This post offers a comprehensive interpretation of most universal phenomena and the universe by discovering their physical origins. It proves that Galilean physics is the physics of everything, etc.
The Expanded Galilean Physics - Universal Phenomena and Cosmology
A. Universal Phenomena
The discovery of the Galilean-physics based interpretation of the universal phenomena is based on the logical scientific lead that for universal phenomena such as the charge energy of proton and electron and gravity to continue to exist, they need constant energy supply and the stars should be the huge energy source needed to supply them. To continuously transport the energy of stars to all matters, the nuclear reactions in stars should continue to produce energetic tiny particles, undetectably small, to reach, to interact, and to lose energy to all matters to produce universal phenomena. There are already strong scientific evidences to show that stars constantly produce neutrinos, which carry no charge and are so small that they have the unique ability to penetrate all matters to reach all of their subatomic particles: protons and electrons. Therefore, neutrinos should be the tiny particles interacting effectively with all matters to produce all universal phenomena. However, scientists do not think so. They believe that both electrons and protons are point-size particles and therefore atoms and molecules are essentially empty space and therefore neutrinos hardly collide interacting with them. Another reason scientists believe that neutrinos are very inactive is that they believe that interacting with all matters to produce universal phenomena such as gravity should produce such large amount of heat that should evaporate all matters in seconds. These misconceptions together with other wrong knowledge taught by the mainstream of thought (its mathematical theories), such as that they believe that neutrinos have no mass, have effectively stopped scientists from understanding all universal phenomena.
Well established findings show that all matters are made of, in addition to protons and electrons, neutrinos, since they are produced in nuclear reactions from the matters made of protons and electrons. Unlike neutrinos both proton and electron are the fundamental charge particles and undoubtedly their charge is some kind of energy constantly producing forces. To constantly carry charge they should have constant energy supply from their environment. Otherwise, they should be absolutely uncharged particles like neutrinos. Therefore, without charge energy both proton and electron should be absolutely uncharged particles likely having mass density comparable to neutrinos, which based on our knowledge of atomic nuclei is amazingly dense, but should be much bigger than neutrinos. In space, the collision interactions between the energetic neutrinos coming from stars and the large uncharged particles should result in transferring energy from neutrinos to them. At equilibrium, the large uncharged particles should be surrounded by an amazingly dense atmosphere of neutrinos having much lower (kinetic) energy than the atmospheric neutrinos of the universe. If the large particles have irregular shape, at equilibrium they should be fast rotating and oscillating, thus, transferring their rotating-energy to their atmospheric neutrinos, which are therefore spinning and likely oscillating too. Both a proton and an electron therefore should be made of an absolutely uncharged particle having an amazingly dense atmosphere of spinning neutrinos constantly gaining the kinetic energies from incoming neutrinos of the universe to maintain their structures and charge energy. Both protons and electrons have their own gravitational force, which is the atmospheric pressure of neutrinos of the universe since neutrinos cannot penetrate through the large particle at their center. Besides, having amazingly dense atmosphere of neutrinos, they should also have repulsive force acting on one another. Both a proton and an electron therefore have an amazingly dense atmosphere of neutrinos of their own, gravitational force, and mutual repulsive force to express their charge energy not simply having single or - force as generally believed.
The above logical understanding of both the structure and the charge energy of the fundamental charge particles (proton and electron) based on the knowledge of Galilean physics has led to the understanding of all universal phenomena and cosmology! Only the correct physics can have such easy to understand logics, overall coherency and consistency, and the support of all valid R&D findings!
Having two opposite forces instead of a single force to express their charge energy explains why protons and electrons form atoms and molecules. An electron approaches a proton due to that the gravitational force between them is greater than the repulsive force between them. However, their repulsive force increases upon their approaching and when the two forces are balanced, they form atoms and molecules. Free and partially free electrons and protons extend their neutrino atmospheres to produce the so-called "electric and magnetic force fields", whose forces only act on charged particles. Knowing both electron and the proton having amazingly dense atmospheres of neutrinos also leads to the understanding why the neutrinos of the universe can interact effectively with all matters having atomic and molecular structures to produce many universal phenomena! It further reveals the scientific nature of the collision interactions between neutrinos and all matters: they are mainly the collisions among neutrinos hardly producing any atomic and molecular motions or heat. In these collision interactions neutrinos of the universe constantly lose (kinetic) energy to protons and electrons mainly to produce and to maintain their charge energy, to form and to maintain atomic and molecular structures not to produce the huge amount of heat expected by physicists! However, these collision interactions do cause protons and electrons to oscillate and these oscillation motions should constantly produce some heat. Therefore, there is a fundamental heat of matters produced by neutrinos-matters collision interactions, which keeps the centers of planets hot and produces their volcanic activities.
