Dear Fedosin,

I am an independent researcher and have not published any papers..My theory being purely classical (denying both the QM and the relativity theories of Einstein) and with no institutional back up, it is difficult to find any journal willing to publish my work. However, my findings have been self-published in the book form titled "The reality of the physical world" now available at amazon.com. I am also planning to hoist a web site for providing information to anybody interested.

In my theory, the nucleus is made up of electron-positron pairs (held together by alternate gravitational and electrostatic bonds) with lone positrons distributed symmetrically (similar to electron distribution outside) among them. The force available to an electron/positron is finite and the whole force is used to form electron-positron chains. So only the force available to to the lone positrons is available to the nucleus for outside interactions.The electrostatic and gravitational forces of electron are taken to be equal, and the strong constant can be got from this. In a hydrogen atom, the gravitational force between the nucleus and the electron is calculated using the same constant, and it is proposed that the spin energy of electron (actual spinning motion) is balanced by gravity and its kinetic energy is balanced by electrostatic force. As there are three independent forces (including the inertial force due to the motion of electron), the atom is spatially stable.

jose p koshy

Dear Christian,

I agree with you that general relativity (GR) is perfect theory which give us exact results. But the problem with GR is connected with the methodology of physics itself and with the fundamentals of the theory. To make the situation more clear let take the next example. Suppose we have a steady flow of an incompressible liquid with a constant flow rate through the tube which has a variable cross-section S, in the absence of gravitational forces. If [math]\rho[/math] is the density of the liquid, V is the average speed of the flow, then the formula for the mass flux is: [math]\rho V S=const =C[/math] When the section S is changing the speed V of the liquid and the density of the kinetic energy Ek in this section is changed: [math]E_k=\frac {\rho V^2} {2}= \frac {C^2} {2 \rho S^2}[/math] In this case the density of the kinetic energy is inextricably linked with the geometry, and we can write the law of conservation of energy density [math]E_k + f(S)= const [/math] where [math]f(S)[/math] is a geometric function of the cross section S, which in general can arbitrarily depend on external conditions affecting S. On the other hand, we can do not use the geometry, and consider the potential energy of the liquid in the form of pressure P, then the sum of the kinetic and the potential energy will be saved regardless of S: [math]E_k +P= const [/math] This shows that the problem with pseudotensor energy field arises in general relativity because of the fact that there the role of energy is performed by geometric quantities, and the gravitational field itself is reduced to the metric field and the curvature of spacetime. Of course, gravity changes the movement and energy of photons, which are used for the spacetime measurements. Hence the conclusion that the metric tensor in the presence of gravity changes its form relative to the metric of Minkowski space in the special theory of relativity. Therefore, such a change in GR metrics associated with gravity so as to satisfy the principle of equivalence. But then in GR energy-momentum tensor of the gravitational field disappear, and the field itself is not a real physical field but the geometrical object. Hence, there are paradoxes. For example in GR contribution to the gravitational field can make any other field, but the gravitational field itself do not make similar in the form of contributions in other fields. Then, why the gravitational field has such unique status? Because of the geometrization of the field in general relativity, we may never know exactly what causes spacetime to curve near the masses? And what is the maximum extent of this spacetime distortion? And where is the evidence that the degree of curvature is able to achieve the status of a black hole? Some of these problems are solved in the Covariant theory of gravitation. In this theory, gravitation exists as a fundamental physical field and has its own energy-momentum tensor like the electromagnetic field. That's gravitational field affects the movement and energy of photons or other test particles, and thus changes the spacetime metric, found by these photons and particles. The role of geometry is reduced only to a change in the metric by gravitation. At the same time as the physical mechanism of gravitation provides a mechanism in the Le Sage theory of gravitation, i.e. gravitation is a consequence of the fluxes of gravitons. And we can find density of energy of gravitons fluxes (http://vixra.org/abs/1209.0076).

Sergey Fedosin

Your paper offers a model of the structure of elementary particles within a nested cosmological concept. There were a lot of interesting ideas in there and clearly you have stimulated a significant amount of discussion and debate.

