Unified Field, Relativity and Quantum Mechanics Meet String Theory, Parallel Universes, the Mathematical Universe, and TOE by Rodney Bartlett

Hi Jonathan,

I'm glad I could help you and Andy Beckwith.

No, I haven't checked out entirely. I did for a while, due to the poor reception my entry seems to be getting. It isn't faring any better than my entry from a couple of years ago. And I couldn't see any point in logging in. But I'm really pleased with the response from you and Zeeya Merali - so in the words of Arnold Scharzenegger, I'm b-a-ack! (For today at least - I haven't been able to stop typing all year, and who knows where that typing will take me tomorrow.)

Thanks for reading my essay sometime. I had to chop nearly half of it to meet length-limits for the contest, but I've been told it's still "very comprehensible".

Regards,

Rodney

I posted this little article at vixra.org and researchgate.net, so why not fqxi.org too? I don't have time to search for an appropriate article in the forums on which to comment, so I'll just post the whole article on my own page. OK?

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Title -

From T Tauri Stars to Coronal Heating via Newton and Einstein

Author - Rodney Bartlett

Abstract -

This article begins with the subject of gravitational collapse producing energy in T Tauri stars. It finishes with heating of the Sun's corona via infrared photons forming charged electrons and protons when they interact with gravity, and all these particles being trapped in magnetic fields which extend to the corona (i.e. heating is due to magnetism plus hot jets). Paragraphs in between deal with E=mc^2 versus E=m/c^2*c^2, matter as "coherent space or coherent gravity", linearity and nonlinearity in the universe, human intelligence and divine intelligence, a one-paragraph snapshot of the mathematics behind time travel to the past, why hyperspace doesn't cause the solar system to collapse, photon-graviton oscillation, how space-time ceases to exist physically, a one-paragraph snapshot of the gravitational-electromagnetic equivalence behind time travel to the past, why space-time (and gravitational-electromagnetic equivalence) exist mathematically, why space-time is warped and why DNA is a double helix, General Relativity's deflection of starlight by the Sun is only half the story, photons and gravitons interact to produce reflection and deflection of light. By the way, it occurs to me that my recent articles possess a "modular" aspect. Often, paragraphs from previous articles can be copied and pasted into new articles. The copied paragraphs are modules that are the basis of new articles. Of course, to make those new articles different, the modules are placed in a different order and new words or paragraphs appropriate to different subjects are inserted.

Content -

"T Tauri stars don't generate energy through fusion but rather as a result of gravitational collapse" (Astronomy magazine - June 2013, p.73)

Gravity currents circulate through space and can be referred to as dark energy. See http://vixra.org/abs/1303.0218 for further explanation regarding gravity's attraction, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, tides, orbits, dark matter. As gravity currents converge on the space bounded by a T Tauri star, they are converted into matter. This agrees with the principle of mass-energy relation, popularly known as E=mc^2. We should remember that E=mc^2 appears to only be partly correct because the highest speed possible is Lightspeed. Physically speaking, it cannot be multiplied. Einstein himself proved this. The equation E=mc^2 can be considered a degenerate form of the mass-energy-momentum relation for vanishing momentum. Einstein was very well aware of this, and in later papers repetitively stressed that his mass-energy equation is strictly limited to observers co-moving with the object under study. The version of the equation applicable here may be E=m/c^2*c^2. Dividing by c^2 then multiplying by c^2 cancels, leaving E=m. That is, in this case, (gravitational) energy = (T Tauri) matter.

Exactly how does this energy change into matter? Suppose Albert Einstein was correct when he said gravitation plays a role in the constitution of elementary particles (in "Do Gravitational Fields Play An Essential Part In The Structure of the Elementary Particles?" - a 1919 submission to the Prussian Academy of Sciences). And suppose he was also correct when he said gravitation is the warping of space-time. Then it is logical that 1) gravitation would play a role in constitution of elementary particles, and their mass, and also in the constitution of the nuclear forces associated with those particles, and 2) the warping of space-time that produces gravity means space-time itself plays a role in the constitution of elementary particles, their mass, and the nuclear forces. Matter can be thought of as "coherent space or coherent gravity" that is bound by forces and gravity. How could gravity be involved in the structure of particles? To understand how this could happen, we need to remember that higher-frequency light (in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum) can be converted into lower-frequency infrared light (by being absorbed as visible light and re-emitted at infrared wavelengths by interstellar gas and dust). Similarly, the gravitational waves of space could have a frequency even greater than gamma rays. When converted into lower frequencies, they'd produce all the electromagnetic wavelengths - including T Tauri stars' generation of energy through gravitational collapse.

