solar sail proves that there is not conservation of energy and there is not conservation of momentum - particles of solar sail could absorb energy from breaking second law of thermodynamics and tunneling associated with quantum mechanics Kurt Stocklmeir
Alternative Models of Cosmology
laser at front of rocket - solar sail at back of rocket - solar sail made of any thing that creates negative radiation pressure like meta material - light from laser hits solar sail - this breaks all laws of Newton Kurt Stocklmeir
An Out Of The Box Consideration Of The Universe
Firstly, I am not a scientist, or a mathematician. What I propose here is not a theory, perhaps not even a hypothesis in the eyes of certain individuals. It is simply an idea. Perhaps, in fact it is likely, that it holds no water scientifically, if so, then fine, but at least I put it out there for thought.
Having read some posts from scientists in response to laymen's questions, I am disappointed and annoyed by the negative and pompous response often given. To these individuals, it appears that if one cannot supply evidence, generally in the form of scientific formulae, then your idea should be classified under the heading "fairy tale". If such was the case, then surely this prohibits free, abstract and hopefully unique thought. I cannot believe that all scientific discoveries or beliefs were derived initially from mathematics, there was, surely, abstract consideration first. Are we mere mortals not allowed a platform to air reasonable hypotheses without fear of certain scientific xenophobes venting their spleen at what they see as intrusion into their domain.
I doubt my ideas are unique, but they are to me. I can however, find nothing along similar lines, but then I am not a scientist and am probably looking in the wrong places.
The catalyst for my ideas came recently when I learned that there are (probably) galaxies beyond the visible limit of our universe and that their speed of travel away from us, when added to the expansion rate of space means that in relation to us they are travelling faster than the speed of light. It is believed that each unseeable galaxy originated,as did everything else with the Big Bang. This got me interested and thinking in a broader sense so here are my thoughts:
The Universe:
Let's think outside of the box for a moment..
We know that space is expanding, but we have no idea what it actually is. We can observe and measure the expansion, but it reveals absolutely nothing of what it is. However It stands to reason that if space can be expanded, it can also be contracted - in fact it would seem that the space within the singularity was indeed compressed - hugely. So what is it expanding into? Nothing, I hear you say, the "edge of space" is the edge of everything, there is no beyond, because there is nothing - space just is! Suppose for one minute that there is something beyond this "edge" - oh oh crackpot theory time - you say, bear with me - suppose beyond our accelerating, expanding space there is ... more space. Let us just assume for the moment that the universe is larger than we currently "think".. Perhaps much larger, maybe infinite. Let's call it the Mega universe. Perhaps in the Mega universe, but within the neighbourhood of "our" universe there is a region that is rarefied, stretched, "low pressure" space that is now being expanded into by our own, accelerating, expanding, compressed, "high pressure" space. Nature abhors any void (not just a vacuum), couldn't, no shouldn't this principle apply to space too? Will one day, trillions of years hence, local stabilisation occur as "pressures" equalise?
This gives many interesting thoughts:
Could Dark Energy be nothing more than the energy created by the differing pressure potentials within the Mega universe? Thus it may have been the cause of the Big Bang itself as the potential energy difference exceeded that of gravity within the singularity.
Perhaps the singularity was the cause for the local low pressure - if the mega universe (or at least a part of it) was expanding, the huge gravitational mass of "our" universe held the singularity together creating a low pressure around it. As the outer expansion continued, local pressure would reduce (or stretching would increase, if you prefer) creating greater and greater stress on the singularity, until ultimately the Big Bang occurred.
Perhaps the mega universe is full of space turbulence, a four dimensional swamp of moving low and high pressures - perhaps it was a high pressure that caused a Big Crunch amongst our "own" universe's mass.
Thank you for taking the time to read this. I hope it's not drivel. Constructive thoughts please. Snobby scientists can go away, helpful ones welcome to shoot me down gently.
David Green
Hi David, thanks for sharing your ideas. You are working from the premise that "We know that space is expanding," David
I ask;Is the space produced from receipt of electromagnetic radiation the same space in which bodies of matter are located? I'd say no it isn't. What is now isn't what is seen now. So the 'there' is different. There seems to be a difference in the product of EM radiation received from the local group of galaxies (neighbours) and the more distant, more ancient, red shifted EM radiation product. Why is an interesting question and you have suggested some ideas. However I think you are talking about/thinking of a material universe and not the image constructed from astronomy data. I'm not a professional scientist, and hopefully not snobby. Hoping to be helpful by suggesting a thought you may not have considered.
