Hello,Sorry for my late answer, I don't come all the days on FQXi.The scale factor is important indeed.I beleive that more the scale decreases, more the volume increases for the serie of uniqueness(primes correlated with volumes,this serie and spherical volume encode bosons, and spherons .But on the other side, the particlesproduced by our cosmological sphères, so bosons and spherons , them decrease when we go towards the central universal sphere where the smallest and speedest spherons are produced.They are encoded in the nucleis with also a proportions with spherical volumes.That is why the scales and spherical volumes become universalkeys for the quantizations of this gravitation.Iconsider this gravitational energy different than our electromagnetism and thermodynamicl energy.The bosons, these scales of our standard model is just for the heat and the dynamics, specific.This gravitation is different and relevant considering the entropyicreasing.The higgs seem bizare givi ng mass.The mass and gravitation arelinked, so itis the spheron which gives mass.Their velocity and the number become an interesting key.The probalm is how to check this energy different.How to see it and to analyse it.These particles produced by our BH composing the dark matter are more speed than c and more numerous in fact.You imagine the possibilities with the disponible énergies.The sphères can answer and the rotations also more the volumes and the motions, orbital, linear and spinal.If itexists spherons of different volumes due to their BH.So indeed it becomes a big puzzle with different pzrticles and speed.Complex is a weak word:)

Hello,in fact if wesee the serie of uniqueness relativelly speaking, we have so a kind of foto for this serie giving a road of understanding unifying the cosmological scale and the quantum scale.The central sphères become relevant.

If all the central quantum spherical volumes are linked in a dance of rotations around the central universal spherical volume.It becomes relevant when the number is finite for the serie of uniqueness(probably created at this hypothetical electromagnetic Big Bang.A gravitational Big Bang seems more rational.

These central sphères are instantaneously connected with these gravitational particles implying an universal kind of newtonian gravitational aether of spherons.The sphere of gravitation is more important than the photonic sphere.The age of our universe is it really 13,7 billions years?

2 months later

A couple of years ago, after writing an article on a new way of looking at Gravitational and Electrical interactions, I came across the idea of negative mass, I know many people have toyed with this concept, but looking at it in, I think, a new way I wrote the article at mike-holden.org.uk/negmas. This article traces the evolution of the Universe from a Big Bang, when equal numbers of positive and negative mass particle came into existence, to the present day, when only positive mass seems to exist. If anyone would like to look at it I would appreciate your comments.

    Aplologies: The proper address is www.mike-holden.org.uk/negmas.html

    14 days later

    Please, read following book concerning Scale relativity, Fractal Space-time and Emergence:

    http://www.amazon.com/Fractal-Rainbow-Beyond-Universe-English/dp/1519376146/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1460909354&sr=1-1-fkmr0&keywords=David+Piñana

    Attached abstract article:

    "A book that could revolutionize the future of Cosmological Physics: Aristotle, Newton, Einstein, ..." The author presents a vision of the Universe from a totally different point of view, and in a disclosure way, and very easy to understand. It is a journey from the smallest (the dimension of Planck) to the largest (Our Universe boundary). And he also shows, in a clear way, which may be behind these limits. The new proposals on Scale Landscape and Scale Relativity raised in this book could be a breakthrough in the current "state of the art" of the cosmology, showing a new outlook for a better understanding of the Universe. This book will change our view about some common concepts (Energy, Matter, Time, Vacuum ...) and also about other "unusual" concepts (Dark Matter and Energy, Quantum Fluctuations, Uncertainty Principle, Wave-Particle Duality,...), based on recent studies and theories (Emergence, Fractal, Scale Relativity, Holography, String-Branes, Quantum Gravity, ...). Required reading for both: physics-cosmological experts, to explore an innovative proposal, as well as general public, that just would like to learn more about the Universe from a different and original point of view.

    I would like to discuss it with people interested !

      To David Pinyana.

      I have just read the LANDSCAPE pdf.

      I cannot comment on much of the content but, regarding the discussion on the velocities of stars in a galaxy, you may be interested in my article at www.mike-holden.org.uk/stagal.html

      Regards.

      What do you mean by Disc Galaxy ?

