Subtext: Is Reality Digital or Analog? (Our Universe, Science and Potentials in Review) by Russ W Otter

Dear Sir,

You are absolutely right on your fundamental question: 'When we began, or when we end'. In absolute terms, there is no answer to this question. But then, our essay offers a partial solution to this conundrum. We are concerned about the 'present' that affect us. For us, this 'present' stretches in cycles - each cycle with a beginning and an end. These are evident in all aspects of Nature. While the cycle is one, every segment of it is subdivided into past, present and future in a relativistic manner. The number of such cycles are infinite and we can never fathom it. But we can manage without this information. All we can focus on is the present cycle, which is a digital segment of the analog infinity. If you take a bucket of water from the ocean, it is real. By this way you cannot measure the ocean. But it does not affect the reality of the bucketful of water, with which we are concerned. In general, the principle is: there is no 'many' in 'one'. But without 'one' there cannot be 'many'. Thus, in the ultimate analysis, there is no difference how you describe it. When you are referring to 'one', you are right. When you are referring to 'many', you are also right. Thus, though 'Alpha' is not attainable, it does not make any difference.

We did not 'debunk or content an agreement that "scalar" is not a part of entanglement'. What we meant is that scalar implies directionless fixedity - whereas entanglement implies a mobile relationship. Thus, they cannot be used in unison. Regarding relative distance, we had shown that Einstein's description of length contraction in moving bodies and his mathematics are both wrong. But relative distances are facts of life that do affect us. To that extent, it behaves locally.

You are absolutely correct that containment is a multiple meaning word and that there cannot be a center point in infinity. We were talking not about many, but one. The one can come out of infinity as a designated segment. This segment and not the infinite is contained and has a center. Otherwise, it would not be one. We agree that finite terminologies constrict us. But we are just that - constrained in time and space. Without these constraints, we have no existence. But this does not affect the Infinity. We are a segment of infinity. Infinity is a segment of us.

Sir,

We start from the Infinity and come to this constrained existence following Natural principles and Natural mathematics. Intentionally, we have kept ourselves away from the complex modern 'mathematics', which are really not needed to explain reality, but only manipulated to spread the cult of incomprehensibility to perpetuate one's greatness and lead a cozy life at public expenses. Such mathematics fails the test of logical consistency. Hence we call such descriptions un-mathematical. Modern system of education crams data in the minds of students and the rat race for excellence leaves no time for the students to reflect on the true meaning of what they have been taught. Thus, it makes them blindly believe what has been told to them. Modern scientists are the biggest lot of superstitious persons. But then it is they who decide the course of education and science!

Regards,

basudeba.

Dear Basudeba,

We are largely in agreement, based on this last reply. Infinity is not definable, and actually not important, relative to the moment in which we exist and cycle through time and no doubt time and time again, in some form or another.

So I defer to you and your premise. However Not all students are under the guise of a constrained training. NOTE: You probably know that as well. Even more so today, given the openness of thought that is growing, as the physicists, or rather the titans of the past have provided some foundations, they are not without exceptions or complete alteration, as new students move forward with the promise of open and truer knowledge and thought.

I fully agree that many of the past shoulders of knowledge are of limited value, given limited knowledge at the time of a past long gone by.

Therefore "invented knowledge" is largely the history of our past, and the superstition's you spoke of that go along with that subjective knowledge; we do still base much of our current truths upon. Errantly in some cases, but not all cases, I would venture to safely assume.

The ship we both sail is headed toward the same destination...

Thanks again for your illuminating thoughts... And again every good wish toward your final summation in the near future.

Thanks very much once again, Russ

PS... When you publish, I hope you might include me in a notice: russotter@verizon.net

Thank you Sir,

We will definitely remember.

Regards,

basudeba

Dear Sir,

We had posted a comment below the Essay of Mr. Armin Nikkhah Shirazi. We think you will be interested in it. Hence we are posting a copy here.

The validity of a physical statement rests with its correspondence to reality. We do not see how this condition could be satisfied in the description of Mr. Armin Nikkhah Shirazi's area-time.