The logically arrived structure of both electron and proton further leads to the fundamental understanding of the energies released and absorbed from the collision interactions among all matters including physical, chemical and nuclear reactions! These collision interactions mainly involve losing or gaining neutrinos from the neutrino atmospheres of orbital electrons resulting in emitting or absorbing energy-producing neutrinos. Both the neutrino content and the weight of electrons therefore vary depending on the environment they are in. For example, free electrons contain the most neutrinos and are the heaviest. Electrons inside the nucleus of the heaviest atom contain the least amount of neutrinos, thus, are the lightest. The small amount of mass lost in a nuclear reaction therefore is explainable by the loss of neutrinos from orbital and/or nuclear electrons and, may be, a very small portion, from protons too, thus, avoiding the postulations that mass and energy are mutual convertible and the presence of pure energy, which is not even scientifically definable. Like both physical and chemical reactions, nuclear reactions now also obey mass-balance law, when the amount of neutrinos lost or gained in the reactions is accounted for.
The presence of gravity proves that there is a dense energetic atmosphere of undetectable neutrinos that interact effectively with all matters to produce it, which is the differential force between the pushing forces of the neutrinos going into and coming out of the matters. The presence of a dense atmosphere of undetectable neutrinos also explains the existence of protons, electrons, atoms, molecules, electric, and magnetic force fields.
The logically arrived structure of both electron and proton further leads to the understanding of light! Findings show that orbital electrons of atoms and molecules jump into lower-energy-level orbital emitting light. Since they can only emit neutrinos, lights should be their emitted neutrinos. This is explainable since getting closer to the protons in an atomic nucleus, an orbital electron need to lose some atmospheric neutrinos to reduce the repulsive force between them. Also, that the neutrinos emitted from orbital electrons are detectable as lights of various energy levels are explainable due to that the neutrinos of the atmosphere of an electron have various levels of spin energy, the closer to the absolutely uncharged particle at the center, the higher their spin energy. Lights therefore are neutrinos having spin energy. If neutrinos also have irregular shape, the light or the spinning neutrinos traveling in space should oscillate showing transverse wave-like properties, which have already been found. Also, balanced by two forces orbital electrons should circulate their atomic nuclei in a transverse wave-like motion. When lights bounce off orbital electrons upon going through a narrow slit, for example, they should produce wave-like scattering photographic patterns, which have also been found. However, contrary to general belief, lights are spinning neutrino particles hardly collide interacting with one another in space not the mass-free waves interfering with one another, although they show some wave-like properties when they collide interacting with matters. Findings also show that lights collide interacting with matters to lose all or part of their (spin and oscillation) energies turning into undetectable neutrinos, e.g., by passing through a black surface.
Traveling in space lights gradually lose their energy producing the well-known phenomenon of universal redshift of star lights. Hubble Law shows that the magnitude of the redshift of a star light is proportional to its distance from Earth. According to big bang theory the redshift of star light is relative-motion caused Doppler Effect of light and has concluded from Hubble's findings that the universe is uniformly expanding. However, scientists have also discovered gravitational redshift of light, which cannot be explained by relative-motion Doppler Effect. In comparison, the latter is a much stronger effect, since it takes many light years to develop a detectable redshift of star light. To interpret both redshift effects of light consistently and coherently, I have proposed a mini-ether theory assuming that besides neutrinos the nuclear reactions in stars also produce mini-ether having particle size much smaller than that of neutrinos. Like neutrinos and may be more so, the concentrations of the mini-ether inside and around planets and stars are much higher than in space, thus, causing much stronger redshift effect than in space. This coherent interpretation of both redshift effects of light may be more reasonable than the conclusion of the big bang theory based on the effect of the universal redshift of light alone that the universe is uniformly expanding started from a big bang of a "singularity", which the nature cannot logically produce.