      Are these velocities actually measured ? and your calculus actually confirmed ?

      Why you do not consider:

      The Dynamic Laws of Physics (and Universal Gravitation) have varied over time, and even Einstein had already proposed that they still has to evolve:

      ARISTOTLE: F = m.v

      NEWTON: F = m.a

      EINSTEIN. E = m.c2

      MOND: F = m.a.(A/A0)

      FRACTAL RAINBOW: F = f (scale) = m.a.(scale factor)

      Or better G (Gravity Constant) vary with the scale/distance due to fractal space-time:

      G = f ( Scale/distance factor)

      i think it offer a large and easy solution to this Orbital velocity of stars in a galaxy

        9 days later

        By disc galaxy I mean a spiral as opposed to an elliptical or irregular galaxy. Although it is an approximation, I use the example of a disc to simplify the calculation.

        For measured velocities see the Rotation Curve diagram at the beginning of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_rotation_curve

        or

        www.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro201/rotation_curves.htm

        The laws of gravitation (value of G) may well have changed over time. This makes the evolution of the Universe more complicated but opens up more interesting possibilities.

        The mass of the universe may have increased over time too. I suggest this in my article on Mass and Charge at www.mike-holden.org.uk/mascha.html (In the section on Inertia about 90% of the way through the article).

        I would be interested see your easy solution to the Orbital velocity of stars in a galaxy.

        Kind regards,

        Hello to both of you Mr Holden and Mr Pinyana,

        It is very interesting these extrapolations about the scales.I liked the appraoch at 10^-35m and more far with the infra...The gravitation seems there but I beleive strongly that this quantumgravity is a different force than our stanard model.Gravitons are bosons and Under the special relativity,heat and thermo and electromagnetic forces.If gravitation is different ,so the gravitons aren't possible.Perhaps it could be relevant to analyse near this zero absolute for the bridge.The fine structure constant also seems not sufficient.Perhaps simply that the mechanic is universally newtonian.The motions of particles so become keys.Dark matter,BH must be inserted , superimposed to our standard model in fact.The quantum uniquenss is like a relative foto of our universe and its cosmological sphères.The number seems finite for the serie of uniqueness from the centralspherical singulrity, stable gravitationally speaking^,primordialif I can say.Best Regards from belgium.

        To David Pinyana,

        Thank you for your comments.

        I have updated my article at www.mike-holden.org.uk/stagal.html to address your concerns about the use of the word 'disc'.

        4 months later

        EARLY COSMIC DENSITIES AS MOTHER NATURE'S THORN IN THE FLESH OF COSMOLOGISTS

        We all know Mother Nature's gradualist ways and have coined phrases for them: "Rome was not built in a day"; "a journey of a thousand miles starts with a step", "little drops of water make a mighty ocean", etc. Unfortunately, some cosmologists would prefer that the universe become wealthy overnight. The universe is now 1052kg rich (i.e. about 1069J) and they want to force this wealth, our current mass estimate into the very beginning (time zero), the Planck epoch and the other early times. Of course, Mother Nature has resisted this get-rich-quick attitude and has inflicted such versions of our Big bang model with riddles, like the flatness and singularity problems for example.

        In this post, I quote from Steven Weinberg's popular book, The First Three Minutes,

        "As the explosion continued the temperature dropped ...but the temperature continued to drop, finally reaching one thousand million degrees (109K) at the end of the first three minutes. It was then cool enough for the protons and neutrons to begin to form nuclei, starting with the nucleus of heavy hydrogen (or deuterium), which consists of one proton and one neutron".

        Cosmologists generally admit uncertainty of what the scenario is at time zero, less uncertainty at the Planck epoch but some confidence of the situation at three minutes because knowing what the binding energies of nuclei are, the ambient energies that must be present at three minutes to enable their formation (nucleo-synthesis) can be deduced. For example, the binding energy of the nucleus of heavy hydrogen (deuterium) and that of helium are 2.2 MeV and 28.3 MeV respectively with the corresponding temperatures permitting stability being ~1010K and 1011K. These quantitative values are not controversial.