He has correctly described the relationship of Area that is related to two dimensional fields and Volume that is related to three dimensional structures. Both are related to the radius r or rather d or 2r. When r is reduced, obviously both are proportionately reduced. But it does not make a sphere (a three dimensional structure) flat, i.e., a circle (a two dimensional structure). Appearance may or may not be reality. We have shown in our essay that what we see is not the same as what we measure. The difference can be shown mathematically as follows:

Write down the formula for the Volume and Surface Area of the Sphere. Here the numbers 4/3 and 4 respectively and pi are constants. The only variable is r. Both vary according to the variations of r. Thus, these variations are proportionate and depend upon the value of r.

Now divide both the formulae by 4 pi r^2.

The result: r/3 varies with one.

Or r varies with 3.

This means that for every increase of r by unity, circumference of the sphere increases by 3, whereas we know that it actually increases by pi or 3.141.... Since circumference of the sphere is related to the diameter of the cylinder containing the sphere, which is used to determine the values of the Volume and Surface Area of the sphere, it is also related to the Volume and Surface Area of the sphere. Thus, there is an anomaly. The other mathematical derivations of the values of the Volume and Surface Area of the sphere are also not strictly exact, but near approximations. Thus, the anomaly is not explained by these.

The anomaly is further reinforced by the size of the radius of atoms using a scanning tunneling microscope. On the periodic table of the elements, atomic radius size tends to increase when moving down columns (periods), but decrease when moving across rows (groups). While the increase in size with increase in period is understandable, the decrease in size with increase in group Number has not been satisfactorily explained. We explain those differently, which also solves the anomaly of pi vs 3 and derives the value of pi from fundamental principles.

We treat gravity not as a force that pulls, but a force that stabilizes - be it the atomic orbit or the planetary orbits. We also treat gravity not as a single force but as a composite force of 7, which we derive from fundamental principles. These 7 forces five rise to the 7 periods. Each atom also has these 7 varieties of gravity in it, which regulates its internal dynamics. Their inter-relationship is reveled from the inter-relationship of the energy levels of the s, p, d and f orbitals. As we have derived earlier, r varies as 3. The r is determined by these 7 forces collectively. Thus, the atom has a 7 x 3 = 21 layered structure. While this constitutes the nucleus, the electrons that confine these fall into a different category. The nucleus part is subject to fermionic rules of exclusion. But the electron orbits are subject to the bosonic principle of superposition. Thus, the bigger the atomic number, the bigger the force of confinement. The electron sea is responsible for our perception of the object. But since they do not have a fixed structure like the nuclear part, they are not apparent in measurement. This explains the ratio r varies with (21/7) 3. This also explains the perceived value of pi as (22/7) 3.141...

Regards,

basudeba.

Dear Russ,

Wisdom is more important than imagination is more important than knowledge for all the we know is just an imagination chosen wisely.

Please read Theory of everything at your convenience posted by me in this contest.

Who am I? I am virtual reality, I is absolute truth.

Love,

Sridattadev.

Dear Basudeba,

You sir, are going to blow my head up! This is indeed on a mathematical level heady stuff, but on a practical or intuitive, as practical or intuitive can be given our implicit set of existences (ontology, and physical reality) or finite and the infinite, we are again - a twain that shall not meet.

Simply ask the test question: "When is "Alpha"? No answer is pending.

The essay by "Shirazi" is obviously brilliant, and attempts to do what we all should do, and that is find the hidden links between ontology and physical reality. But even in his conclusion, he makes no claim of doing any such thing. He only suggests this may be a starting point.

One particular issue is the concept of area-time or area without volume. How is that actually accomplished? As a 2 dimensional world still has volume. Some of the assumptions are based on some things we know, but also on "unknowns, but it perhaps, simply needs to be worded differently to be even more succinct.

Many of "Shirazi's" assumptions or logical assumptions, are still assumptions. I enjoyed his essay and his firm work as it challenged, in my mind, "Special Relativity" and many of the heretofore assumptions we hold as sacrosanct, and may have miles to go before they are fully baked... Within our modern day physics, as you know, our current guidelines we key off of several errant premises, to our loss.