B. Cosmology
The new cosmology of the expanded Galilean physics continues to recognize absolute time and space. It defines our universe as an energy consuming open-system, which should have limited size and duration inside the domain of nature. To form the universe the domain of nature should have a way to produce and to store the energy-producing material of the universe and a natural mechanism to start consuming it or to start a universe. The space surrounding our universe should still have a dilute atmosphere of neutrinos and since the temperature in an Intergalactic Space is already very low ~ 2.7 oK (based on the assumption that the microwave interference background coming from the Intergalactic Space surrounding our galaxy), the temperature outside the universe will drop to 0 oK and below, where according to scientific findings atoms and molecules cannot survive. It means that the material the nature made to release energy inside a universe cannot by hydrogen and helium. Based on our knowledge about nuclear reaction, the energy-producing material of the universe should be made from proton, electron, and neutrinos. Findings also suggest that at temperature very close to 0 oK atoms and molecules collapse into a very dense material like atomic nuclei but containing about equal amounts of protons and electron. The author has named this material "dense-matter object".
I postulate that when stars and planets die at sub-0 oK, they collapse to form dense-matter objects, which are stable only at 0 oK and sub-0 oK temperatures in the domain of nature outside the universe. They continue to aggregate themselves and from the collection of proton, electron, and neutrinos to grow in size and, therefore, some of them can have amazingly large sizes. A galaxy is likely formed from a violent collision of two giant dense-matter objects and a universe can form from the multiple of such collisions. A violent collision should break the two dense-matter objects into billions of pieces and produce a thick cloud of dense-matter dust, neutrinos, protons, neutrinos, and huge amount of energy. Under the bombardment of the high-energy particles radioactivity and nuclear reactions should occur on the surface of the dense-matter object pieces and dusts. The dense-matter dusts would be quickly consumed to produce hydrogen and helium clouds in the cosmos and each piece of dense-matter object becomes a baby star. Simultaneous producing billions of baby stars marks the birth of a galaxy. Inside a galaxy dense-matter objects are unstable being radioactive and undergoing nuclear reactions on their surface constantly shooting out energetic particles such as neutrinos, hydrogen, helium, ions, etc. pushing things away and therefore they are "antigravity matters". The existence of antigravity matter in this universe is still unknown to all. All the matters made of atoms and molecules are known gravity matters since they constantly get energy from atmospheric neutrinos produced by the antigravity matter in the universe to produce gravity.
Regular stars - A baby star or dense-matter object is very small, dense, and essentially invisible. It constantly shoots out besides neutrinos, protons, electrons, hydrogen, helium and ions to a great distance, where they gradually accumulate to form an outer-layer. Therefore, a regular star like our Sun is made of a dense-matter object having a large ball-shape hollow outer-layer, which gradually gets denser, thicker and, thus, shinier. However, regular stars are still unknown to be hollow and to have a dense-matter object or antigravity matter at their center. As their outer-layer gets thicker and hotter with aging, its inner surface will reach the critical temperature for nuclear reactions to occur to produce elements heavier than helium. Upon further aging, the inner surface of the outer-layer gets harder and harder for the gases and the particles continuously produced by the dense-matter object at the center to penetrate through and as a result the inner gas pressure continues to builds up. Therefore, mature regular stars like our Sun have to release their inner gas pressure by periodical burst and, eventually, the outer-layer of regular stars will explode to end their lives as findings have already confirmed this conclusion.
Planetary motions - The dense-matter objects inside many regular stars such as our Sun are fast rotating due to both their irregular shape and nuclear reactions constantly occurring on their surface. This rotating energy makes the outer-layer of these stars, such as our Sun, to rotate. More importantly, this rotating energy also enable it to shoot out energetic neutrinos supports the constant orbital and rotational motions of their planets and moons in a specific direction such as those of the solar system.
Dense stars - Baby stars are the densest stars but they have turned into regular stars longtime ago, which are artificially big having artificially low mass density. Findings show that when large regular stars explode, they effectively blow away their outer-layer turning into the so-called neutron stars, which are the densest stars found. Neutron stars should be the exposed dense-matter objects from their explosion. Instead of being dead, they are the baby stars reborn from the explosion. Giving time, they will become regular stars again. Many of them are found fast rotating too. The explosion of the medium size regular stars like our Sun blows a large portion of their outer-layer away to become white dwarf stars. Having both small size and an outer-layer hard to be penetrated through by hydrogen and helium, they should violently explode again as findings having proven so too.
Black holes - The presence of very large dense-matter objects particularly in and around the center of all galaxies is expected. They should be the "black holes" found. Having very strong antigravity, they destroy and disperse the light passing through and around them and are therefore black hole-like. They throw the hydrogen and the helium they constantly produce so far away that these gases continue to disperse into cosmos instead of forming ball-shape outer-layer to become gigantic regular stars. Some fast-rotating large dense-matter objects (black holes) throw their gases very far away forming large bright rings, which are rotating like the outer-layer of our Sun due to the fast rotating of the large dense-matter objects at their center.