        We can therefore say with confidence that if the ambient energies and temperatures at the end of the first three minutes are above their binding energy values, hydrogen and helium nuclei cannot form. For example, at 1012K energies are too high and only a quark-gluon plasma can be stable. See Wikipedia: Chronology of the universe, and also hyperphysics website for reference to the timelines.

        Now, there are formulae that help us relate the energy density within a given volume to the temperature using blackbody radiation laws. See for sample reference, "Radiation Energy Density". Same formulae are used to estimate the 1032K temperature at the Planck epoch from the Planck density.

        From the foregoing, if cosmologists decide to be greedy and accumulate all our current material wealth within three minutes, i.e. ~1052kg (~1069J), given the standard model expansion rate, our universe will be about 5.4 x 1010m radius (with volume ~ 6.6 x 1032m3), giving us an energy density of ~1036J/m3, (~1019kg/m3) at this time. This energy density translates to temperatures about 6.6 x1012K and ambient energies of ~669 MeV, which is so much higher than can permit the formation of nuclei for deuterium (binding energyAttachment #1: Cover.pdf

          a month later

          Causality is associated with time. The problem with time is that in a lot of equations it can go backward or forward. However, the attached presents a uni-directional model of proper time-- modeled as a stream of clock times supporting "informorphisms."

          Information flow between parts of the Universe then occurs by means of the "infomorphisms" supported in each instance of proper time.

          In general, an infomorphism is a transmission of information between the parts of a distributed system.

          The model is here.

          2 months later

          COSMOLOGY : WHAT THE SPACE - TIME IS MADE OF ?

          The beauty of Cosmology relies on its generosity : you are always in very good company even when you are totally wrong.

          Jurandyr Arone Maués - Mechanical Engineer - Pontifícia Universidade Católica Rio de Janeiro, 1976.

          Contacts : + 55 11 971602339 - mauesj@gmail.com

          Defined for the unrivalled genius of Albert Einstein, we know today that we live involved by an entity known as the fabric space-time.

          Many of its properties are known and others not yet.

          I believe that our bigger unfamiliarity is exactly its more basic characteristic: of what it is constituted?

          As Engineer, then I relate the fabric term something of real, concrete existence and with well defined physical parameters.

          Ok, we are speaking of a unique e very special type of fabric much more sophisticated and with characteristics much more complex of what those physical entities that we coexist daily in our trivial daily experiences.

          But still we are talking about a real entity and that, already evidenced by observation, it is subjects to mechanical deformations in the presence massive objects.

          Bigger the mass of the object, greater the deformation caused in the fabric space-time around it.

          Here I make an interruption for a commentary of much importance: I have no pretension to arrive at any conclusion but simply to provoke, with my questions, people much more capable then me, who certainly already thought about the subject and perhaps came to an answer. As somebody without formation in Physics, and therefore not specialist in Cosmology, I have the risk to be incurring into primary and basic errors or to be plagiarizing, not intentionally, in all or part the some published work already. For the eventual readers of this text I anticipated excuse for the occurrence of the two possibilities

          Let us come back to the subject and let's try to structuralize some logical and simple line of reasoning that has as consequence the establishment of hypotheses and questions with a minimum value.

          A real entity called space-time and therefore formed by something responsible for its existence and characteristics.

          I imagine that the understanding as how it was created will automatically help us to understand of what it is constituted.

          We need then to establish a start point which can be considered as an unquestioned truth to be able to give continuity to this search.

          This initial concept could not be another but the postulate of the beginning of the Universe 14 billion years ago by a great explosion that we call Big Bang.

          Considering that everything that exists was created by the Big Bang, we can affirm that the structure space-time was created at a moment immediately after its occurrence.

          The space-time would be then stage in which all the remaining portion of the creation starts to have existence.

          Here, we have two important speculations:

          - the creation of the space-time precedes all the other creations.

          - the existence of a Universe is only possible if a structure space-time exists allowing the actors, from elementary particles to the great conglomerate of galaxies, can perform the wonderful spectacle of the Creation.

          If these affirmations are correct, we can imagine that, in its more basic essence, the space-time is formed by the same constituent of all the remaining portion of the Universe being the oldest, basic and primitive structure of the Universe over which all the rest had organized.

