Readers' Choice: Out of the Darkness

To account for DM and DE in an exact way requires more than general relativity. Dark energy is easy to understand in a classical setting. Insert the cosmological constant into the Einstein field equation and equate it to a momentum energy tensor for a mass-energy distribution. In this case the vacuum energy accounts for the DE, where the momentum-momentum components have a negative pressure. However, this does not tell us what the vacuum structure is, or what the system of eigenvalues is associated with it. With will require supergravity.

Cheers LC

I've shown here that it is possible to fit the Type 1a Supernovae data with a model that does not include an accelerating expansion, thus eliminating the need to postulate dark energy. The only arbitrary parameter in this model is the Hubble Constant and the reduced chi-square (goodness-of-fit) of the model is 0.98.

It also eliminates the Horizon Problem, making Inflation unnecessary, and proposes an alternative origin of the CMBR.

Dave

pleaze take look http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/794

I think its related to this article.

Bashir

Something can be understood as being farther away, and have increased gravity, and be magnified. Increasingly transparent/invisible space brings something/objects closer and farther from the eye. This is how we see.

If we can show and increasing, relative gravitational constancy in relation to distance in/of space, then this accounts for images that are understood as larger (magnified) and smaller (farther away) in astronomical/telescopic observations. The setting sun (as red) and the dropping of an object into increasingly transparent/invisible space -- as it falls to the earth -- encompasses such relatively constant gravity, and it relates to how a closer object (as it is seen) can be farther away (and magnified). Note the right (90 degree) angle encompasses by such a description. Astronomical observations are interactive creations of thought that are similar to dream vision. This is related to the vision of the baby, as it can see farther when it is outside the womb.

Red-shift -- closer (larger) and farther (smaller) in an increasingly invisible/transparent space.

Invisible space ultimately compresses and extends visible space.

It can now be understood that our farthest astro./telesc. obs. are relatively disintegrated in keeping with increasingly transparent/invis. space.

Using Eddington's Polytrope [ρ = K1P1/γ (Lane-Emden's equation variant)] we can state that the cold force works on identical principles for its quanta of space. Simply put, if the radius of a metron [1.3991285073 x 10^-33 cm] can be used as a reference point, we can say that the pressure in a mole of mass is equivalent to the density of metrons within that mole exerting its omnidirectional force. So this is to say that Eddington's Polytrope can be used as a model to show how the metrons will interact in a volume of space or mass. To note, Eddington's Polytrope isn't limited to the state of gas as its model for interaction in mass, but actually covers phase changes of matter as the pressure in a given volume is increased. As pressure is increased, the phases of matter begin to change within that volume of mass [from gas to liquid, liquid to solid; vice versa]. Here's an example, if we take a balloon and fill it to capacity with air at room temperature, the balloon stretches to accommodate the expansive pressure the gas is exerting on the walls of the balloon. Using Eddington's Polytrope equation we would find that the pressure inside the balloon is greater than the pressure outside of it because of the limitation of space the balloon can contain.

http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/922

:)

Student: my equations are off.

Instructor: hmmm add some invisible dust.

S: ok that's better.

I: ok now integrate it into your equations.

S: ok .. hmmm but now I can't solve :-/

I've extended my redshift vs. distance modulus plot to include Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) data. The goodness-of-fit reduced chi-square is now 0.99.

Dave

General relativity says that the speed of light varies with phi, the gravitational potential, in accordance with the equation c'=c(1 plus 2phi/c^2). An alternative, Newton's emission theory of light, gives a slightly different equation: c'=c(1 plus phi/c^2). The Pound-Rebka experiment says that the frequency varies with phi in accordance with the equation f'=f(1 plus phi/c^2). So the Pound-Rebka experiment confirms general relativity or its alternative, Newton's emission theory of light? Don't forget the formula: (frequency) = (speed of light)/(wavelength)

An excellent article, well done! It encapsulates the current muddle of affairs perfectly. I can offer a solution to dark energy and the energy of early inflation quite easily. It's given in the 'Is Reality Digital or Analog?(FQXi's 3rd Essay Contest). See here Reality Was Born Analog But Will Digital Die? by Alan Lowey

Dear All,

Who am I? I am duality, I is singularity.

Conscience is the cosmological constant.

Love,

Sridattadev.

From a distance all Galaxies are points/source of white light. Close up all Galaxies are Black/Dark?

The closer one looks into light, the darker it gets !

The website www.CIGTheory.com contains a paper that explains Dark Matter and Dark Energy. The theory is open to comments.While further work is necessary, the foundation for a new approach to Physics is there. It bridges the gap between the quantum particle and wave duality.

CIIGTheory was carried to New Zealand in a pewter black handbag by some zealous Norwegian residents. How sad.

What is going on I ask? And why am I always the last to know?

Douglas W Lipp - www.CIGTheory.com

Sir, Onthe question of why the universe is expanding. The apparent cause is a volumetric increase in dark energy. Even more simplistic is the mechanism or morphology of that growth of dark energy.

To wit:

See the COSMOS dark matter survey. Copyright NASA, ESA and R. Massey, Cal. Tech.

In this dark matter survey the recent past is on the left; the distant past on the right. As we can see and assert there has been a continuing depletion of dark matter over time. By implication we can assume those voids were steadily filled with dark energy. The presence of real matter (baryons) too miniscule to notate, would also be increasing as time moved 'to the left' forward to present time.

Hypothesis: Dark matter is being converted to real matter and dark energy.