Einstein's paper suggests electromagnetism interacts with gravity to form particles of matter (E=mc^2 or E=m/c^2*c^2 would provide the mathematics that describes the conversion from gravitational energy to the "coherent, organized energy" that is matter). If we adopt a strictly linear view of cause and effect, we'd say the EM that interacts with gravity to produce matter must come from other stars in space because EM energy from the T Tauri doesn't exist until its matter forms. But what happens when the paragraph above is combined with later parts of this article? We see that a) space-time warps to produce gravity, b) space-time itself plays a role in the constitution of elementary particles, their mass, and the nuclear forces, and c) currents of binary digits within Mobius loops are the producers of the 4 fundamental forces of gravitational waves, electromagnetic waves, the nuclear strong force and the nuclear weak force? There is a unification of time with all the space, gravity, forces, and matter in the universe (as Einstein said when forced to summarize the general theory of relativity in one sentence - "time and space and gravitation have no separate existence from matter" - http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Physics-Albert-Einstein-Theory-Relativity.htm). In other words; the universe is nonlinear, effects can influence causes (this is called quantum entanglement in time or retrocausality), and it becomes possible for the T Tauri's EM to produce the T Tauri star itself. At first, this sounds too fantastic to seriously consider. But before dismissing it, read the 2nd last paragraph and remember that if the universe sprang from mathematics, it's likely to be the result of the electricity and magnetism in computers. As fundamental as gravity may be to everything else (including EM), we can take a nonlinear approach and simultaneously understand that electromagnetism is fundamental to everything (including gravity). When we realize that every mind exists in a unified field with the maths behind the cosmos and the quantum, there will be absolutely no physical limitations for humans*.

* Does this mean there is no God? No. God's existence cannot possibly be scientifically comprehended in the current non-unified understanding of the cosmos. Thus, many scientists need to invoke the existence of an unlimited number of parallel universes having limitless combinations of the laws of physics (so one of those universes would produce all the correct laws that enable beings such as ourselves to exist). A non-supernatural God is proposed via the inverse-square law's infinite aspect coupled with eternal quantum entanglement, but Einstein taught us that time is warped. Warped time is nonlinear, making it at least possible that the BITS composing space-time and all particles originate from the computer science of humans - BInary digiTS only suggest existence of the divine if time is linear. The inverse-square law states that the force between two particles becomes infinite if the distance of separation between them goes to zero. Remembering that gravitation partly depends on the distance between the centres of objects, the distance of separation between objects only goes to zero when those centres occupy the same space-time coordinates (not merely when the objects' sides are touching i.e. infinity equals the total elimination of distance). The infinite cosmos could possess this absence of distance in space and time, via the electronic mechanism of binary digits (this would enable it to be as malleable and flexible as anything on a computer screen). Zero separation is the case in quantum-entangled space-time and physicist Michio Kaku says in his book "Physics of the Impossible" that modern science thinks the whole universe has been quantum-entangled forever. This means there's still room for the infinity known as God. God would be a suprapantheistic union of the universe's spatial, temporal, hyperspatial, material and conscious parts; forming a union with humans in a cosmic unification, and forming a universal intelligence. Science's own Law of Conservation says the total mass (or matter) and energy in the universe does not change, though the quantity of each varies (I interpret this Law as saying - to get matter and energy, you have to start with matter and energy; which means that time must be warped). So what happens if we subtract humans of the distant future - with their ability to travel into the past** (also, see the paragraph mentioning Yale Uni) and use incomprehensibly-advanced cosmogenesis, terraforming and biotechnology (cosmos, Earth-like planet, and life-generating abilities) from the origins of life? It becomes impossible for inorganic materials - and referring to the creation of amino acids in the laboratory by Harold Urey and Stanley Miller in 1952, relatively simple amino acids - to be assembled into complex plants and animals, whose adaptations are often called evolution.

** Maybe hidden variables called binary digits (binary digits would be the hidden variables which Einstein said carry extra information about the world of quantum mechanics ... and complete it, eliminating probabilities and bringing about exact predictions) could permit time travel into the future by warping positive space-time. And maybe they'd allow time travel into the past by warping a 5D hyperspace # that is translated 180 degrees to space-time, and could be labelled as negative or inverted. (The space-time we live in is described by ordinary [or "real"] numbers which, when multiplied by themselves, result in positive numbers e.g. 2x2=4, and -2x-2 also equals 4. Inverted "positive" space-time becomes negative hyperspace which is described by so-called imaginary numbers that give negative results when multiplied by themselves e.g. i multiplied by itself gives -1.) The past can never be changed from what occurred, and the future can never be altered from what it will be. Both are programmed by the 1's and 0's.

