The limits of mathematics

The bra and kets have to be conjugate imaginaries of each other for this equation to hold, of course...

Dear Sir,

Number is a property of all substances by which we differentiate between similars. If there are no similars, it is one. If there are similars, the number is many. Depending upon the sequence of perception of "one's", many can be 2, 3, 4...n etc. Mathematics is accumulation and reduction of similars, i.e., numbers of the same class of objects (like atomic number or mass number), which describes the changes in the physical phenomena or object when the numbers of any of the parameters are changed.

Mathematics is related to the result of measurement. Measurement is a conscious process of comparison between two similar quantities, one of which is called the scaling constant (unit). The cognition part induces the action leading to comparison, the reaction of which is again cognized as information. There is a threshold limit for such cognition. Hence Nature is mathematical in some perceptible ways. This has been proved by the German physiologist Mr. Ernst Heinrich Weber, who measured human response to various physical stimuli. Carrying out experiments with lifting increasing weights, he devised the formula: ds = k (dW / W), where ds is the threshold increase in response (the smallest increase still discernible), dW the corresponding increase in weight, W the weight already present and k the proportionality constant. This has been developed as the Weber-Fechner law. This shows that the conscious response follows a somewhat logarithmic law. This has been successfully applied to a wide range of physiological responses.

Measurement is not the action of putting a scale to a rod, which is a mechanical action. Measurement is a conscious process of reaching an inference based on the action of comparison of something with an appropriate unit at "here-now". The readings of a particular aspect, which indicate a specific state of the object at a designated instant, (out of an infinite set of temporally evolving states), is frozen for use at other times and is known as the "result of measurement". The states relating to that aspect at all "other times", which cannot be measured; hence remain unknown, are clubbed together and are collectively referred to as the "superposition of states" (we call it adhyaasa). This concept has not only been misunderstood, but also unnecessarily glamorized and made incomprehensible in the "undead" Schrödinger's cat and other examples. The normal time evolution of the cat (its existential aspect) and the effect of its exposure to poisonous gas (the operational aspect) are two different unrelated aspects of its history. Yet these unrelated aspects have been coupled to bring in a state of coupled-superposition (we call it aadhyaasika taadaatmya), which is mathematically, physically and conceptually void.

Mathematics is related to accumulation and reduction of numbers. Since measurements are comparison between similar quantities, mathematics is possible only between similars (linear) or partly similars (non-linear) but never between the dissimilars. We cannot add or multiply 3 protons and 3 neutrons. They can be added only by taking their common property of mass to give mass number. These accumulation and reduction of numbers are expressed as the result of measurement after comparison with a scaling constant (standard unit) having similar characteristics (such as length compared with unit length, area with unit area, volume with unit volume, density with unit density, interval with unit interval, etc). The results of measurements are always pure numbers, i.e., scalar quantities, because the dimensions of the scaling constants are same for both the measuring device and the object being measured and measurement is only the operation of scaling up or down the unit for an appropriate number of times. Thus, mathematics explains only "how much" one quantity accumulates or reduces in an interaction involving similar or partly similar quantities and not "what", "why", "when", "where", or "with whom" about the objects involved in such interactions. These are the subject matters of physics. We will show repeatedly that in modern physics there is a mismatch and mix-up between the data, the mathematics and the physical theory.

Quantum physics implied that physical quantities usually have no values until they are observed. Therefore, the observer must be intrinsically involved in the physics being observed. This has been wrongly interpreted to mean that there might be no real world in the absence of an observer! When we measure a particular quantity, we come up with a specific value. This value is "known" only after the conscious or sentient content is added to the measurement. Thus, it is reasonable to believe that when we do not measure or perceive, we do not "know" the value - there is no operation of the conscious or sentient content is inert - and not that the quantity does not have any existential value. Here the failure of the physicists to find the correct "mathematics" to support their "theory" has been put forth as a pretext for denying reality. Mathematics is an expression of Nature, not its sole language. Though observer has a central role in Quantum theories, its true nature and mechanism has eluded the scientists. There cannot be an equation to describe the observer, the glory of the rising sun, the grandeur of the towering mountain, the numbing expanse of the night sky, the enchanting fragrance of the wild flower or the endearing smile on the lips of the beloved. It is not the same as any physical or chemical reaction or curvature of lips.

