In Search of Continuity: Thoughts of an Epistemic Empiricist by Ian Durham

Alan wrote:

"Why do like charges attract and opposites repell? The mechanism is an enigma."

Electrical charges of equal sign repel each other as also do equal magnetic poles. Hence the magnetic north pole of earth is located at the geographic south pole. Isn't there a quite simple explanation for this "enigma"? Separation of opposite charges stores potential energy.

Eckard

I've written quite a precise and technical argument, based on general consideration of effective quantum field theories, but I think it is based on the same intuition. Certainly there could be loopholes in the argument (I've pointed out some myself), but if you choose a discrete model out of a hat without carefully considering the question of Lorentz invariance (and hence causality), chances are that it is either inconsistent or in violations of known facts about the real world, or both.

Dear Sir,

We were following your views on gravity and Coulomb's law. Here is our comment on that.

Before we discuss whether the force we were referring to was gravity, we will like to discuss something about force itself. A force is experienced only in a field (we call it rayi). Thus, it is a conjugate of the field. If something is placed in a field, it experiences something else. This something else is a kind of force. Depending upon the density variations of the field, we experience the force differently. Hence we call it by different names. While the field is one, the forces are many. Since they are conjugates, we can also say that different forces create different variations in the field.

The basic nature of the field is equilibrium. The basic nature of forces is displacement. This gives rise to two different types of inertia: inertia of motion due to forces and inertia of restoration (elasticity) due to the field. This leads to both these inertia acting against a point of equilibrium. In such a scenario, the combined effect leads to confinement around the point of equilibrium. The confined structure is called particle. Thus, all particles have a central point of mass or nucleus, an extra nuclear field surrounding it and fixed orbitals confining it. This is the common feature of all particles be they quarks or the Cosmos. The confinement may also cover the field without the central point. This is caused due to non-linear interaction of the forces. We will describe the mechanism separately. In such a case the field behaves like a fluid. The latest finding of LHC is that the Universe was created from such a super-fluid and not gases. The confined field also interacts with the Universal field due to difference in density. This in turn modifies the nature of interactions at different points in the medium (Universal field).

A force can act only between two particles as only a particle can influence the field, which in turn can be experienced by another particle. If the external force of the field is more than the confining force of the two particles, then the two particles break up and join to form a new particle. We call this "sambhuti". In the opposite case, the two particles experience the force without being internally affected. The force acts between the centers' of mass of each treating each as a point particle. We call it "bibhuti". This second category of relationship, which we call "udyaama", is known as gravity. Since it stabilizes the two bodies at the maximum permissible distance between them depending upon their respective masses, we call it "urugaaya pratisthaa". For reasons to be discussed separately, this is possible only if gravity is treated as a composite force.

The first category of forces, which are interactions between two bodies, acts differently based on proximity-proximity, proximity-distance, distance - proximity and distance - distance variables. We call these relationships "antaryaama", "vahiryaama", "upayaama" and "yaatayaama" respectively. This interaction affects the field also inducing various local disturbances. These disturbances are known as "nitya gati", "yagnya gati", "samprasaada gati" and "saamparaaya gati" respectively. Any particle entering the field at those points feels these disturbances, which are known as the strong nuclear interaction, weak nuclear interaction, electromagnetic interaction and radioactive disintegration respectively. Thus, you can see that gravity belongs to a completely different group of forces and cannot be integrated with other fundamental forces of Nature in the normal process. Yet, it has a different function by which other forces can be derived from it. We will discuss that separately.

According to our theory, gravity is a composite force of seven forces that are generated based on their charge. Thus, they are related to charge interactions. But we do not accept Coulomb's law. We have a different theory for it. We derive it from fundamental principles.

According to our theory, all particles are locally confined fields. This confinement takes a three fold structure for the particle - center of mass or nucleus, extra-nuclear field and the confining orbitals. If we take into account the external field with which the particle interacts, it becomes a four-fold (3+1) structure. The particle interacts with the field in two ways. If the internal energy distribution cancels each other with a little inward pull, then it behaves as a stable particle. Thus, we have derived theoretically the charge of proton in electron units not +1, but +10/11. Similarly, the charge of neutron is not 0, but -1/11. This makes the atom slightly negatively charged. This excess negative charge is not experienced out side as it is directed towards nucleus. But it is released during fusion and fission.