# This 5th-dimensional hyperspace would be tinier than a subatomic particle, like the dimensions invoked by string theory (about 70% of space consists of dark energy, according to the WMAP and Planck space probes - which is interpreted in this article as 70% of a particle also consisting of dark energy since "space-time itself plays a role in the constitution of elementary particles and the nuclear forces" (see paragraph above about Einstein's 1919 submission to the Prussian Academy of Sciences). This dark energy can be associated with hyperspace and its binary digits, so a) 70% of a particle is composed of hyperspace, and b) the extra dimension exists everywhere in space occupied by particles (also everywhere in "empty" space, where binary digits are referred to as Virtual Particles). With a single extra dimension of astronomical size, gravity is expected to cause the solar system to collapse ("The hierarchy problem and new dimensions at a millimetre" by N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, G. Dvali - Physics Letters B - Volume 429, Issues 3-4, 18 June 1998, Pages 263-272, and "Gravity in large extra dimensions" by U.S. Department of Energy - http://www.eurekalert.org/features/doe/2001-10/dbnl-gil053102.php However, collapse never occurs if gravity accounts for repulsion as well as attraction on both subatomic and astronomical scales (accounts for dark energy and familiar concepts of gravity, as well as repelling aspects of the electroweak force [such as placing two like magnetic poles together] and attracting electroweak/strong force aspects). "Electroweak" and "strong" force can be united in that sentence because gravitation and space-time are united with both the (electro)weak and strong nuclear forces.

When gravitons and photons transfer energy to each other, E=mc^2 (set forth in "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?" by Albert Einstein - "Annalen der Physik" - November 21, 1905) says the relation of mass to energy means they're transferring mass, too. Another way to view their interaction is - the product of gravity interacting with electromagnetism is what we call "mass"; the gravitons and photons therefore give mass to each other. Experiments conducted by the Particle Data Group ("Review of Particle Physics" - Physics Letters B, Volume 667, Issues 1-5, 11 September 2008, Pages 1-6) say the mass of a single photon is no more than 10^-18 eV/c^2.

"Mass of the graviton" by Alfred S. Goldhaber and Michael Martin Nieto - Phys. Rev. D 9, 1119-1121 (1974) - says "...although it is not known if the graviton exists, one can still say that its rest mass is less than 2 ﾃ-- 10-62 g. It's important to note that this paragraph is referring to either subluminal or rest mass of the photon. In other articles e.g. "Equation Describing the Universe" (http://vixra.org/abs/1305.0030), I refer to photons as massless. This is their state at the speed of light (the same applies to gravitons for electromagnetic and gravitational waves are both parts of, and disturbances in, the fabric of space-time) -

It's impossible to point to the 4th dimension of time, so this cannot be physical. Since the union of space-time is well established in modern science, we can assume the 4th dimension is actually measurement of the motions of the particles occurring in the 3 dimensions of length, width, and height. The basic standard of time in the universe is the measurement of the motions of photons - specifically, of the speed of light. This is comparable to the 1960's adoption on Earth of the measurement of time as the vibration rate of cesium atoms. Suppose that at lightspeed, time = 0 (it is stopped). Below 300,000 km/sec, in accord with Relativity, acceleration or gravitation causes time dilation (slowing of time as the speed of light is approached). If time's 0, space is also 0 because space and time coexist as space-time whose warping (gravity) is necessarily 0 too. Spacetime/gravity form matter/mass, so the latter pair can't exist at lightspeed and photons are massless.

How can space-time equal 0 and not exist? A new definition of infinity is needed. The inverse-square law states that the force between two particles becomes infinite if the distance of separation between them goes to zero. Remembering that gravitation (associated with particles) partly depends on the distance between their centres, the distance of separation only goes to zero when those centres occupy the same space-time coordinates (not merely when the particles' or objects' sides are touching i.e. infinity equals the total elimination of distance^). The infinite cosmos could possess this absence of distance in space and time, via the electronic mechanism of binary digits (this would enable it to be as malleable and flexible as anything on a computer screen). To distinguish this definition from "the universe going on and on forever", we can call it "electronic infinity or e infinity".

^ If infinity (not physical infinity, but e infinity) is the total elimination of distance in space-time, there would be nothing to prevent instant intergalactic travel or time travel to the past and future^^. Infinity does not equal nothing - total elimination of distance, or space-time, produces nothing in a physical sense and reverts to theoretical physicist Lee Smolin's imagining of strings as "not made of anything at all" (p.35 of Dr. Sten Odenwald's article "What String Theory Tells Us About the Universe": Astronomy - April 2013). It also reverts the universe to the mathematical blueprint from which physical being is constructed (see below - this agrees with cosmologist Max Tegmark's hypothesis that mathematical formulas create reality, http://discovermagazine.com/2008/jul/16-is-the-universe-actually-made-of-math#.UZsHDaIwebs and http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.0646). So, infinity = something, agreeing with Dr. Sten Odenwald's statement on p.32 of his article, that "The basic idea is that every particle of matter ... and every particle that transmits a force ... is actually a small one-dimensional loop of something.