Mathematics is often manipulated to spread the cult of incomprehensibility. The electroweak theory is extremely speculative and uses questionable mathematics as a cover for opacity to predict an elusive Higg's mechanism. Yet, tens of millions of meaningless papers have been read out in millions of seminars world wide based on such unverified myth for a half century and more wasting enormous amounts of resources that could otherwise have been used to make the Earth a better place to live. The physicists use data from the excellent work done by experimental scientists to develop theories based on reverse calculation to match the result. It is nothing but politics of physics - claim credit for bringing in water in the river when it rains. Experiment without the backing of theory is blind. It can lead to disaster. Rain also brings floods. Experiments guided by economic and military considerations have brought havoc to our lives.

Regards,

basudeba

One real Universe is eternally occurring in one real here appearing moving in one real infinite dimension at one real universal "speed" of light, once. One real Universe can only be accurately describing by the abstract postulated symbol 1, once. Newton was wrong when he associated abstract planetary and astral motion with abstract states of inertia. Einstein was incorrect when, after proving that no real physical state of inertia was possible, he nevertheless asserted that planetary and astral motion could be accurately described by measurable states of relativity. One real Universe can only ever be eternally appearing in one real state, once. Everything moves at the one Universal constant "speed" of light once. I know that scientists claim to have experimented with laser beams and motion detectors and have proved that a fabricated light can move through a vacuum tube at approximately 186,000 mps, but they never took into consideration the fact that the laboratory they conducted their experiments in was travelling at the Universal constant "speed" of light at the time of the experiments as were the scientists who conducted the experiments. There is no such a thing as mathematics. Reality does not have a plurality of anything, real or imagined.

Dear Members,

I am new to the forum and going through previous essays and topics. My take on "The limits of mathematics". Mathematics is a language and a beautiful one. But we have been carried away by this beauty. Languages can be used to tell the TRUTH as well as LIES and LIES can be as beautiful as truth, that is why we all watch movies and listen to bedtime stories. For example, that unicorns and fire spitting dragons can be well described does not make them exist.

The trouble today is that the physics establishment is unwilling to recognize this limitation of mathematics because of its beauty... "The philosophy seems to be if it is beautiful mathematically, it must be beautiful and exist in physical reality". However, Nature is an unwilling accomplice hence the multitude of paradoxes requiring 'renormalization' (e.g. in quantum field theory) and other mathematical tricks to resolve (see solutions to Zeno's paradox and the intuitive assumptions that have to be forgone, see http://www.iep.utm.edu/zeno-par/ which I referenced in my essay entry below.

As another example, mathematics can be used to divide space and obtain 10-100m. (I am using this figure since Member IAN DURHAM want to avoid the use of infinity). But we are now confronted with evidence that physically this may be an impossibility beyond the Planck length.

Mathematically, you can have a "line without breadth" but Physically this is impossible as such a line will not be real. Therefore, if we want to know 'when and where did mathematics diverge' and if we desire to move nearer PHYSICAL reality, Plato's mathematically correct and possible zero-dimensional points must give way to the physically possible and real MONAD of the Pythagoreans, Leibniz, etc.

See my entry in the 2013 Essay Contest, On The Road Not Taken, http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/1764

The limitations of maths when applied to cosmology and physics in general depend on having the correct context in which to apply the mathematical analysis. The use of maths works well when we have a clear description of the physical assumptions and the physical model which determines the formulae to use and the way in which they are applied.

The problem with cosmology is that the evolution of the universe moves forward in time so we aim to work out what happened in the early universe by observing what we can detect today. It is possible to reverse the direction of time in the physical model but we cannot be sure that the evolution did not involve some major transition.

