Essay Abstract
By reviewing the findings of 43 years of research into educational assessment practices, the authors show that learning is both digital (accumulative) and analog (transformational). They challenge current scoring practices of treating it solely as digital and present a procedure that captures both aspects of learning. If one aspect of reality is both analog as digital, as Heisenberg suggests, all reality must be both as well.
Author Bio
J. C. Powell: Born in 1931, he completer his Ph.D. in 1970, focusing upon the interpretation of alternative answers on tests. Along with the late Dr. N. Shklov he developed in the 1980s a statistical procedure that bypasses linear dependency. Since then he has applied this procedure to several data sets and shown the invalidity of current test-scoring practices. J. Bernauer Id a collegue of hie wife at Robert Morris University who became interested in this work. Vishnu Agnihotri is a contact made through IMPS1009 in Cambridge, UK.