^^ Here's a proposed method for making time travel to the past practical - In July 2009, electrical engineer Hong Tang and his team at Yale University in the USA demonstrated that, on silicon chip-and transistor-scales, light can attract and repel itself like electric charges/magnets. This is the "optical force", a phenomenon that theorists first predicted in 2005 (this time delay is rather confusing since James Clerk Maxwell showed that light is an electromagnetic disturbance approx. 150 years ago). In the event of the universe having an underlying electronic foundation, it would be composed of "silicon chip-and transistor-scales" and the Optical Force would not be restricted to microscopic scales but could operate universally. Tang proposes that the optical force could be exploited in telecommunications. For example, switches based on the optical force could be used to speed up the routing of light signals in fibre-optic cables, and optical oscillators could improve cell phone signal processing. From 1929 until his death in 1955, Einstein worked on his Unified Field Theory with the aim of uniting electromagnetism (light is one form of this) and gravitation. Achievement of this means warps of space (gravity, according to General Relativity) between spaceships/stars could mimic the Optical Effect and could be attracted together, thereby eliminating distance (similar to traversing a wormhole between two folds in space). And "warp drive" would not only come to life in future science/technology ... it would be improved tremendously; even allowing literally instant travel to points many, many billions of light years away. This reminds me of the 1994 proposal by Mexican physicist Miguel Alcubierre of a method of stretching space in a wave which would in theory cause the fabric of space ahead of a spacecraft to contract and the space behind it to expand - Alcubierre, Miguel (1994). "The warp drive: hyper-fast travel within general relativity". Classical and Quantum Gravity 11 (5): L73-L77. Therefore, the ship would be carried along in a warp bubble like a person being transported on an escalator, reaching its destination faster than a light beam restricted to travelling outside the warp bubble. There are no practical known methods to warp space - however, this extension of the Yale demonstration in electrical engineering may provide one.

How could this infinite mathematical something be measured (in other words, what form could it take?)

Let's borrow a few ideas from string theory's ideas of everything being ultimately composed of tiny, one-dimensional strings that vibrate as clockwise, standing, and counterclockwise currents in a four-dimensional looped superstring. We can visualize tiny, one dimensional binary digits of 1 and 0 (base 2 mathematics) forming currents in a two-dimensional program called a Mobius loop - or in 2 Mobius loops, clockwise currents in one loop combining with counterclockwise currents in the other to form a standing current. Combination of the 2 loops' currents requires connection of the two as a four-dimensional Klein bottle. This connection can be made with the infinitely-long irrational and transcendental numbers. Such an infinite connection translates - via bosons being ultimately composed of the binary digits of 1 and 0 depicting pi, e, √2 etc.; and fermions being given mass by bosons interacting in matter particles' "wave packets" - into an infinite number of (possibly Figure-8) Klein bottles.[1] Slight imperfections in the way the Mobius loops fit together determine the precise nature of the binary-digit currents (the producers of space-time-hyperspace, gravitational waves, electromagnetic waves, the nuclear strong force and the nuclear weak force) and thus of exact mass, charge, quantum spin, and adherence to Pauli's exclusion principle. Referring to a Bose-Einstein condensate, the slightest change in the binary-digit flow (Mobius loop orientation) would alter the way gravitation and electromagnetism interact, and the BEC could become a gas (experiments confirm that it does).

[1] Each one is a "subuniverse" composing the physically infinite and eternal space-time of the universe. The infinite numbers make the cosmos physically infinite, the union of space and time makes it eternal, and it's in a static or steady state because it's already infinite and has no room for expansion. Our own subuniverse has a limited size (and age of 13.8 billion years), has warped space-time[2] (and spiralling DNA which is made of warped space-time or gravity and shaped like a double helix) because it's modelled on two Mobius loops which can be fashioned by giving a strip of paper a 180-degree twist before joining the ends, and is expanding from a big bang. We don't have to worry about accelerating cosmic expansion - the result of more space, forces, energy and matter being continually produced by binary digits - leaving our galaxy alone in space. As the aspect of gravity known as "dark energy" (see the vixra article mentioned below) causes known galaxies to depart from view, more energy and matter can replace them (since the universe obeys fractal geometry, gravity is the source of repelling and attracting not only on a quantum scale but on a cosmic scale, too i.e. it accounts for dark energy - it accounts for dark matter and Kepler's laws of planetary motion, too [but that's a long explanation best left in http://vixra.org/abs/1303.0218]). The Law of Conservation says neither matter nor energy can be created or destroyed (though the quantity of each can change), so a better phrase might be "binary digits recycle spacetime" (when matter changes into energy or energy becomes matter, we commonly say matter or energy has been created). As well, other expanding subuniverses can collide with ours and their galaxies enter our space to keep our galaxy company. (see "Cosmic evolution in a cyclic universe" by Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok - Phys. Rev. D 65, 126003 (2002) [20 pages] - also see http://discovermagazine.com/2009/oct/04-will-our-universe-collide-with-neighboring-one#.UY3YTKL-Gbs that speaks of the "axis of evil", an unexpected alignment of cold and hot [denser and less dense] spots in the cosmic microwave background; one of the possible explanations of this being collision with another universe [other proposals are that the universe's inflation wasn't perfectly symmetrical, and that the entire universe is rotating])