David, you mention space turbulence with areas of high and low pressure. Presumably then, the space is not empty but filled with something able to have different distributions.
I too think all space must be filled. But the filling is not just ordinary matter that reflects EM radiation. the substance that allows transmission of the EM radiation does not reflect light itself, and so isn't a part of the visual products formed from EM radiation receipt and processing.
neutrinos are tachyons - they emit anti gravity - anti gravity gets stronger as it travels - anti gravity can make space expand - negative energy particles have an increase of energy when space expands - positive energy particles have a decrease of energy when space expands - neutrinos get more energy if space is expanding and because of this they emit more anti gravity not linear - this makes space expand more fast not linear - because space expands more fast not linear neutrinos have an increase of energy not linear - this can make run away expanding space - space is not expanding fast at this time because neutrinos flying around space do not have a lot of energy - the big band did not happen - if the big bang happened there would be a lot more neutrinos flying around space and they would have a lot of energy - it could true only neutrinos are making space expand Kurt Stocklmeir
there is not any dark matter - gravity from things like stars planets rocks gas dirt would scatter dark matter if there was dark matter - dark matter would end up at center of galaxies - center of galaxies do not have a lot of dark matter Kurt Stocklmeir
Mars is around the asteroid belt - there is a lot of dirt and rocks flying around Mars - dirt and rocks hit gas around Mars - gas gets a lot of energy - gas moves fast - gas flies into space - this is why there is not a lot of gas around Mars Kurt Stocklmeir
Hello Mr Stocklmeir,
This Dark matter seems an important pîece of puzzle.Verlinde and others work about a modified newtonian mechanics.I beleive that it is an error because for a better understanding of our gravitation and general relativity and even our quantum gravitation,we need to insert new parameters and this dark matter seems essential.Regards
In going farer philosophically speaking, I am doubting that this infinite Eternal consciousness that we name God has only created photons, it is not really logic considering our step of evolution.In 200 years of physics and dicoveries, like if we had all understood, the photons are not sufficient to explain all this universe at quantum and cosmological scales.
Universe is system in permanent dynamic wquilibrium.Attachment #1: Euclidean-Planck_Metrics_of_Space_Particle.pdfAttachment #2: Demolition_of_Higgs_Mechanism.pdf
there is a lot of dirt and rocks flying around Mars - a lot of the dirt and rocks end up on the surface of Mars - if Mars had a lot of water a lot of dirt would have ended up in the water - the dirt would help the water to absorb energy of the sun - this could help to make a run away temperature increase for Mars - people put a lot of things in the ocean like plastic rubber paper grass leaves wood - all of the things break down and they can absorb energy of the sun - this can help the ocean absorb a lot of energy of the sun - the temperature of the water increases and air can absorb some of the energy Kurt Stocklmeir
Steve I am sorry I did not answer your article. Most of the time when I write an article I do not look to see if a person answers it. I like to think if there was dark matter it would have ended up all over the universe. If there is dark matter it would scatter because of gravity from things like stars planets and gas. There are a lot of places that do not have any dark matter like at the center of a big galaxy. For dark matter to work dark matter needs to have the right shape and right size. Tidal forces between galaxies would mess up the shape and size. Kurt Stocklmeir
the magnetic field of the sun helps gas with a charge around Venus to leave Venus - the gas ends up flying around space - particles with a charge tend to follow magnetic fields - solar wind and magnetic field of the sun work together with this - the same is true for the earth and Mars Kurt Stocklmeir
Calculation of the 11-year period of solar activity using the gravitational parameters of the Sun and the Earth, and the golden number φ
The proposed method, explaining the 11-year solar cycle, is based on an unusual theory, according to which some fundamental physical constants, including the speed of light in vacuum c, which we consider universal for the entire Universe, have different values in the spheres of influence of other stars, planets or space objects. The description and calculation formulas are here.
Source site: SNVspace22
Today, starting next automatic interplanetary station to other planets of the Solar system, we get the opportunity distance researching its environment and chemical composition. However, an even single scientist has never questioned and equals the planets in relation to each other? Do not make we an error sending is not adjusted accordingly machines? Not whether its misinform us? Today, as in physics reigns supreme theory of relativity, space of Cosmos, in present scientific world conception, considered as a single and equal. Except considered cases for the locally allocated strong gravitational fields of massive space objects that can significantly distort space-time. In order to understand what the author has in mind, we will begin consideration of the problem from the beginning. So, what is the matter in the ordinary physical sense? Science describes the idea of the matter as to the general scientific term denoting a relatively objectively existing structural units, objects, form, elements, carriers of being taken together with its properties, communication, relationships to each other. Formations, having material properties, are found everywhere, in every science, on the ground and in space, in nature and in society, in the outside world and its reflection in consciousness.