          Another interruption becomes necessary: Cosmology is the only area of Physics that allows anyone to exercise the imagination through texts like this with no mathematical structure, any observational base or suggesting experiments that prove the affirmations.

          Lack of seriousness? Not at all since in the origin of all scientific discovery, before the necessary, difficult, laborious and indispensable mathematical formalization, experimental or observational evidences, it comes the curiosity, intuition, much imagination, independence of the academic system strong established and many times guided by strong conservatism and the courage to dare without fear of the potential exposition of criticisms indispensable seeds to the scientific and technological advance of Mankind.

          With regard to the Mathematics, more important area of the human knowledge and for which I keep an enormous respect and admiration only comparable to the frustration to know it so little, I make only one comment that I consider relevant: the possibility of the existence of coherent and robust theories sufficiently sophisticated and sound but that do not describe reasonable physical realities.

          It is a trap created by the enormous power of the Mathematics and that I believe many physicists have fallen advocating complex theories that describe realities rejected by their lack of simplicity by wise nature that would not expend unnecessary efforts in its creations.

          Let us come back to the Big Bang to try to give another step in this speculation.

          At the moment of the collapse of the primordial singularity, the Big Bang, a finite but unimaginably amount of Energy is released in an infinitely short period of time that forms our Universe constituted of two great blocks: the space-time (stage) and particles that later will create from atoms to galaxies (actors).

          It becomes obvious that part of the Energy created the stage (space-time) and the another part the actors (elementary particles).

          What part became the stage and what part formed the actors?

          I do not know to quantify this reply but a strong intuition says to me that most was destined the construction of stage (space-time).

          And what is the reason of this intuition?

          If to consider that the addition of the energy contained in the space-time more the energy contained in elementary particles is constant and equal the 1, we have two sufficiently interesting and significant extreme cases that are:

          - all the energy of the creation was directed for the space-time and therefore in this in case that we do not have the elementary particle formation what it takes the reason between energy space-time and energy elementary particles equal the infinite.

          - all the energy of the creation now is directed for the elementary particle formation nothing remaining for the appearance of the space-time leading the reason between energy space-time and energy elementary particles equal the zero.

          In both the cases we have an only situation in which the two Universes possess a so great instability, represented for the results zero and infinite one, that result in its immediate extinguishing.

          In 1st case due the enormous energy contained in the space-time that makes with that its expansion happens so quickly reaching its limit of rupture instants after its creation.

          No longer 2nd in case that, the enormous energy accumulated for elementary particles makes with that its destruction also occurs immediately after its creation.

          The assumption that most of the energy was directed for the creation of the space-time is sufficiently convenient because in the aid to answer the question that gave to origin of this text.

          We arrive then the reply: as in our Universe we know that the great part of the mass and energy are not part of the actors and is called dark (in such a way the mass how much the energy) would be then it (dark mass + dark energy) the construction blocks of the space-time.

          Thus, when detecting or the mass or the dark energy we will be detecting the space-time!

          They remain two questions:

          - how much of the energy of the space-time it created the space and how much the time.

          - why the structure space-time meets in continues speed up expansion?

          If the space-time is subject to deformation, this means that the parcel space has mass and thus our space is formed by the dark substance and consequently the time for the dark energy.

          We have then the answer of the first question since we know how much energy and dark matter exist in our Universe.

          This model presents two basic relations for one determined Universe:

          - the ratio of energy between elementary space-time and particles and

          - the ratio of energy between the space and the time.

          However, we also have the reply the second question since the relation energy of the time on energy of the space is a constant, and therefore we conclude that the expansion of the space is obligator consequence of the expansion of the time.

          The energy of the time is used to make it "to flow" while the energy of the space is used for its expansion, that is the Universe this being used these two energies and at some moment in a very distant future these energies will be depleted determining in such a way the end of the space and the time.

          The fabric space becomes so tenuous that such fragility leads accurately to its disruption in the same instant that the time stops to exist what, for definition, it means the end of our Universe that already very before already becomes emptiness without the existence of an only elementary particle.

          But why the expansion of the fabric space-time is accelerating?