[2] Since the warping of space-time is modelled on two Mobius loops, it should be twice what Einstein calculated. His figure of 1.75 seconds of arc for the deflection of starlight by the Sun has been experimentally proven because starlight which grazes the sun is indeed deflected at 1.75". However, this is not 100% of the light emitted by a star. It represents the warping of space that is created by one Mobius - the other Mobius accounts for an extra 1.75" of space warping which causes part of the starlight to be gravitationally pushed into the Sun where gravity and electromagnetism interact to form mass (and the energy contributes to heating of the Sun's corona or outer atmosphere). The binary digits in space-time (assumed by modern science to be "virtual particles") confer energy (and mass) on cosmic rays that travel far through space, turning them into UHECRs (ultra-high-energy cosmic rays). Similarly, the digits give energy to a star's photons - which has the potential to cause scientific instruments to overestimate the energy released from distant stars. However, this increase in energy of the light photons may be balanced by the stretching of space, which causes decrease of energy (as of 21 March 2013, the Hubble

constant, as measured by the Planck Mission, is 67.80 ﾂｱ 0.77 km/s/Mpc -"Planck Mission Brings Universe Into Sharp Focus" - http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-

109&rn=news.xml&rst=3739). Thus, the speed of light in a vacuum would be a constant.

[2.1] How is passing starlight deflected towards the Sun? The refracted gravitational wave heading for the sun "captures" [2.2] the light from distant stars that appear close to the rim of the sun before the gravity wave's diverted to the centre of our star (string theory predicts that gravity's gravitons interact with light's photons). Acting as a gravitational attractor, the refracted wave carries the light with it as it bends towards the sun's centre. The light is not carried all the way but breaks free since photons have their own energy and momentum. However, the light is carried far enough to be deflected a tiny amount from its original path. According to Newton's 3rd Law of Motion (to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction), the light will be deflected toward the sun by an equal and opposite amount to the gravity wave's deflection to the solar interior. "Opposite" means the light wave travels away from the sun at approx. 186,282 miles per second and the gravity wave travels into the sun at the same velocity. "Equal" means, since experiments have shown the bending of starlight to be 1.75 seconds of arc (in geometry 60 seconds = 1 minute, 60 minutes = 1 degree, and there are 360 degrees in a circle), the refraction of gravitation from the solar rim is also 1.75 arcseconds (as density increases the deeper the gravity wave goes, the greater its refraction becomes).

[2.2] Gravitons and photons interact via Einstein's mass-energy relation. A gravitational wave acts as an attractor and captures light by feeling friction with the mass-energy of the photons. This causes gravitational refraction or bending in which part of the gravity pushes a photon by travelling in the direction of the centre of each photon in the light (once it reaches the centre, the 3rd Law of Motion accounts for the photons' reaction of being attracted to the gravitons). Compared to the other forces we know; gravity is incredibly weak and the weak "equal but opposite" reaction cannot overcome the heaviness of macroscopic objects which consequently don't float off towards the gravity doing the pushing. Photons, when pushed towards the surface of Earth, are so tiny and light that they do recoil from the push - they "reflect".

[2.3] Starlight that is gravitationally pushed into the Sun is not the only cause of coronal heating - it's undoubtedly extremely unimportant in this respect. The intense magnetism of sunspots prevents heat from rising to the surface and radiating into space because magnetic fields restrict the motion of charged particles - and infrared photons form charged electrons and protons when they interact with gravity in wave packets (at the most basic level, this process is mathematical and relies on quantum Mobius loops along with their translation into fractally quantum-sized figure-8 Klein bottles). As the sun's magnetic field extends to its corona (outer atmosphere), the infrared photons trapped within it heat the corona to temperatures of one to three million kelvin. Recall that "magnetic fields restrict the motion of charged particles - and infrared photons form charged electrons and protons when they interact with gravity in wave packets". This means heating of the corona is not solely dependent on magnetic fields but also, as a result of the electrons and protons, on "... rapid heating events like fast jets of hot material ..." (Astronomy magazine - April 2013, p.50). In the Astronomy article; Scott McIntosh from the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, USA writes, "The Alfven (magnetic) waves likely dump their energy in the corona, too, but the means by which that happens is a topic of great debate. So, we still don't know exactly why the Sun's corona is hot ..." This article proposes that magnetic waves "dump" energy in the corona by interacting with gravity waves refracted towards the sun's centre from the outer solar system, thus producing mass in the corona and giving the illusion that gravitational attraction emanates from the sun's centre.

I'm very glad you enjoyed my essay, Xiong. I enjoyed your interesting essay, too. It nicely leads to the concluding "The trinity: Matter-Energy-Information".

I'm just wondering about this trinity. Could matter-energy-information be compared with the religious trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit? I wonder about this because I think science and religion will unite in the future.