In physics, matter considered mainly in the form of matter, particles and fields, the interaction between exercising. Matter, its properties and relationships in one form or another are the subject of theoretical and applied science, the object of the application and use of the technology and in practice. The laws of existence, movement, interaction of matter and its attributes, detected philosophy, acquire its specific forms in each particular science. Universal attributes of matter are: movement, space, time, structural, system organization and the ability to self-development, the unity of continuity and discontinuity, as well as a number of other properties which find expression in action of universal dialectical laws of change and development. Matter and its attributes cannot be created and indestructible, exist eternally and infinitely varied forms of its manifestation.
All the phenomena of the world are determined by the natural material connections and interactions, causal relationships and the objective laws of nature. Physics also proceed from the recognition of indissoluble unity of matter, motion, space and time. All space-time properties of the system depend on the speed of its movement and structural relations in more general systems, its mass and gravitational potentials. Matter is inexhaustible in its structure, but different structural levels appear various forms of movement and interaction laws. They are reflected in differentiating physical theories, each of which cannot be reduced to other theories and has defined the limits of applicability. At the same time between the different structural levels close relationship exists and conditionality manifested in various forms of mutual transformability of matter and motion, the presence of common attributes, the laws of conservation and motion. Today, advanced physics are trying to reflect this unity through the development of a unified theory. So, if we begin to explore what constitutes a substance, we see that it form molecules consisting of atoms, which, in turn, are composed of even more smaller particles - electrons, protons, neutrons. But if we continue to continue to explore, what it consists of particles that will be able to make sure that in reality there are only a wave of condensed energy, and manifest themselves as waves and particles simultaneously. Summing up the parallelism between the particle and the associated wave, we come to understand the inner meaning of the quantization conditions: associated with the electron wave is resonant exactly over the length of its trajectory. In other words, the wave corresponding to the stationary state of the atomic electron itself is stationary in the sense of the theory of oscillations. Consideration of the atom through the theory of oscillation requires that we consider the stationary Bohr states of the respective stationary waves associated with the atomic electrons. Sharing the views of the particles on systems having common features with the atoms, the wave theory first considered the orbital wave model of elementary particles (on the orbits stacked the whole wavelength - Bohr orbits both in atoms) and it became possible to calculate that previously could only be obtained experimentally. At first glance it is difficult to imagine, and it is quite natural that all matter has the nature of the field, and the substance consists of electromagnetic waves - the excited states of the field. On the other hand, no one is surprised by the fact that the transverse electromagnetic waves - this is a stable elementary particle field origin. SRT has created the preconditions for it to be considered one of the electromagnetic radiation forms of matter and light quanta - real elementary particles. According to modern concepts, elementary particles - is non-divergent wave packets of the field of origin. In wave theory of particles with rest mass, consist of waves moving along closed orbits in phase. Such wave formations, unlike photons can rest since wave shorted. Fluctuations such fields carry energy and momentum from one place of space to another, and quantum mechanics tells us that these waves are collected in clusters, or photons, which are observed in the laboratory as elementary particles. Simply put, because in elementary particles rotates alternating electromagnetic field, to the extent into them are standing waves. A standing wave has areas with maximum intensity (antinode), but also has a point at which the intensity is always zero (knots). If we consider the standing wave in terms of the mass density, its mathematically can be divided into several equal parts (equal to the number of antinodes) - and it is equal to the number of quarks in hadrons. It follows another explanation of experiments: in experiments on the scattering are observed standing waves of alternating electromagnetic field in elementary particles. This explains the impossibility of its division into separate sections - the electromagnetic field is continuous and does not disintegrate into fragments and transformed according to the laws of nature. Thus, here we can summarize that the essence of matter m as such - it is an absolute condensed energy E0 in the form of a rotating electromagnetic field manifests itself both as waves and as elementary particles. In other words, the implementation of E0 into the matter m going in accordance with the law of conservation of energy, which is expressed form of the spin-orbital characteristics of elementary particles...