The confinement described above takes place where the external field dominates to confine the particle. Here the particle becomes negatively charged. In the opposite case, the particle becomes positively charged. The particles are classified as positively charged or negatively charged according to whether the external field dominates over confinement or the confined force dominates over the local field. Since equilibrium is inherent in Nature, in either case, the particles search for their complements to become full. The less negative part of the proton (since it is +10/11, it has -1/11 negative charge) seeks to couple with the electron to become -1/11. This makes hydrogen atom highly reactionary.

The combined charge of proton and electron (-1/11) seeks the neutron since it has an equal charge. Thus, the opposites do not attract and same charge does not repel. It is not the opposite either. The charge interaction can be of four types:

positive + positive = explosive.

Positive + negative (total interaction) = internally creative (increased atomic number)

Positive + negative (partial interaction) = externally creative (becomes an ion)

Negative + negative = no reaction.

Regards,

basudeba.

Dear Sir,

Further to our comments above, we will like to add the following.

In Coulomb's law, F = k Q1 x Q2 /d^2. In a charge neutral object, either Q1 or Q2 will be zero reducing the whole equation to zero. This implies that no interaction is possible between a charged object and a charge neutral object. But this is contrary to experience. Hence the format of Coulomb's law is wrong.

When we said "positive positive = explosive", what we meant was the fusion reaction tat leads to unleashing of huge amounts of energy. Its opposite is also true, but since it is reduction, there is less energy release.

Positive negative (total interaction) = internally creative (increased atomic number.) This means that if one proton and one electron is added to the atom, the atomic number goes up.

Positive negative (partial interaction) = externally creative (becomes an ion.) This means that if one proton or one electron is added to the atom, the atom becomes ionic.

Negative negative = no reaction. What actually it means that though there will be no reaction between the two negatively charged particles; they will appear to repel each other as their nature is confinement. Like two pots that confine water cannot occupy the same place and if one is placed near another with some areas overlapping, then both repel each other. This is shown in the "Wheeler's Aharonov-Bohm experiment".

Regards,

basudeba

I take that as a compliment still Ian. It does take some thinking about yes, especially if you've been used to something else for a long perhaps. The magnetic force is a scale larger and is again due to the pattern of graviton flux emission and absorption of the neucleons in fluid-to-solid crytsal structures. It's the scale of molecular crystal lattice solids like iron which provide the magnetic pattern of graviton emission. Ultimately, it's the rotation and density of matter in a small confined space, held together by gravity which gives the minerals and rocks we know today and are familiar with. Matter can't be understood without a working knowledge of it's history and formation.

Kind regards,

Alan

Dear Ian

I hope you are feeling better about your loss. I just saw your note dated the day before the Japan earthquake...Sorry to respond to it so late and say thanks for making the effort to read my fqxi paper. I hope it encourages you to look at my earlier longer paper where I have spelled out my theory. Enjoy your conference.

Best wishes from Vladimir

It sounds to me like you will be taking a filing cabinet worth of papers!

Robert

Dear Prof. Durham,

Good luck at the conference,and I look forward to your comments.

Robert

Dear Sir,

We are an amateur and it is natural for us to misunderstand. But you have not replied to the points raised by us. The only point you covered in your reply is also an admission that it is a borrowed idea and a restatement of what you had told earlier (and which we had refuted with proof).

Even if you have taken something from another Scientists papers, you should have understood it fully before including it in your essay without citation (which gave the impression that it was your original work.) On the face of it, "a state of knowledge in that it gives us a certain *degree* or *level* of knowledge rather than providing complete knowledge" implies partial knowledge. If we are to divide knowledge as "complete knowledge" and "partial knowledge", that must be the darkest day for science, because "a little knowledge is a dangerous thing".

The word Science was derived from the root "scio", which means knowledge. Thus, your interpretation is not science. There is no place for half knowledge in science. Kindly clarify whether you are writting science or fiction?

Regards,

basudeba.