I've noticed a strange belief in the scientific community - scientists seem to claim they don't "believe" in anything. I imagine this claim is a refute of religion, mysticism and New Agers. After all, scientists DO believe in atoms, the Earth orbiting the Sun, etc. etc. They should also be extremely careful when they criticise every aspect of religion and mysticism. For example, think of the strange things that could result from the universe being a unified field in which all seemingly separate objects in time and space are actually one thing. That is, all seemingly separate objects in space and time would be products of one mathematical blueprint. This maths could make space-time and everything it contains as flexible as objects in a computer game, thus having the potential to delete distances in space-time and create quantum entanglement/retrocausality on macroscopic scales. Centuries from now, this could render today's scientific reluctance to believe a quaint symbol of a primitive culture ... and expose today's science as a dinosaur unable to adjust to the modern world of those future centuries. Tomorrow's world could regard today's scientists in the same way that the science of 2013 thinks of priests who lived in the Middle Ages.

Many thanks for your kind comments, Vladimir. I clicked on both of the extremely interesting links you supplied.

I don't speak Russian but I still enjoyed the link to You Tube because I love music and I also love listening to any foreign language (I don't care if I can't understand the words).

About the paper -

Aristotle's "Infinitum Actu Non Datur" (there is no actual infinity) could mean my concept of electronic infinity or e infinity - which deletes all distances in space and time - is valid. And Kronecker's statement that the usual final natural numbers "were created by the God, but all the rest is a human-being work" could be viewed in a new light where the unified field removes all separateness (by, in this case, removing all distance between God and human beings). This would further validate e infinity. My essay states this removal with these words - "God would be a suprapantheistic union of the universe's spatial, temporal, hyperspatial, material and conscious parts; forming a union with humans in a cosmic unification, and a universal intelligence.

Hello John,

Apologies for the delay, which is caused by my simply not having enough time. Your essay is very interesting indeed. Why doesn't physics have a universally accepted concept of the relation between the cosmos, particles and energy? I think it's because the relationship between those 3 things comes down to mathematics. In their minds, scientists readily admit that the universe is mathematical. But they're only human - in their hearts, they don't really want to believe this because this mathematical foundation implies the existence of something that can't be measured and observed - either God; or perhaps humans from the far future who travel into the remote past and use cosmogenesis, terraforming, and biotechnology that today's scientists can't imagine.

The last 500 years of science has advanced the world so much. It's time for everyone to accept that our destiny is not to simply build on those foundations by dotting i's and crossing t's and making ever-more-precise measurements. Taking the example of how relativity and quantum mechanics fundamentally altered the science of the late 19th century, it's time to build on the foundations of the last 500 years by using those foundations to propel modern science in a new direction - towards the unified field and its applications not just to maths, but in the physical events of our daily lives. The unified field has the potential to resolve all of today's mysteries - including scientific explanation of God, miracles that are not supernatural but merely incomprehensible to science that isn't based on the unified field, extra-sensory cognitive abilities, and insight into the presently unimaginable greatness of human potential.

As you say, " the relation of Bit to It seems attainable - and indeed, imminent." Personally; I think it'll be here far, far sooner than anybody believes. Even though that time could never arrive without all the scientific, and nonscientific, endeavours of today and 5 hundred (or 5 billion) years ago; we'll look back at the 21st century and wonder how we could possibly have been so primitive.

Best regards,

Rodney

I'd like to send feedback about "On the dimensionality of spacetime" by Max Tegmark 1997 Class. Quantum Grav. 14 L69 doi:10.1088/0264-9381/14/4/002.

In this letter, he says "In a space with more than three dimensions, there can be no traditional atoms and perhaps no stable structures."

There is a way for space with more than 3 dimensions to be stable. This is revealed in an article ("From T Tauri Stars to Coronal Heating via Newton and Einstein") I posted at

http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/1606

(Max Tegmark is scientific director of FQXi),

http://vixra.org/abs/1307.0072 and

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249649876_From_T_Tauri_Stars_to_Coronal_Heating_via_Newton_and_Einstein

Below is the part of my article directly referring to space's stability in more than 3 dimensions -

Maybe hidden variables called binary digits (binary digits would be the hidden variables which Einstein said carry extra information about the world of quantum mechanics; and complete it, eliminating probabilities and bringing about exact predictions) could permit time travel into the future by warping positive space-time. And maybe they'd allow time travel into the past by warping a 5D hyperspace # that is translated 180 degrees to space-time, and could be labelled as negative or inverted. (The space-time we live in is described by ordinary [or real] numbers which, when multiplied by themselves, result in positive numbers e.g. 2x2=4, and -2x-2 also equals 4. Inverted positive space-time becomes negative hyperspace which is described by so-called imaginary numbers that give negative results when multiplied by themselves e.g. i multiplied by itself gives -1.) The past can never be changed from what occurred, and the future can never be altered from what it will be. Both are programmed by the 1s and 0s.