As I still argue that E = E(*), and that Schr¨odinger's cat analogy is flawed as it uses a classical sized cat, with a precept, based on quantum mechanics. The two (Macro/Micro) do not to my knowledge play well together, and when we do that we are often led astray. So "Stray Cat" find a good home someday in reality - I hope. But stay out of the formula for which you are named.

Again, I do not see any conclusive or even the suggestion of a conclusion which would tie our two paradigms of the infinite and the finite together.

But the effort is highly noteworthy to me. The possibility of zero volume is a philosophical fact, but not a mathematical one. Zero volume portends of a singularity, and that is not even an assumption we can prove. Whereby zero volume is as possibly a duality of all volume at the same moment, as well - within the infinite.

Again, I think his paper is exceedingly well done, and opens up new challenges to pursue, but as for "Ontology and Quantum Wave Collapse" bridging our knowledge to encompass the infinite. NO. By definition, the infinite will defy all finite explanation. If it does ever so-called lend itself to a definition, then - it is no longer infinite.

Thanks again for your thoughts,

Russ

Dear Basudeba,

You sir, are going to blow my head up! This is indeed on a mathematical level heady stuff, but on a practical or intuitive, as practical or intuitive can be given our implicit set of existences (ontology, and physical reality) or finite and the infinite, we are again - a twain that shall not meet.

Simply ask the test question: "When is "Alpha"? No answer is pending.

The essay by "Shirazi" is obviously brilliant, and attempts to do what we all should do, and that is find the hidden links between ontology and physical reality. But even in his conclusion, he makes no claim of doing any such thing. He only suggests this may be a starting point.

One particular issue is the concept of area-time or area without volume. How is that actually accomplished? As a 2 dimensional world still has volume. Some of the assumptions are based on some things we know, but also on "unknowns, but it perhaps, simply needs to be worded differently to be even more succinct.

Many of "Shirazi's" assumptions or logical assumptions, are still assumptions. I enjoyed his essay and his firm work as it challenged, in my mind, "Special Relativity" and many of the heretofore assumptions we hold as sacrosanct, and may have miles to go before they are fully baked... Within our modern day physics, as you know, our current guidelines we key off of several errant premises, to our loss.

As I still argue that E = E(*), and that Schr¨odinger's cat analogy is flawed as it uses a classical sized cat, with a precept, based on quantum mechanics. The two (Macro/Micro) do not to my knowledge play well together, and when we do that we are often led astray. So "Stray Cat" find a good home someday in reality - I hope. But stay out of the formula for which you are named.

Again, I do not see any conclusive or even the suggestion of a conclusion which would tie our two paradigms of the infinite and the finite together.

But the effort is highly noteworthy to me. The possibility of zero volume is a philosophical fact, but not a mathematical one. Zero volume portends of a singularity, and that is not even an assumption we can prove. Whereby zero volume is as possibly a duality of all volume at the same moment, as well - within the infinite.

Again, I think his paper is exceedingly well done, and opens up new challenges to pursue, but as for "Ontology and Quantum Wave Collapse" bridging our knowledge to encompass the infinite. NO. By definition, the infinite will defy all finite explanation. If it does ever so-called lend itself to a definition, then - it is no longer infinite.

Thanks again for your thoughts,

Russ

Dear Sridattadev (Anonymous),

Much thanks for your request of me to read your Essay... It is of a soothing nature, albeit a paradox as all things in ultimate truth are. That is what existence is and is not. That is why we have a finite and infinite set of paradigms, that keep us in balance. (If balance is the right word, given the horror, and hardship, the finite world continues to engage so greatly in.)

However, if one transcends to the infinite, one gives up ego, knowledge, joy, love, and pain all at the same time. Infinity is an undefined reality, as it must be. To live in the finite is to engage in a world of choices and opposites, unlike infinity. That is why I have said, the two will never meet.

In less than scientific terms: Everything is Nothing - And Nothing is Everything. That is the reality that science will never answer, nor any mathematical proof. It is I believe both your digital and analog analysis combined...

I agree with your many observations, that are actually paradoxes. As that is the ultimate truth in life.