So begins my article: «Need for an adjustment of the orbital telescope and devices visual observation of the automatic interplanetary station according to the second Bohr quantum postulate». (https://www.scientific-publications.net/get/1000015/1442311331567266.pdf)
A more detailed discussion of the hypothesis (and an inductively resulting series of conclusions) on the site: https://sites.google.com/view/projectgermestristar/main
Attached is a concept paper linking the cosmic web and black holes to the multiverse. It details how new universes may be forming. I hope you enjoy the ideas. Please feel free to tell me how ridiculous they sound.Attachment #1: Cosmic_Web_and_the_Multiverse.pages
Okay, that attachment link does not seem to work so here is the paper.
The Cosmic Web, Black holes and the Multiverse
This is a conceptual paper. I am not a scientist and I have no mathematics to support my theories, but I do have the benefit of the observations of others scientists. Unfortunately there are things in reality we may never be able to observe.
I Believe...
I believe in most of the mainstream cosmological ideas:
The big bang really occurred. It created our universe.
Inflation occurred within the very first second of the universe's existence. It is likely still occurring in some local parts of our universe.
Dark Matter exerts gravitational force even if we don't yet know what it is yet.
Dark Energy exists and is causing space to expand even if we don't know what it is yet. It may be related to some local areas of inflation.
The universe is approximately 2/3 dark energy and 1/3 matter (baryonic and dark). This is an approximation but I am rooting for it to be found exact. (Three seems to be the magic number. We have three observable dimensions, three quarks in a proton ...).
Einstein's theories of relativity, space and time.
Matter warps space-time and reveals itself as gravity.
I also believe in some of the edgier theories.
A version of string theory called M-theory seems to be a successful attempt to reconcile the differences between Einstein's General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. One of the predictions of M-theory is the existence of 10 spacial dimensions and one time dimension. The 6 extra dimensions beyond the ones we recognize are thought to be curled up, into tiny pockets inside observable space. The 6-extra dimension seems a little flaky to me (but at least it is a multiple of three). Maybe they exist, maybe they don't.
Dark Energy is like an anti-gravity. It is repulsive and increases with distance.
We are just one universe of many in the multi-verse. The idea of a multiverse is not new. In 1992 Lee Smolin hypothesized the theory of Cosmolgical Natural Selection (CNS). According to CNS, black holes may be mechanisms of universe reproduction within the multiverse, it is an extended cosmological environment in which universes grow, die, and reproduce.
It is unclear to me if new universes have similar fundamental laws as the parent universe ; what Max Tegmark would call a level I multiverse. Or whether these laws may be slightly altered in some fashion during the replication process; a level II multiverse. It would seem that if natural selection is at work here, then these replications should be fine tuned to create universes with laws and values conducive to creating more blackholes and thus more universes. Kind of a cosmic evolution.
A bubbly new reality?
While I agree with Dr. Smolin that new universes are being created by black holes, I believe that the mechanism for this process remains a mystery. Here is how I believe this is happening.
Let's start with the cosmic web, the largest known structure in the universe. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has revealed a startling construction of galaxies and galaxy clusters arranged in long filament strands. It also indicates that there are large voids where no matter appears.
We see matter being accumulated along the filaments with what appear to be larger nodes of visible matter where filaments intersect. These nodes contain thousands if not millions of galaxies. When viewed on a smaller scale, these nodes would reveal themselves to be a local super cluster. Current theories propose that there are massive amounts of dark matter in these nodes as well as the visible matter.
Observations have shown that the galaxies within the web seem to all be aligned in the same general direction. Some recent theories attribute this alignment to the properties of the matter (visible and dark) contained in the web. I contend that is not the entire story. I have no doubt that the gravitational attraction of all this matter plays a part in determining the structure of the cosmic web. However I believe that dark energy is also contributing the the web structure!
Let's take a step back and look at the nature of space-time. Einstein said that gravity is the presence of mass warping space-time inward into a gravity well. Think of dark energy as a repulsive force that increases with distance (sort of an anti-gravity). As such it may be possible that dark energy also warps space-time, but in the opposite direction. It warps space-time outward creating 'bubbles' in space-time.
To visualize what I think is happening, picture it this way. Think of the bubbles in a soapy foam. Where two bubbles touch you see an edge. Where three bubbles touch you see a Y-shape. In space, I suppose that the number of bubble intersections may be greater than three, but consult your local topologist about that.