It is better to make certain initial assumptions and then analyse how we would expect the universe to evolve from those initial assumptions. The big bang model works up to a point but it has been necessary to introduce adaptations to make current observations fit with the model. These adaptations include the idea of inflation, dark matter and dark energy. It is not a limitation of mathematics which is the problem it is the choice of initial assumptions.

There are certain key assumptions in the big bang model such as the cosmological principle which has made the mathematical analysis possible but which may not be valid. Also, the question of whether the universe is infinite or finite and if finite does it have a spacetime boundary. The current view is that the universe is finite with a time boundary at time zero but no space boundary. This no boundary hypothesis has been justified by others on the basis that space is a three dimensional surface in a four dimensional space but then having said that they go back to an analysis using a spacetime of three space dimensions and one time dimension. This is inconsistent.

So if we take the basic assumption that we only have three space dimensions and one time dimension then there must be a space boundary or more correctly a spacetime boundary. Now if we start with this assumption we can use existing maths to describe the evolution of the model using primarily the ideas and equations of the general theory of relativity.

The evolution of the universe

The same approach can be applied at the other end of the size scale by challenging the initial assumptions and then applying mathematical modelling in a revised physical world view.

The unification of physics

The nature of mass

Richard

Here are poetries for a humble Review request ,and where as, and without ado : then

from the wild, circus of blatantly-forgotten-advocacy and wistful-proto- abstract representation, . . . Notice for now and/or take in: the naïve visual- philosophic- material as presented by,

http://vixra.org/pdf/1308.0091v7.pdf

and since it is natural , at such out-of- place introductions to procrastinate-, and plainly, just ask why I have addressed for your entertainment ,also a few, personal motivations for such instinctual delay ...

First of all I couldnt possibly answer that myself ; so regardless then .. , would such, arrive from :: ? uninvited urges, to make sense of things, tend in .. Apparent commonality and specious weakness to troll ego, into thoughts, or simply-another-tiny-Insight via the lights of fires long forgotten, or to futures,were they should never arrive;Creating then, satiation and an impulsive cultural cliffing to the untried, or more so, an overall ingrained-frozen-tribal hierarchical rant and warning to safety !

hmm do you already know enough ..? , it would be understandably sad , but maybe ,

You ,never the less, could have simply asked, what is this enclosed [thing],about well I remember when it started, long ago it was about a forbidded, varied illusion of mathematic Time. But for the present, I have grown more humble.and would leave such mystic interpretations to you,as mostly now: its left as an easily demonstrated standard construction and then pre-existent [interior-structure] for the real-numbers;and so ,is , in a sense .. uninterpreted ..hmm

or maybe one could have asked, what do you want from me Impudently and initially, if so, here finally, I would believe, it must be obvious :: if you would be so kind, to take some time, to read it or skim over it , and afterwards perhaps maybe [process this message forward] ; why

. . . . . . . . .

Ive honestly begun to wonder how these structural-thoughts are viewed from an other perspective,as in most of the world, such infinitesimal -or- pointed-set-conversations are curiously stunted or found in the-uncharted references of silence. So maybe you, or again then you might know someone, who could suspect and/or be the right individual to be interested in, or respond with augmenting constructive input or fathom some co-essence, to such instant-like terminal-things and additionally then, I feel that.. this work might then ,find, some unbiased appropriate review,maybe on: arxiv.org (but it seems, I need to woo, an endorsement for that..also-then-painfully-a-hint),

* Lastly, I have looked long and hard for previous work, which by a classic approach, completes the interior of [the Real-number-system] ; since it is such an obvious ,and small step, and could vastly reduce the necessary work as presented or then ,as such, would simply speed and improve the process (by evolutions in at-a-distance like-kind collabortion) . Where hopefully

lucky in return, you may have also gained ,here, some interesting experience, an awareness; and a few beginnings to an- apparent and yet easily passed-over treasure: ie. maths of the moment.

first though the associated work

http://vixra.org/pdf/1308.0091v7.pdf

again really:: I look forward to any-and-all of your input on this outlook, where in the likely and prosaic futures of what seems to me as a yet strange and thoroughly endless complete silence of response, of course, and then sincerely , I hope all remains well for you. -pw

Hi Tim,

It is obviously correct to me except that it doesn't go far enough. But, before I say more, I would like to see if there are any other response. Also, were examples of "a priori knowledge" given in the source for your quotes? Thank you.