          We have a reservoir of energy being used to make the time to flow and another one being used for the expansion of the space.

          Considering that the taxes of use of these energies are constant we can imagine that for two equal and consecutive intervals of time, the occurred expansion in 2nd interval is necessarily bigger resulting in a speed of bigger expansion that that one presented in 1st interval.

          A final question : Is gravity constant or it varies with time ?

          Sao Paulo, Dec. 2012

            COSMOLOGY OF THE INFINVERSES

            The beauty of Cosmology relies on its generosity : you are always in very good company even when you are totally wrong.

            Physics is divided in 04 categories :

            - Conceptual

            - Theoretic

            - Experimental

            - Observational

            This document is a conceptual document.

            To become a Theory somebody must write it in Math.

            Once you have a Theory then we go to one of the next two levels to see if the Theory is right.

            Unless we have an observation or an experiment that confirms, or not, the theory, all we have are endless discussions.

            This is a speculative proposal description of a mechanism (Concept). To become a Theory must be explained using Math.

            The Infinverses is the ultimate macro structure of everything.

            It is composed by The Infinite and The Universes.

            There is an Infinite which is dimensionless, timeless, immaterial, continuous (?), eternal, homogeneous (?), isotropic, symmetric and highly and continuously active and reservoir of an infinite amount of Energy.

            This infinite reservoir of Energy is responsible for the rupture of the symmetry causing the creation of space time structures (Universes). Endless symmetry means no creation !

            Universes are discrete space-time structures in continuous expansion in both space and time with a pre determined finite existence in time continuously loosing energy at an increasing rate, containing or not particles, freely floating within the Infinite. The amount of Universes is finite but countless. They exist within the Infinite.

            Permanently and continuously huge amounts of Energy are released through the collapse of a primordial singularity creating a Universe. Creation of Universes is a continuous and eternal process generating a finite but countless Universes which are discrete and without any possible communication among them. This process creates a biunivocal relation between a given Universe and its primordial singularity. Because the Infinite is homogeneous and isotropic, all Universes obey the same laws of Physics.

            Once created, Universes continue to interact with the Infinite thru the absorption of Energy responsible for its continuous and accelerated expansion which will end by the extinction of the space time structure.

            The absorption of Energy explains the reason why there is no "creation" events within existent space time structures.

            If that absorption did not occur, we had a catastrophic creation of a space time structure within an existent one, generating the destruction of both.

            The expansion of the Universe is key to its survival by the consumption of endless amount of Energy from the Infinite, otherwise used to generate endless annihilation event of space time structures which would continuously created and destroyed.

            The communication among the universes is not possible because they (the space time structure) are expanding at speeds greater than the speed of light and any information travels at the speed of light.

            Another explanation is the biunivocal relation between a given Universe and its primordial singularity. If communication among them were possible, this postulate was broken.

            Any given Universe is composed by two fundamentals entities : the space-time structure (stage) and all elementary particles with all possible arrangements from atoms to galaxies (actors). At the moment of creation, part of the Energy is used to shape the stage and part to form the actors. It is possible to exist two different types of Universes : with the stage and actors (Gravity, Electro-Magnetism, Strong Nuclear Force and Weak Nuclear Force exist in these universes) and only with the stage (only Gravity exist in these universes).

            The ratio between the energy content of the space-time fabric and the energy amount of all particles, determine if life, as we know it, is possible at any given Universe.

            While the Fundamental Forces act within the context of particles, Gravity is a property, not a force, of the space time fabric. It manifests as a force due to the interaction between particles and space time.

            The expansion of the Universe is powered by the energy of the space-time fabric.

            Higher the amount of energy of the space-time fabric, more time this universe will exist. The end of a Universe is characterized by the end of the space-time fabric. First, all particles disappear resulting in a Universe with only space-time which will continue its expansion until the total consumption of its energy. At this moment we have what was already called Big Rip.

            As previous said, the expansion of the Universe is powered by the energy of the space-time fabric. The consequence of a space time with less energy is the decrease of the resistance of deformation caused by the presence of mass. The same mass will create a bigger deformation of space-time provoking the increase of the gravity with the passing of time.