However, life is of a "finite" existence for you and I, and all who live, so from there you are correct we are wise to seek wisdom, and to know that imagination is greater than knowledge.

But I do hope that in time, Knowledge, will improve and world suffering will begin to reduce itself by way of new technologies to provide better care for the harmed in this world.

All the very best to you, as you seem to be a gentle soul - with much love,

Russ

Dear Russ,

Thank you for your kind words and understanding. I hope and dream that humanity gets wiser and uses its imagination for greater good of all beings on this planet going forward. But looking at things as they are now, I fear it could be other way around and humanity will lead towards total destruction of fragile life on this planet. As you said I am just another soul who has experienced life and made some observations and expressed them as several many great people before. With this knowledge at hand I wish to do my part before departing from here to encourage as many as possible to start loving and caring for life as a whole.

Love,

Sridattadev.

Dear Sridattadev,

Wonderfully said... My hopes are with you and your disposition.

With kindness always,

Russ

Dear Basudeba,

I am absolutist when it comes to a "Twain that shall never meet", until someone explains how the "Finite" and "Infinite" are of the same disciplines.

They are not, from everything I know in my deepest of intuition, or from the deepest of mathematical principles.

However, they may meet by way of philosophical beliefs or faith, however beyond that reality, I must agree we do depart.

I am not saying that I am right or correct, as I do not know everything, but short of some knowledge that shows me otherwise, I must defer to my own common sense and knowledge of reality.

As to your reference of me only referring to the "ancestors", I believe I am assuming you mean to question my thoughts about: "The question regarding the "Alpha" or beginning. But I also include the "Omega" as well.

If I am correct you derive this from the comment that "You are only focused on one line", in paragraph two.

My focus is far more "Universal" (or from all lines or all volumes 2D or 3D.)

As you noted from an article in October of 2005, that the micro and macro worlds on a chemical basis proves you right, that those two systems are the same mathematically, does not in my view endeavor to indicate that the "Finite" or the "Infinite" are the same in language or structure. Even though they may have some similarity, that still becomes an assumptive far-reach to equate them as the same. Or as you and I mentioned a "Twain that shall Never Meet." For me that is truth on a mathematical level, but perhaps not on a philosophical level.

Your comments about volume have merit. However, in point of fact, outside of conventional mathematics or traditional assumptions, a linear line still has volume, anyway you slice it. NOTE: It does not take three-dimension's to create mass or volume, instinctively speaking... Truthfully a linear line is actually three dimensional, depending on your measuring requirements (point of reference.) A two-dimensional design to some observer, is actually a three-dimensional design to another observer. It all depends on the size you are viewing. This is a rub or problem, which very few will admit too. But the truth remains. Much as "Infinity" is "Infinity" and the "Finite" is the "Finite."

You also make a good point about "Determinism" , however you mix philosophy with mathematics, as I understand it, and in so doing, you may be correct. But only from an un-scientific philosophical, and even perhaps a correct point of view. But not from a point of view that is measurable or within the purview of a proof. On that point - I cannot concede any truth or value.

• I still hope you will include me in your summation of the document you are working on, as it may have some illuminating aspects that will enlighten me. However, as you can tell I am a hard nut to crack... But I thank you for your diligent and thoughtful work. As this is how we progress for the better...

This is fun stuff we are discussing, and I appreciate your perspectives... I am learning from our discourse. And I thank you...

Sincerely, Russ

Rus

I enjoyed your essay, thank you. and agree you have identified a number of vary salient points and truisms seemingly lost to current physics. I then noticed that, like me, you're not a physicist, which helps explain that! I too have always loved Cosmology, and really wonder sometimes how on earth (pun?) cosmology can be 'taught'. As a non physicist it deserves a high score. I particularly agreed with your comment;

"The current notion of SpaceTime is highly likely askew.. I would suggest that All things are quantized: Remember even a straight line or circles are arguably a combination of bits. So whether gravity, as well as space and time are quantized at a sub-atomic micro-level, and or a macro-level, or perhaps morph in the process, or not: Please remember that Natural Forces are created equal at a base level, even as Space and Time are constants within both infinity and a finite existence."