To continue the analogy, if the cosmological bubbles are being inflated by dark energy and warping space-time outward, then two dark energy bubbles should be pushing matter toward their common boundary, i.e. their two-bubble edge. I believe that is exactly what is creating a filament of galaxies along the two-bubble edge
Similarly, at a Y-intersection, three inflationary bubbles would all be pushing matter towards that intersection. In the three-bubble intersection we should expect to see massive amounts of matter being accumulated. That is exactly what we see in the nodes composed of massive amounts of gravitationally bound matter.
I believe these dark energy bubbles are what gives the cosmic web its shape. Since dark energy is repulsive and gets stronger with distance, dark energy bubbles are expanding. In fact, the bigger they get the faster they grow.
So while the nodule's matter is attracting itself with gravity, the dark energy is 'pushing' it into the filaments and nodes. This combination of forces causes the matter to create a deeper and deeper gravity well. After all, the super clusters in the nodes already contain million or even billions of black holes!
As surveys like SDSS continue to improve our observations of the cosmic web they will encompass larger areas of space. And 3-D images of the cosmic web get better, I believe that we may be able to differentiate larger bubbles from smaller bubbles.
I expect that larger bubbles should have thicker filaments and larger 'nodes' because they are 'pushing' harder on the matter. They are also warping space-time more than a small bubble.
We should also see both red-shifted AND blue-shifted galaxies. The closer the galaxies are to us, the more likely to be blue shifted. I can think of two possible reasons. (1) our local bubble may be small and does not have enough 'push' to overcome the gravitational attraction of our local super cluster. (2) our local bubble is large but it is actually pushing galaxies toward us.
Eventually the super cluster of galaxies is drawn together by a combination their own gravity and the force of dark energy bubble pushing the matter together. Over billions of years all the matter in a local super cluster would be eventually drawn into that node. And the gravity well will become enormous; many trillions of trillions of solar masses. Big enough to create an alternative universe big-bang?
What if there is some critical mass beyond which these multi-galactic black holes become unstable and rupture spacetime? Maybe it happens when the gravity becomes strong enough to crush the 6 extra dimension (predicted by M-theory) out of existence and time truly stops. Unlikely, but who knows?
I have another idea. It is not the critical mass of the singularity that determines when such a big bang can happen. Rather, a big bang is triggered when the dark energy bubble is large enough to accept the new universe. In other words, there may be some critical size to the bubble that determines when the black hole seed can become a new universe.
That trigger might be when there is sufficient local space-time to accept a new universe. What do I mean by 'sufficient space-time'? That is the space required so that the new universe cannot interact with any existing universes. Keep in mind that Cosmic Natural Selection allows that new universes may or may not share the fundamental laws of its neighbor. It is probably best if they don't interact. This new universe must be totally isolated from any other Big Bang seeds that may be erupting throughout the multiverse.
Or maybe it is both--a critical singularity size AND a dark energy bubble that is sufficiently large to prevent the new universe from interacting with their neighbors.
Fiery new realities or a single cold death?
Some scientists believe that in about a hundred trillion years our local super cluster will be isolated from all other matter in the universe because dark energy will have forced all matter away at such great speeds that the light from other super clusters can never reach us. We will be essentially isolated from all other super clusters in the universe.
Surely each of these isolated super clusters of galaxies will accrete into a massive black hole singularity. Ultimately the Universe will consist of only super massive black holes that are totally isolated from each other.
I believe that the first big bang (whenever that was) created the seeds of future big bangs. Who knows whether we are in the first big bang or the fiftieth or just one of an infinite number of big bangs. It may be that universes are being created at an exponential rate within the multiverse. But we will never know since they have long since disappeared from our knowable experience. I prefer to envision a future where endless universes are being constantly being born rather than one where our single universe dies out with a whimper of proton decay and black hole evaporation. Everything else in nature is cyclical, why not the universes?
Paul Henry
Florida
BB cosmology has some troubles. I think that it will not last for a long time. Universe has no beginning and no end. It is eternal. I publish an article on the subject.
yours amritAttachment #1: 1_Black_Holes_are_Rejuvenating_Systems_of_the_Universe_.pdf
Just recently we published an article in the Ukrainian Journal of Physics where we calculate that according to BB cosmology the CMB could not reach us yet. Very basic calculation. BB cosmology is dead and nobody is willing to see this.Attachment #1: 1_5_-_A_THREE-DIMENSIONAL_NON-LOCAL_QUANTUM_VACUUM_AS_THE_ORIGIN_OF_PHOTONS.pdf