Thank you

    Dear Jose,

    I found the reference to your book in internet: Jose P. Koshy (2010), The Reality of the Physical World. The Ultimate Theory in Physics , 290 pages. As I understand in the book is your value of strong gravitational constant which is equal to 2.78x10^32 in SI units since you determined it with the help of two electrons. In my opinion we must use forces between proton and electron. In hydrogen atom there are four forces influence the electron which is there in the form of disk cloud: Two forces of attraction, one is the proton strong gravitation, another is the electric force between proton and electron; two forces of repulsion, one is the electric force of charged substance of electron (all parts of electron repel each other), the other is centrifugal force. All the forces approximately equal to each other. Then from the equality of the electric and gravitational forces strong gravitational constant is 1.514 x10^29. Your value 2.78x10^32 is more in 1836 times that is relation of proton mass to electron mass.You can see also the idea of dynamical conception of the electron spin .

    Sergey Fedosin

    Dear Sergei,

    I have been studying the references that you gave me in my FQXi forum and I find they fascinating. I am still studying LITG, but it seems to be some kind of gravitomagnetic approximation to the field theory of Gravity (FTG).

    LITG uses scalar and vector potentials, whereas FTG includes a tensor potential as well because the source of the gravitational field in FTG is the generalized stress-energy tensor \Theta^{\mu\nu} instead of a four-current as in LITG. Similar remarks about the expression for the gravitational force in each approach.

    The reference on Strong gravitation does not give the Lagrangian. Is the LITG Lagrangian used in Strong gravity after substituting the gravitational constant by \Gamma?

    Let me add that the "4/3 problem" is solved for electromagnetism in

    Action-at-a-distance as a full-value solution of Maxwell equations: The basis and application of the separated-potentials method 1996: Phys. Rev. E 53(5), 5373-5381.

    Chubykalo, Andrew E.; Smirnov-Rueda, Roman. Erratum: Action-at-a-distance as a full-value solution of Maxwell equations: The basis and application of the separated-potentials method [Phys. Rev. E 53, 5373 (1996)] 1997: Phys. Rev. E 55(3), 3793--3793. Chubykalo, Andrew E.; Smirnov-Rueda, Roman.

    Reply to "Comment on 'Action-at-a-distance as a full-value solution of Maxwell equations: The basis and application of the separated-potentials method'" 1998: Phys. Rev. E 57(3), 3683--3686. Chubykalo, Andrew E.; Smirnov-Rueda, Roman.

    Using the same mathematical and physical analysis the 3/4 problem is also solved in gravitation --see also ref [11] of my essay--

    Regards.

      Dear Sergey Fedosin,

      Much delighted of your work on, Scale Dimension described in the theory of, Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter.

      To describe an infinite universe with finite expressions for quantization, we propose a holarchial clustering of the matters of universe, that seems to have some correlations with the Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter, though there are specific differences between these two scenarios; in that your work is on the particle nature of matter whereas this work ascribes matter as eigen-rotational string continuum with the emergence of three dimensional structures.

      Thus there is a possibility of integrating both scenarios to bring out with more productive outputs and in this regard, I think, SP-Phi symmetry may be useful to explore the Tetrahedral-brane, assigned in Coherently-cyclic cluster-matter paradigm of universe; whereas the three-component symmetry of it are adaptable with the parameters that are expressional by a tetrahedral-brane.

      With best wishes

      Jayakar

        Dear Juan,

        Lorentz-invariant theory of gravitation (LITG) may be used only in weak field approximation and for simple version of quantum gravity. Yes, in the LITG Lagrangian used in Strong gravity after substituting the gravitational constant by \Gamma. In common case instead of LITG must be used Covariant theory of gravitation (CTG). The CTG has Lagrangian where contribution of gravitational and electromagnetic fields has similar form including field tensors. Thanks for the references. By the way what does mean V` in the equation (1) of your paper `Modified Newtonian Dynamics and Dark Matter from a Generalized Gravitational Theory` at viXra.org ? Is it the velocity of massive source m` ? I do not found there decision of 4/3 problem. As it is known the 4/3 problem is difference of mass-energy of field in energy and in momentum of field of a body in motion.