I also hope you'll read mine, which develops this to the ultimate extent and derives a falsifiable model producing both SR and GR with a quantum mechanism. But I'm surrounded by professional physicists and struggling so if you like mine please do return the compliment. If you want to understand the model read carefully and be prepared to stretch your conceptual dynamic visualisation skill. You may also enjoy reading the thought experiments in the string if necessary.

Thanks, and best of luck

Peter

Dear Peter,

Thank you for your interest in my essay. I clearly enjoy the fact that you, like myself are not a physicist. However, my friend, (if I can be so familiar), you have demonstrated a highly evolved understanding of both physics as well as a depth of mathematics. Congratulation's...

Your essay is detailed and should be acknowledged as such for its technical prowess from a beginning to an end with the technical capabilities afforded the very few in this world.

Your comment: " Separate disciplines are imposed by man yet all nature must be connected." Is a profound perspective for those who grasp the open ended nature of your work. And you do attempt to be open-ended in some of your conclusions or suppositions. That is all to the good. From my perspective. It opens doors to all of us to pursue.

I too as you know, question the historical shoulders, we have built ourselves upon. And your understanding of "dielectric" science, interests me a great deal, as you may have noted that I do believe in "Natural Energies" (Electrostatics, Magnetism, and Gravity) as a means to develop via both linear and non-linear structures virtually continuous motion. Albeit you mention that M=E, I still maintain that Natural E = E(*) regressing to M :As M=E is true, it is not exclusive, given dimensional and natural forces in combination with 2 dimensional leverage. Hence 1 = 2, then regresses to 0, then repeats itself again and again...

If you ever what to pursue this please contact me at: russotter@verizon.net

Again, Your Essay as many others I have read - is detailed and brilliant. I am sure you enjoy your mastery of the greatest field of knowledge: Physics...

All the best to you - Most Sincerely, And Thank you for Sharing...

Russ

Dear Sir,

We stand by our comments mathematically and not philosophically provided your mathematics is natural and not manipulative. You say: "Infinity" is "Infinity" and the "Finite" is the "Finite." We also say the same thing. Infinity is not a big number. At many places we have explained the scientifically proper definition of infinity and said that no mathematics is possible using infinity. However, different infinities like time and space co-exist. Mathematics is for finite sets only.

You say: "a linear line still has volume, anyway you slice it." But what is a linear line? It is the distance between two points. Two points on what? Obviously on some object that has mass, which means it has volume. Thus your description of slicing the line actually means slicing the object on which the line has been drawn, as the line has no separate identity of its own. Thus, your statement does not contradict ours.

You say: "a linear line is actually three dimensional, depending on your measuring requirements (point of reference.) A two-dimensional design to some observer is actually a three-dimensional design to another observer. It all depends on the size you are viewing." The moment you talk of size, you imply distances, areas and volumes respectively of one, two and three dimensional objects. Since these dimensions are not exclusive, but the lesser dimension is contained in the higher dimension, a three dimensional object can have distance and area also. To this extent you do not contradict us. These are proven facts. But can you show the volume of the distance between two points on two adjacent hill tops?

We have shown that left hand side of any equation (physical theory or chemical reaction) denotes free-will as we are free to choose the parameters. But the right hand side is deterministic, as once all the parameters are chosen, they behave according to fixed rules. Surely you will not dispute that an equation is not mathematics but un-scientific philosophy. The result of the equation is certainly "measurable or within the purview of a proof". Thus the twain meet.

It is easy to explain something to someone who is ignorant. It is impossible to explain something to someone who has limited knowledge and a closed mind. But it is intellectually stimulating to convince a seeker of truth with an open mind about the validity or truth content of a theory. We are confident that THE TWAIN WILL MEET.

We have posted something below the Essay of Mr. B.N. SREENATH. This is relating to why gravity cannot be integrated with other fundamental forces of Nature and the mechanism of particle formation. You may like to see it.

Regards,

basudeba

Dear Basudeba,

Thank you once again for keeping me on my toes... Your reply, in the first 4 paragraphs, demonstrates your sound understanding, and well written capabilities to grasp a concept and delineate it with great perception.