C. Physical Origins not Mathematical Origins
A century of scientific revolution led by Einstein using the mathematical theories teaching mathematical origins to interpret universal phenomena against Galilean physics teaching physical origins has now completely failed due to both that it has not disproved Galilean physics and that the physical origins of the universal phenomena have been found. Now, the following scientific debates can be concluded.
A century of scientific revolution of Einstein has led to an era of (pseudo-) physics using mathematical origins, against the fundamental teaching of physical origins by Galilean physics, to interpret universal phenomena and cosmology. The revolution however has failed scientifically both to disproved Galilean physics and to be consistent with other fields of natural science. The discovery of the expanded Galilean physics using physical origins to interpret universal phenomena and cosmology has conclusively disproved all theories teaching mathematical origins. Some major conceptual changes from mathematical origins to physical origins are given bellow.
1. Light and gravity - Contrary to general belief, lights are neither (electromagnetic) waves nor quantized photons. They are neutrino particles having both spin energy, which hardly collide interacting with one another in space. Therefore, the negative finding in the Michelson-Morley experiment is expected, which however does not prove that light has an absolute speed in space. Gravity is the wind force of neutrinos not curved spacetime.
2. Mass and moving speed - Today's physicists believe firmly that mass increases with moving speed. They cited the findings of the high-energy particle accelerators as "proofs". However, having an atmosphere of neutrinos, a charge particle such as electron is expected to lose some of its atmospheric neutrinos upon moving. The higher the moving speed, the more neutrinos it loses and thus the weaker of its charge power. Therefore, charge particles lose, not increase, mass with increasing moving speed. However, magnetic-field measurement would wrongly show an increase in mass due to the reduced charge power of the moving charge particles.
3. CMB - A reasonable interpretation of CMB, the cosmic microwave interference background, is that it is emitted by the matters inside the Intergalactic Space surrounding our galaxy while our galaxy as a whole is moving in it to produce anisotropic property in CMB. Without stars in the Intergalactic Space, the temperature there is very low (~2.7 oK) and uniform. If CBM were the residue radiation predicted by the big bang theory, it should not have anisotropic property.
4. Einstein Equation E = mc2 - It is wrong to assume that energy (E) and mass (m) are mutually convertible. Pure energy is not even scientifically definable and therefore does not exist. The equation is correct to show that the energy produced by a reaction is proportional to the mass (of neutrinos) lost in the reaction but c2 is simply a proportional constant having nothing to do with light speed.
5. Matters and Energies - Since all energies are produced by matters, pure energy does not exist and matters cannot be converted to pure energy.
6. The Universe - The Galilean-physics based cosmology is developed based on the following logical thinking, the physical origins-based interpretation of universal phenomena, and findings. To make common sense it should be an energy-consuming and open universe. Similar to a fire, it should have limited size and duration. The domain of the nature that may have unlimited size and duration should have a natural way to make and to store the (nuclear) energy-producing material and a way to start the universe.
There is no valid scientific proof that time is not absolute and it is a common-sense making three-dimensional universe according to Galilean physics, which is made of both antigravity and gravity matters. The antigravity matters, which are made of densely packed protons, electrons, and neutrinos and is still unknown to the scientific community. Inside universe, they are radioactive constantly producing nuclear energy emitting energetic particles to produce antigravity and are located at the center of regular stars and dwarf stars and are also known as neutron stars and black holes.
6. Particle physics - Galilean physics teaches that the universe is made of only three stable fundamental particles, neutrinos, the uncharged proton, and the uncharged electron. It further postulated the existence of mini-ether to be the fourth fundamental particles to explain the redshift-of-light phenomena. They all have mass. I suggest that positron is the electron deficient in neutrino content. At present, Galilean physics has no explanation to the hundreds of very unstable elemental particles found. They are likely related to the break up of protons and electrons.
Since both protons and electrons are unbreakable there can be no quark particles. As expected that Galilean particle physics is not compatible with the standard model of modern physics. Since the charge properties are unique to both proton and electron only, the electric and magnetic field methods may be able to detect other elemental charge particles but cannot quantize the charge and the mass of them and may lead to serious errors for the standard model.
By Josef Tsau, Ph.D., jtsau@comcast.net , September 2010