# This 5th-dimensional hyperspace would be tinier than a subatomic particle, like the dimensions invoked by string theory (about 70% of space consists of dark energy, according to the WMAP and Planck space probes; which is interpreted in this article as 70% of a particle also consisting of dark energy since "space-time itself plays a role in the constitution of elementary particles and the nuclear forces" (see paragraph above about Einstein's 1919 submission to the Prussian Academy of Sciences). This dark energy can be associated with hyperspace and its binary digits, so a) 70% of a particle is composed of hyperspace, and b) the extra dimension exists everywhere in space occupied by particles (also everywhere in "empty" space, where binary digits are referred to as Virtual Particles). With a single extra dimension of astronomical size, gravity is expected to cause the solar system to collapse ("The hierarchy problem and new dimensions at a millimetre" by N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, G. Dvali - Physics Letters B - Volume 429, Issues 3–4, 18 June 1998, Pages 263–272, and “Gravity in large extra dimensions” by U.S. Department of Energy - http://www.eurekalert.org/features/doe/2001-10/dbnl-gil053102.php However, collapse never occurs if gravity accounts for repulsion as well as attraction on both subatomic and astronomical scales (accounts for dark energy and familiar concepts of gravity, as well as repelling aspects of the electroweak force [such as placing two like magnetic poles together] and attracting electroweak/strong force aspects). “Electroweak” and “strong” force can be united in that sentence because gravitation and space-time are united with both the (electro)weak and strong nuclear forces.

Being a nonconformist has a good side and a bad side. It's good because it allows your mind to explore ideas that traditional scientists would call crazy (they could learn something from the great Danish physicist Niels Bohr, who once remarked "Your theory is crazy, but it is not crazy enough to be true"). Nonconformity is bad in the sense that modern science journals never take you seriously and the worldwide science community will therefore never be given a chance to consider or test those crazy ideas. So you end up turning your FQXi page into a kind of blog where you can express your ideas (for a limited duration). The latest blog entry is -

Can physics explain why space-time is warped - and can physics and biology be united in a way that explains why DNA is a double helix?

Suppose Albert Einstein was correct when he said gravitation plays a role in the constitution of elementary particles (in "Do Gravitational Fields Play An Essential Part In The Structure of the Elementary Particles?" - a 1919 submission to the Prussian Academy of Sciences). And suppose he was also correct when he said gravitation is the warping of space-time. Then it is logical that 1) gravitation would play a role in constitution of elementary particles, and their mass, and also in the constitution of the nuclear forces associated with those particles, and 2) the warping of space-time that produces gravity means space-time itself plays a role in the constitution of elementary particles, their mass, and the nuclear forces. Matter can be thought of as "coherent space or coherent gravity" that is bound by forces and gravity. How could gravity be involved in the structure of particles? To understand how this could happen, we need to remember that higher-frequency light (in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum) can be converted into lower-frequency infrared light (by being absorbed as visible light and re-emitted at infrared wavelengths by interstellar gas and dust). Similarly, the gravitational waves of space could have a frequency even greater than gamma rays. When converted into lower frequencies, they'd produce matter which would then produce all the electromagnetic wavelengths - including gamma rays and microwaves.

Let's borrow a few ideas from string theory's ideas of everything being ultimately composed of tiny, one-dimensional strings that vibrate as clockwise, standing, and counterclockwise currents in a four-dimensional looped superstring. We can visualize tiny, one dimensional binary digits of 1 and 0 (base 2 mathematics) forming currents in a two-dimensional program called a Mobius loop - or in 2 Mobius loops, clockwise currents in one loop combining with counterclockwise currents in the other to form a standing current. Combination of the 2 loops' currents requires connection of the two as a four-dimensional Klein bottle. This connection can be made with the infinitely-long irrational and transcendental numbers. Such an infinite connection translates - via bosons being ultimately composed of the binary digits of 1 and 0 depicting pi, e, √2 etc.; and fermions being given mass by bosons interacting in matter particles' "wave packets" - into an infinite number of (possibly Figure-8) Klein bottles.[1] Slight imperfections in the way the Mobius loops fit together determine the precise nature of the binary-digit currents (the producers of space-time-hyperspace, gravitational waves, electromagnetic waves, the nuclear strong force and the nuclear weak force) and thus of exact mass, charge, quantum spin, and adherence to Pauli's exclusion principle. Referring to a Bose-Einstein condensate, the slightest change in the binary-digit flow (Mobius loop orientation) would alter the way gravitation and electromagnetism interact, and the BEC could become a gas (experiments confirm that it does).