James Putnam

Hi James,

I look forward to your further response. Regarding your question, all the quotes were intended as "scare quotes", not direct attribution (sorry for the confusion). To be sure, the argument is certainly not original to me, and I do have a favorite source. And yes, my favorite source does focus on (a) particular example(s) of a priori knowledge, but I thought it best to try to start myself off here as general as possible. If you don't mind, perhaps I will take after you and wait to see your (and any other?) response before muddying the waters further.

thank you,

tim

Tim Rappl,

Hello again. I had my attention drawn elsewhere. Sorry for the wait. I am posting a response below. It isn't about formal logic or mathematics. It represents my perspective on the extent of "a priori knowledge". I will expand it into an essay contest entry and post it perhaps this week. I hope you find it worth your while. Its main thrust is that the evidence for the existence of innate knowledge is provided by the empirical evidence of physics. Not by theoretical physics, but, certainly by empirical evidence:

We talk and write and, because others appear to learn from us, we think that we are teaching them. It is believed that learning comes from the outside world. However, what we receive from others are only signs. The teacher and student are exchanging only photons. Photons are the particle nature of electromagnetism. The ongoing bombardment of a storm of photons does not deliver knowledge. That rush of wildly mixed innumerable bits of data doesn't teach us. Who then is our teacher?

The photons come like a turbulent wind. They are signs of events occurring in the outside world for which we must recognize meanings. The photons are not the events. They are tiny bits of data about changes of velocities of particles of matter that have participated in the events. Individual photons signify tiny pieces of a complex whole. It is their arrangements that signify events in the outside world.

Those ever and always unique fleeting arrangements are what we have for guidance. We, subconsciously, try to fit meanings to them. We subconsciously choose from our innate knowledge the meanings that seem to best fit the photonic evidence for events of the outside world. It can often be easy to make correct associations. When our eyes are 'observing' events, our subconscious mind is working wonderfully well at telling our conscious mind what we are probably seeing.

An incredible amount of data is being analyzed faster than we can see. This ability could not have been acquired by repetition. There has never been repetition. The photonic arrangements are never repeated. The signs are always new. We can pick out patterns in those arrangements only if we already know those patterns. We absorb the photons. We pick out the likely patterns. We do this instinctively.

Instinctive behavior is evidence for the existence of innate knowledge. Instinct means that we have the knowledge necessary to carry out an act without having previously been made aware of it. It originates from inside us. Instinctual knowledge is innate. That innate knowledge is genetically delivered to us.

We do not learn meanings from signs. Words, spoken or written or, what both are physically received as, patterns of photonic bits of data, are only signs. We provide the meanings. Knowledge of meanings must already be available to us before signs can point us toward them. Since we successfully interpret the photon storm, we can know that knowledge of meanings is innate.

James

Hello James,

I agree 'instinctual knowledge' is 'innate'. But why not 'culturally determined'? Bringing us full circle to 'learned'. But not 'consciously determined'. We cannot help knowing the innate knowledge we know.

Constantinos

Tim,

Thank you for you very kind message. My essay will discuss innateness further, tentatively including: Knowledge; Emotions; Meanings; Physics; Free will; and, Leading.

James

Hi Constantinos,

I wasn't completely clear about you concerns, but, I think this begins addressing them:

Our knowledge of patterns and their meanings is innate. If we don't already know it, we can't learn it. The process by which our innate knowledge interprets the meanings of photon data is instinctual. We don't learn how to do it. The conclusions we reach about the meanings of photon data are neither instinctual nor innate. They are always original compilations of meanings. They are not exact and they can't be certain. The complex mixture of discrete data prevents that. Also, our judgment enters into it. However, we are naturally intelligent enough to most often choose the best most correct conclusions.