        Sergey Fedosin

        Dear Jayakar,

        At the link http://www.clustermatteruniverse.net/description/hierarchy I found the geometrical picture of Universe hierarchy in the form of a cluster-matter of embedded holarchial clusters of randomly distributed heterogeneous-matters in triplets. And the minimal clustering algorithm applied on this model has been derived from a previous work on Quantum clustering and computing of information. I suppose you must now to connect your model to the real Universe hierarchy and compare them in details.

        Sergey Fedosin

        Dear Daniel,

        The Theory of Infinite Nesting of Matter is some thousands years old and I am a contributor to it. In the theory evolution of matter and field quanta at lower levels of matter is the base for evolution at high levels of matter. The main patterns of evolution are similar at all levels of matter. The wave quanta and relativistic particles are born by compact objects such as nucleons and neutron stars and fill all the space. These wave quanta and relativistic particles then play the role of gravitons and form objects at high levels of matter. So we find causality in structure and evolution of Universe. With the help of coefficients of similarity we can predict properties of small particles and great objects which we can not see directly. The theory gives us receipt how may particles be constructed and we give models of nucleons, electron, quarks and so on.

        The ether in the theory exists and composed of gravitons fluxes, so we can find isotropic reference frame in every point of universe free of matter. In isotropic reference frame the speed of light and speed of gravitons is the same and do not depend on direction. Near the masses isotropy is broken and the force of gravitation appeared. Also we can understand force of inertia as the action of gravitons fluxes during of change of motion state. From here strong gravitation at the level of particles, and covariant theory of gravitation at the star-planet level are introduced. In covariant theory of gravitation the force of gravitation is a real physical force. For comparison in general relativity the force of gravitation is calculated too but has no physical explanation. More about it see my essay.

        Sergey Fedosin

        Hi Sergey,

        The UP is interpreted to say that virtual particles can appear by borrowing the energy to exist from the vacuum, for a time inversely proportional to their energy. From the UP it is but a small step to a Self-Creating Universe (SCU) where real particles can be thought of as virtual particles which by alternately borrowing and lending each other the energy to exist, force each other to reappear again and again after every disappearance, at about the same place. The smaller their distance, the higher the frequency they exchange energy at, the higher their energy is.

        If in such universe particles have to create themselves, each other, then particle and particle properties must be as much the product as the source of their interactions. As in this view particles express and preserve each other's mass by continuously exchanging energy, the origin of mass is obvious, as is the equality of inertial and gravitational mass. A SCU therefore has no use for Higgs particles, string theory, nor does it need a big bang, a cosmic inflation and dark energy to explain observations. To me the theory of ''infinite hierarchical nesting of matter'' doesn't make much sense as observations which are puzzling in the present paradigm are self-evident in a SCU. For a more extensive discussion than I was able to summarize in my essay, see my website (www.quantumgravity.nl) study. I wonder, by the way, whether, having read my essay, you agree that the 'speed' of light c doesn't refer so much to a (finite) velocity of light but rather to a property of spacetime itself, which is something else entirely?

        Anton

          Dear Sergey,

          Thank you for the references and information.

          The reference to CTG that you give reads: "According to the axioms of CTG the source of the gravitational field is the mass 4-current J^i , and the field itself is characterized by the 4-potential". This confirms my previous post on that this is an approximation to the field theory of gravity mentioned in my essay. In FTG, the source of the gravitational potential is the generalized stress-energy tensor \Theta^ab. In a first approximation \Theta^ab --> T^ab, applying an additional gravitomagnetic approximation, T^ab --> T^0i = cJ^i; T^ji = 0, we recover the field equations for the 4-potential.

          If Strong gravity is obtained by substituting the gravitational constant. How does the resulting Lagrangian reproduce the kinetic term of the QCD Lagrangian? What part is associated to the gauge invariant gluonic field strength tensor?

          Yes, v' is the velocity of the source. The solution to the 4/3 problem of electromagnetism is given in the Phys.Rev.E paper cited above. The paper "Modified Newtonian Dynamics and Dark Matter from a Generalized Gravitational Theory" only applies the equation of motion (with the new gravitational potentials that correspond to the new electromagnetic potentials in Phys.Rev.E) to astrophysical phenomena, showing that dark matter is unneeded. Repeating the same analysis in the Phys.Rev.E we can eliminate the 4/3 problem from gravitational fields as well.