Mechanism: 1. Dark matter is attracted to the vicinity of a galaxy; its ultimate destination the intimate vicinity of the nucleus of that galaxy (called the Tobilz zone in "Black Holes; Dark Matter").

2. Under those extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, magnetic and electric fields, etc. an endothermic reaction takes place. The dark matter 'particle' acquires a particle (Higgs boson?) that imparts mass, rendering it 'real'. It also surrenders a 'particle' that becomes what we refer to as dark energy.

3. After many processing steps the new real particle is available for star formation, etc.

4. The real conditions of the galaxy are adverse to dark energy. Post haste it makes its way towards and collects in those spaces between galaxies. So great is this outflow in some galaxies that real matter can be carried or floated some distance through the galaxy where it eventually settles out like a sediment. In a few cases this 'sediment' can be carried beyond the environs of the galaxy.

We can assume that in the early universe, 90% or more was dark matter. After about six billion years of conversion the balance between dark matter and dark energy tipped in favor of dark energy. What is interesting is we can calculate, based upon rates of conversion, when the reserves of dark matter will be too low to support new star formation. Then commences the next phase of universal development.

Sorry, didn't mean to get so wordy. I just get carried away by the subject.

K2 www.blackholesdarkmatter.com

Hi,

I'm late but so glad to have returned and read your post

Regarding:

Hypothesis: Dark matter is being converted to real matter and dark energy.

Answer - Yes, this is the MTS equation [apply vector arrows on the "T" to show forward and reverse vector Time (rate)] The conversion you reference is rate or % "c" dependent

Everything is attempting to reach "Time Equilibrium"

www.CIGTheory..com

You have a nice site on Dark Matter

I hope somebody takes the time to understand CIG Theory

thx

doug

De Broglie Equation supports CIG Theory & its Explanation of Dark Matter / Dark Energy:

- follow me here please: here, "X" = wavelength because I don't know how to make the wavelength lambda symbol

IF: X=h/p (De Broglie equation) , where X = wavelength, h = Planck constant, p = momentum

THEN: X = h/mv : because p ( momentum ) = mass multiplied by velocity {m = mass, v = velocity )

and, (please confirm my math here )

equivalent equation : m v X = h

equivalent equation: m = h / vX

Then, what I see is that when "v" gets very large, "m" gets very small ! "h" is a constant, and, just for the sake (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake) of it let's assume that the wavelength is non-changing here, for our example.

[Although speed of light "c" does equal wavelength multiplied by frequency]

So, at faster rates of travel, mass gets smaller: m = h / vX [as "v" in the denominator gets bigger, "m" gets smaller] with everything else remaining constant.

At "c" , mass disappears altogether (it has turned to Space (MTS & CIG Theory)

Why are we told that mass gets greater toward it traveling at "c" (Einstein) ????

Here, I see it getting smaller? What am I missing?

About the conflct here - does mass get greater (Einstein) or smaller (CIG Theory) at rates approaching "c" ??

CIG says smaller as Matter actually unfolds into it (mass) becoming Space itself. The mass of Dark Matter is that of a Time nature (read Time Equilibrium in CIG Theory), as opposed to units of grams. The mass has turned to Space with an increase in Velocity, as is apparent in the De Broglie equation: m = h / vX

I am trying to learn Schrodinger's equation, and, if you already know it, and you would like to jump ahead, please apply CIG Theory to it as well. So far, as I understanding the probability wave function, CIG interprets it as being real, with the "electron" smeared out (into it being newly created Space), collapsing only when it slows down (i.e. the black hole "M" version of the MTS equation)

comment here or to lippfamily@earthlink.net

read theory at : www.CIGTheory.com

Thank You,

the author - CIG Theory

[also professes to solve Dark Energy and offer a new explanation of pressure]

Very recently, there have been unexpected advances in understanding dark energy. In fact if the claim of the Egyptian Scientist M. S. El Naschie is correct, then there is no more a mystery regarding dark energy. El Naschie's solution is disarmingly simple and was presented at two conferences which were almost entirely devoted to his work. The first was held in Bibliotheca Alexandrina early October 2012 and the second was in Shanghai a week or so ago. On both occasions El Naschie presented a revision of Einstein's theory leading to an equation very similar to that of Einstein's namely Energy equals mass x the square of the speed of the light. However unlike Einstein's equation, the result is divided by 22. His explanation of 22 is as follows: As in the old string theory of strong interaction, space time of relativity should have been considered 26 dimensional. Taking 4 only is what Einstein did and that is how he got his famous result. Nevertheless Einstein ignored 22 dimensions. This is a scaling factor following Nottale's theory as argued by El Naschie. Even in simpler terms, he reasons that Einstein knew only one elementary messenger particle namely the photon. He knew nothing about the other 11 messenger particles of the standard model which were not known in 1905. Adding 11 super partners it turned out that Einstein did not know about an additional 22 elementary particles. These are the particles needed to explain the missing dark energy. In this way El Naschie was able to show that 95.5% of the energy of the Universe is missing. Alternatively this energy was never there to start with because space time is a fractal and although it looks puffed up it boils down to very little similar to cotton candy. In addition the compactified 22 dimensions are the cause for the negative pressure which increases the acceleration of the Universe's expansion. He claims to have tested his theory using 25 different methods including Witten's M-Theory and reached the same result. Even more importantly this result agrees completely with observation. In other words mathematics and physics have been substantiated by measurement which led last year to the award of the Nobel Prize to the 3 team who obtained this incredible measurement and data. Click on this link to get more info re the above (under news) http://www.msel-naschie.com/ and also http://mohamed-elnaschie.blogspot.com/.