Your paragraph 5 shows your great sense of thoughtfulness, wisdom, and humor as well. I hope I land somewhere is the better part of that paragraph!

We indeed are on the same page based on your reply. The problem may solely rest with me, in my explaining of "The Twain that Shall Never Meet." (At least I hope.) So without reviewing my previous words on this phrase, I will take a fresh start at it:

When I speak of the "Infinite" and "Finite", I am speaking about 2 elements of existence that co-exist, but are of distinctions, that have no conscious relationship to one another, other than as you stated, perhaps Time and Space. But because two entities have like qualities does not necessitate commonality and or sameness.

I know you believe these to be separate elements, but I assume you believe that they marry-up in a common form of consciousness or perhaps even a mathematical proof, not yet discovered, or in some other form of consciousness not yet understood. If you do believe that? A-OK. I just simply do not. Albeit they are partners of our existence, they are in poetic terms, and could no doubt be said in better terms: "A Twain that will never Meet." I believe that. Please let me try to explain why:

Somewhere in my previous rhetoric, I must has paraphrased that the "Infinite" by definition cannot, will not, and must not be defined, by sentient beings. As to do so would be to circumscribe and limit it, therefore it cannot be infinite. And believe me - I have spent unending days and nights trying to understand infinity over my life time (That of Time and Space (part and parcel.))

The Proof is this:

1. Sentient Beings are "Finite and for sake of argument co-exist in the "Infinite", (as Finite things are the result of the Infinite) However since sentient "finite objects" live within the infinite, they are not the infinite, otherwise, they would be of a duality (Finite and Infinite). Dualities are not and cannot be "Infinite".

a. Hence Proof number 1 is an Absolute that cannot violate itself.

2. Infinity by definition, has no center-point, is boundless, has no beginning and no end, hence it will never be understood by a sentient mind, by mathematics or philosophy, as this would violate both Proof 1 and 2.

3. I want to also note that within an "infinite" existence, there can be no love, no joy, no pain, no knowledge, no ego. As to apply any attribute to the infinite, is to limit it and define it. And that which cannot be understood cannot be defined in our conventional terms. Such as A = A. Again, such provinces of mathematics exist solely to the "Finite" species.

4. Infinity is Impossible to all Logic: For instance: No Alpha, No Omega. [COME ON -How does that make any logical sense?] However the inverse of that is the "Finite", which grows and lives by way of hopeful logic, along with selfishness and illogic as well. But the decent goal for sentient beings is the "Golden Rule" and the growth of Knowledge to better humanities health and caring. But again, I begin to digress. But logic keeps on track, for which the "Infinite" and the "Finite" are of such implicit opposites, that they co-exist, but can never, will never and must never meet. "Just to repeat myself."

When dealing with the "Infinite" and the "Finite" we lose the ability to have a left hand and a right hand proof, since they are not able to communicate by logic or reason.

Therefore this is a "Twain That Shall Never Meet.

We live within this imponderable unknown of life itself. Both of the Finite (conscious, ego and boundaries) and Infinite (unconscious, no ego, and no boundaries).

So Co-Exsist, I will concede, but Meet, or understand the infinite from a finite life form. Just does not add up!

Cheers, Russ

PS... Thank you for the reference to read Mr. B.N. Sreenath. I have not do that yet, but will soon. Thanks much...

Dear Sir,

Friendship arises between person who share a common purpose in life and common approach to life. Both us have this commonality. Hence the twain shall meet.

We fully agree with your descriptions of infinity and respect you for raising such fundamental questions. The only problem is you are looking at a segment of a vast expanse that gives you a different impression about its true nature. We have answers for all your queries. However, it is not the opportune time to discuss it fully. We are refraining from discussing it partially lest it may be misunderstood. As you have seen, we are giving an alternative explanation of most phenomenon. Unless you are conversant with our concepts, you will mix it up with your other concepts and think that what we are talking does not make sense. Clearly, we are talking about an alternative science, which is conceptually complete by itself, though we cannot say that about its application. We have a detailed mechanism by which we can explain the creation in its entirety including consciousness or as you say sentient beings. We derive all fundamental forces of Nature from one self-sustaining mechanism or principle and explain structure formation to evolution of energy, matter, life forms and all. We will publish it soon. Till such time please bear with us.

