. into the future or into the past. To replenish dark matter in billions of years, we merely have to extend Guth's proposal by using the knowledge of that time to create more matter.

A real-life Mobius is by no means a featureless loop, however. If, contrary to our impressions, the universe is unified with each particle it's composed of; the WMAP satellite's findings must apply to the quantum world. The figures 72%, 23% and 5% would not only describe the present universe's content of dark energy, dark matter and ordinary matter but also any particle's content of space or ordinary matter (5%), time or dark matter (23% - time is considered to be dark matter here because dark matter is regarded as ordinary matter invisible to us since it's present in another region of the dimension we call time, just as most of a sphere is in another dimension and consequently appears as a dot when first entering Edwin Abbott's 1884 exploration of other dimensions called "Flatland"), and hyperspace (72%: the transmissions from the hyperspace computer create space and matter, cause expansion of space on cosmic scales where there are no forces to overcome the expansion as there is in matter, and are known as dark energy - creating more matter causes that matter's repelling gravity to bring about accelerating expansion).

Look at a picture of a Mobius (thanks to the repeating scales of fractal geometry, the apparently empty interior and exterior of the Mobius universe would actually be the same as the visible loop). Imagine the space/ordinary matter to be situated immediately counterclockwise (perhaps on the bottom of the loop) to the hyperspace segment and the time/dark matter portion to be immediately counterclockwise to the space/ordinary matter (time/dark matter would, moving clockwise, be next to the hyperspace segment).

The hyperspace transmissions flow directly into space/matter (all motion - "flow" and "transmissions" - are actually comparable to individual frames in a movie but are spoken of in everyday terms of motion for convenience, like saying the sun rises and sets) and are responsible for the large and unimpeded 72% increase, since the CMB was emitted, of dark energy. This flow rate of 72% also enters the time/dark matter section adjacent to hyperspace ... but the loop's twist seems to be in the time section. If we were to cut the loop lengthwise with scissors, previously varying the number of half-twists results in things such as two rings linked together or a knotted ring. So we get barriers to motion and blockages. Returning to the normal loop and twist, matters are less drastic and motion is merely slowed, resulting in a 23% flow rate.

If we lived in a non-unified universe of materialism, this is how things would remain (dark matter would have increased so today's content would be a low 23%). On p. 179 of "The Grand Design" by Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow (Bantam Press, 2010) it's stated "One requirement any law of nature must satisfy is that it dictates that the energy of an isolated body surrounded by empty space is positive ..."

The only problem with that sentence, in an "everything is everywhere and everywhen" universe, is the word isolated. There can be no such thing as isolated in our cosmic-quantum unification. Page 179 also says "... if the energy of an isolated body were negative ... there would be no reason that bodies could not appear anywhere and everywhere." Does this mean you and I (plus all things in time and space) are a union of both positive and negative energy, able to display both separateness/solidity (isolation) as well as the potential to appear anywhere and everywhere? Dark matter, not being entirely positive, would be anywhere and everywhere as well as having decreased so today's content would be a low 23% (which is what WMAP says is the case).

If everything is a union of positive and negative energy, every matter particle and force-carrying particle would be too. And the strings the Large Hadron Collider might detect (being the parts of particles' Mobius loops it could see since those parts would be space/ordinary matter) might come in both positive and negative varieties. In 1928 English physicist Paul Dirac (1902-84) proposed that all negative energy states are already occupied by (then hypothetical) antiparticles (particles of antimatter). Building on this results in proposal of strings and antistrings.

My essay tells you how to travel into the future, how to return home, and how to take a trip into our past. Regarding travel beyond our start and into the past ... it can't be denied that these paragraphs imply the possibility of humans from the distant future time-travelling to the distant past and using electronics to create this particular subuniverse's computer-generated Big Bang. An accomplishment such as this would be the supreme example of "backward causality" (effects influencing causes) promoted by Yakir Aharonov, John Cramer and others. However, realising that we live in a cosmic-quantum unification with zero-separation and recalling Isaac Newton's inverse-square law and what it says about the force between two particles being infinite (does infinite mean 10 ^ 500, the HUGE number of universes proposed by some versions of string theory?) if the distance of separation goes to zero means there's still room for God (another bit of scientifically objectionable science fiction?) because God would be a pantheistic union of the megauniverse's material and mental parts, forming a union with humans in a cosmic unification.

--------------------------------------------------------

According to the Community Ratings, my essay in the 2011 Essay Contest is sliding further down the ratings each day. But I'm having more luck with a science journal called General Science Journal - comments of mine inspired by the essay (which are nearly 20,000 words long and include comments about "The Nature of Time" as well as "Is Reality Digital or Analog?") were published in the Journal on Feb. 6 and may be viewed at http://gsjournal.net/ntham/bartlett.pdf

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