The conclusions may be information of mechanical, cultural, moral, or mystical types, etc. We may reach conclusions about future expectations or past histories. Conclusions can be ours or someone else's. But, we personally reach both kinds of conclusions. Someone else can be expertly communicating their viewpoint, but, we can get it wrong because, we conclude what their communication means. We use our will and are free of their will. We have own free will.

Free will exists. We know this because we can choose to not be chained to knowledge of the past. We regularly advance into new levels of understanding that break with the past. (there will be more said in my essay.)

Thank you for your interest,

James

James,

We can learn 'innate'. Just as we can aquire 'instincts'. I think, however, you are saying something else. Am I wrong to think so?

Constantinos

Constantinos,

When I referred to the arrival of photon data as the 'photon storm', I described a naturally occurring circumstance where communication cannot occur unless the meanings necessary to understand are already in our possession. I used the word innate when referring to the status of meanings. I used the word instinct to describe the process by which we interpret photon data. The definition of the word innate, a dictionary definition, which I am using is: belonging to a person's nature; originating in the mind itself; not acquired from direct experience. My stated meaning for the word instinct is: having the knowledge to perform an act without having previously been made aware of it. A dictionary meaning is: a specific, complex pattern of responses be an organism, which is quite independent of any thought processes.

James

James,

I do realize your 'meaning' of 'innate' and 'instinct'. And that's my point. "communication cannot occur unless the meanings necessary to understand are already in our possession". I agree. I cannot understand a mathematical theorem, for example, "unless the meanings necessary to understand are already in [my] possession". But these can be learned and in some cases even experienced and can become 'instincts'.

Can "innate knowledge" be "learned"? I argue, "yes" you argue "no". Am I wrong?

Constantinos

P.S. I wont argue any of this unless I felt this defines in some profound way our understanding of our 'human being' and our attitude towards one another.

Constantinos,

"I do realize your 'meaning' of 'innate' and 'instinct'."

They are the meanings.

"And that's my point. "communication cannot occur unless the meanings necessary to understand are already in our possession". I agree. I cannot understand a mathematical theorem, for example, "unless the meanings necessary to understand are already in [my] possession". But these can be learned..."

How do you learn them?

"...and in some cases even experienced and can become 'instincts'."

If you acquired it by experience then it was not instinct.

"Can "innate knowledge" be "learned"? I argue, "yes" you argue" "no". Am I wrong?"

If you learned it then it was not innate.

I think the importance point you can explain is: How do you learn?

"P.S. I wont argue any of this unless I felt this defines in some profound way our understanding of our 'human being' and our attitude towards one another."

It does that and more. My essay will say more. I don't think that will make it more agreeable, but, it will further explain what I say is shown by empirical evidence.

James

James,

We become by what we experience. We can learn from experience without being 'conscious' of what we have innately become. And 'experience' requires 'environment'. Thus, we collectively are responsible for the 'environment' that shapes who we are.

Your argument reminds me of Zeno's Paradox. While the Paradox argues motion is not possible, we know we move!

I think you think all learning as being 'conscious learning'. While I don't. And that may be the difference. I am interested in your viewpoint because of that difference.

Constantinos

Constantinos,

Innate means we were born with it. Instinct means we were born with it. I asked how you learn. I described the 'photon storm'. Whatever is experienced is experienced in that manner. The answer to how we learn requires explaining how we discern meaning in the 'photon storm'. You may drop my terminology and use your own, but you need to address how you learn from photon data. Learning doesn't begin by what you see. Learning begins by you constructing what you see. You don't see anything until after you decide what you will see. How do you decide from photon data what image you will generate for yourself to see?

James Putnam

James,

We 'learn' by 'being'. The 'photon storm' is only your description of how and what we experience. Like Zeno, it locks you into a logical Paradox. Try 'being influenced by our environment' as a way out of that Paradox. As 'moving' answers Zeno.

Kostas