We know that the twain shall meet then.

Regards,

basudeba.

Dear Basudeba,

I will be brief for a change! "THANK YOU"... I take your point, and look forward to your future expressions of such commonality and understanding.

Thanks again, Russ

Dear Sir,

We have replied to one query of Mr. Yergar. We think you may be interested in this. Hence we are pasting it here.

We believe that the validity of a physical statement rests on its correspondence to reality. If the theory can explain a physical phenomenon correctly and completely, then it must be valid. This requires perception of the phenomenon and communication of this perception. As we have shown in our Essay, the content of perception is " 'this' is like 'that' "- i.e., comparison with similars. Comparison with similars is known as measurement. Hence, explaining a physical phenomenon implies communicating the result of measurement. Since measurement is comparison with similars, since result of measurement is always real numbers, and comparison is a physical process, the physical theories can only be explained through physical quantities and physical numbers. Thus there is no place for the un-physical complex numbers in explaining Nature. We do not use complex numbers for this purpose. We can explain all physical phenomena without involving complex numbers and by comparing with macro phenomena. In various threads we have discussed entanglement by giving macro examples (below the essays of Mr. Weckbach and Mr. Castel, etc.). In our previous correspondence we have explained spin by giving macro examples. We do not agree with the views of Dirac or Cramer.

In our essay, we have shown that moving backward in time is impossible. Elsewhere (below the Essay of Mr. B.N. Sreenath) we had shown how a particle is actualized. There cannot be any positive and negative energy electron states in the past and future if you know what an electron is. Now we will explain the Zitterbewegung phenomena without involving complex mathematics.

To understand the true nature of acceleration, we have to understand wave motion. A wave is a disturbance in a fluid medium where the particles transfer the momentum only. This implies that the particles in a field are displaced temporarily and due to inertia of restoration (elasticity), regain their position and are subjected to the same forces repeatedly. Since fluid mediums do not have a strong confinement like solids, each particle pushes the others over a field leading to a chain reaction, which goes on repeating. The pushed particle, which was at rest, transfers the energy to the next particle due to inertia of motion and pushes the first particle back due to inertia of restoration canceling half of its impact. We call this motion as "kampa". Since this transfer of energy involves over a field covering the amplitude of the wave and is further modified by the density (which is related to mass per unit volume) of the medium, the equation for momentum is ½ mv^2 at every point (most text books give a wrong explanation of this phenomenon).

Now, imagine a situation where the impressed force overcomes the inertia of restoration. The particle is displaced fully and in turn it displaces the next particle. There will be a reaction as above, but the rate of change of velocity will be reduced gradually. The particle will come to rest after sometime. Since the original particle will be going back to the source after sometime, the end particle will be subjected to a similar force in a chain repeatedly. We call this phenomenon "chiti". This last particle in a "chiti" then acts as a center of mass for other interactions. This finally leads to the formation of a structure because, as we have explained repeatedly, all structures have a center of mass surrounded by the extra-nuclear field and confined by orbits. This is true even for quarks. The proof for this statement can be verified from the fact that the mass of the quarks that constitute the proton is only a small fraction of the mass of the proton and the ratio is identical to the ratio of the core of planet Jupiter (which is the macro equivalent of proton) with its total mass. Thus the quarks have an internal structure like Jupiter.

The above description applies to generally linear movements, i.e., where the particles suspended in the medium have comparable mass and the wave behaves like a standing wave. But where the masses of the particles suspended in the medium are not comparable, then the picture becomes different. Since the masses are not comparable, the displacements are also not comparable. This creates different interference patterns. The interference can be either constructive or destructive. Thus the resultant movement is not in a straight line, but along a zig-zag line, which is known as Zitterbewegung. If you look at this description and compare it with your description, you will realize that both are describing the same mechanism. But while you are using the equations of Dirac and Schrödinger, we are giving an alternative, but simple description. Like this, we have a complete theory to describe all quantum phenomena without invoking un-physical complex mathematics.

Regards,

basudeba