          Regards

          Sergey

          As per your comment on my blog.

          This theory can only have the status of a belief, not objective knowledge, because it involves presumptions which are outwith our experience. In other words, logically, it could be a proper explanation of physical existence, but we cannot know.

          A key concept seems to be the assertion that there is no form of elementary particle, ie substance is infinitely divisible. This is contradictory to the physical reality we experience, which has substance, occurs independently of us, and alters. So, by definition, as at any given point in time, there must be a definitive physically existent state in order that existence (as we know it) occurs, and then re-occurs differently. And we are trapped in that physical experience, only beliefs can postulate alternatives.

          Now, what constitutes a physically existent state (ie reality) is the real question. And it is not the elementary substances, as such. That idea reveals a confusion between the physical substance of existence and what is its existent reality (manifestation). Think on this: take any elementary particle (forget what it is, etc), and just pose the question: as at any point in time what constitutes its reality (physically existent state)? The answer cannot be: 'it', because we know there is alteration. Say 'it' 'spins' (again forget all the concepts behind this), then what is its reality? Remember, it cannot be in more than one state at a time. Or put another way around, if one asserts its existent reality is more than 'one degree of spin' (which can be defined), then the question immediately arises, where is the 'cut-off' point, half a spin, a complete spin? There is no physically justifiable answer, every possibility except one involves change, and that means what is being referred is not a reality, but more than one.

          So reality is a physically existent state, and that is probably associated with the state of the properties of whatever constitutes the elementary substances. Existence is analogous to a film, that is, if it could be completely differentiated, then the point at which no form of change occurred could be identified, and that is what exists, but only as at that point in time. There is no time in reality, timing is the quantification of the rate at which change to a reality occurs.

          Paul

            Dear Anton,

            It is known that virtual particles are quasiparticles which were necessary to explain some properties of vacuum in the case when we do not know the real structure of vacuum. Also for the virtual particles the principle of uncertainty is applied and so on from quantum mechanics, including particle - antiparticle creation. In the Theory of Infinite Nesting of Matter the real reasons for phenomena are searched first of all on the base of classical physics and classical models with addition of relativity where it is necessary. The equality of inertial and gravitational mass is a consequence of calibrating of mass units on one hand, and the consequence of the fact that real reason for both mass are fluxes of gravitons passing through bodies. The speed of light is a property of fluxes of gravitons since photons are the waves of the fluxes of gravitons. I found the portal www.quantumgravity.nl , and there is the next: universe which creates itself out of nothing, without any outside intervention. Does it mean that such universe has a boundary or surface in space as a limit for internal observer? Is the universe finite or infinite?

            Sergey Fedosin

            Dear Paul,

            It seems the reality of any object as its existence may be understood only through its interaction with other objects or probe particles.

            Sergey Fedosin

            Sergey:

            Very , very good essay.

            I've read it, and given my opinion with my rating.

            Thanks for answering the questions in my "fable" essay.

            I agree with you that maybe one of our worst assumptions these days might be the Big Bang.

            Regards.

            Juan E Ramos Beraud

            P.s. there is little time left for the rating; we should rate the good essays ASAP.

              Sergey

              Yes. Knowledge of any given physically existent state (reality)is only potentially available to us via the consequence of an interaction (aka light, noise, vibration, etc-but these are also physically existent). With the evolution of sensory systems, these phenomena acquired the functional role of enabling sentient organisms to be aware of reality. That is, in the context of the sensory systems, they are representations of reality.

              This introduces another layer of potential factors which can obscure what originally occurred (reality). But that is because the sensory systems are the only basis upon which we can know reality, not because they in any way cause it. The ultimate output being perception of reality, not reality. That, both in terms of what was received and what created that, occurs independently of the sensory systems. The problem is extricating objective knowledge of that.

              Paul

              Dear Juan,

              Between electromagnetic Lagrangian and QCD Lagrangian there is a correspondence. The same is for gravitational Lagrangian of Covariant theory of gravitation (CTG). It may be converted to QCD Lagrangian in view of Strong gravitation. From this the gravitational model of strong interaction may be built.

              Sergey Fedosin