[1] Each one is a "subuniverse" composing the physically infinite and eternal space-time of the universe. The infinite numbers make the cosmos physically infinite, the union of space and time makes it eternal, and it's in a static or steady state because it's already infinite and has no room for expansion. Our own subuniverse has a limited size (and age of 13.8 billion years), is expanding from a big bang, and has warped space-time[2] (and spiralling DNA which is made of warped space-time or gravity and shaped like a double helix) because it's modelled on two Mobius loops which can be fashioned by giving a strip of paper a 180-degree twist before joining the ends .

[2] Since the warping of space-time is modelled on two Mobius loops, the first impression is that it should be twice what Einstein calculated. His figure of 1.75 seconds of arc for the deflection of starlight by the Sun has been experimentally proven because starlight which grazes the sun is indeed deflected at 1.75 arcseconds. However, this represents the warping of space that is created by one Mobius - the other Mobius accounts for an extra 1.75" of space warping[2.1]. The binary digits in space-time (assumed by modern science to be "virtual particles") confer energy (and mass) on cosmic rays that travel far through space, turning them into UHECRs (ultra-high-energy cosmic rays).[3] Naturally, this process does not apply to cosmic rays that have already been emitted as UHECRs from pulsars, gamma-ray bursts, active galactic nuclei, colliding galaxies, etc. ("Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays: origin and propagation" by Todor Stanev - 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 2007 - http://arxiv.org/pdf/0711.2282v1.pdf). Similarly, the digits give energy to a star's photons - which has the potential to cause scientific instruments to overestimate the energy released from distant stars. However, this increase in energy of the light photons may be balanced by the stretching of space, which causes decrease of energy (as of 21 March 2013, the Hubble constant, as measured by the Planck Mission, is 67.80 ± 0.77 km/s/Mpc -"Planck Mission Brings Universe Into Sharp Focus" - http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-

109&rn=news.xml&rst=3739). Thus, the speed of light in today's vacuum would be a constant.

[2.1] How is passing starlight deflected towards the Sun? The refracted gravitational wave heading for the sun "captures" [2.2] the light from distant stars that appear close to the rim of the sun before the gravity wave's diverted to the centre of our star (string theory predicts that gravity's gravitons interact with light's photons). Acting as a gravitational attractor, the refracted wave carries the light with it as it bends towards the sun's centre. The light is not carried all the way but breaks free since photons have their own energy and momentum. However, the light is carried far enough to be deflected a tiny amount from its original path. According to Newton's 3rd Law of Motion (to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction), the light will be deflected toward the sun by an equal and opposite amount to the gravity wave's deflection to the solar interior. "Opposite" means the light wave travels away from the sun at approx. 186,282 miles per second and the gravity wave travels into the sun at the same velocity. "Equal" means, since experiments have shown the bending of starlight to be 1.75 seconds of arc (in geometry 60 seconds = 1 minute, 60 minutes = 1 degree, and there are 360 degrees in a circle), the refraction of gravitation from the solar rim is also 1.75 arcseconds (as density increases the deeper the gravity wave goes, the greater its refraction becomes).

[2.2] Gravitons and photons interact via Einstein's mass-energy relation. A gravitational wave acts as an attractor and captures light by feeling friction with the mass-energy of the photons. This causes gravitational refraction or bending in which part of the gravity pushes a photon by travelling in the direction of the centre of each photon in the light (as it progresses to the centre, the 3rd Law of Motion accounts for the photons' reaction of being attracted to the gravitons). Compared to the other forces we know; gravity is incredibly weak and the weak "equal but opposite" reaction cannot overcome the heaviness of macroscopic objects which consequently don't float off towards the gravity doing the pushing. Photons, when pushed towards the surface of Earth, are so tiny and light that they do recoil from the push - they "reflect".

[3] Why doesn't the stretching of space cause all UHECRs to lose energy and change back to regular cosmic rays? If a UHECR travels through space that is extremely warped (one example being the "coherent space" we call matter, which re-radiates a UHECR as a lower-wavelength cosmic ray upon interaction), it does change. But if its journey is through relatively flat space, it remains a UHECR. (Regarding particles as the basis of the universe leads to the interpretation of a UHECR interacting with matter and being re-radiated as a regular-energy cosmic ray. Regarding space-time itself as playing a role in the constitution of elementary particles leads to the interpretation that the stretching of space turns a UHECR into a cosmic ray.)

[3.1] According to "Nerlich, Steve (12 June 2011). 'Astronomy Without A Telescope - Oh-My-God Particles'. Universe Today", the highest energy UHECRs that are known approach 3x10^20 eV (electronvolts). And "Nave, Carl R. 'Cosmic rays'. HyperPhysics Concepts. Georgia State University" says most cosmic rays peak at an energy of 300x10^6 eV. Any two "rays", whether ultra-high-energy or not, vary in energy. But to arrive at an approximation, we can say the warping involved in coherence or stretching of space-time that turns a UHECR into a normal cosmic ray is 10^12 (a trillion) times greater than the relatively flat warping of space-time. It's one thing to imagine matter as concentrated or coherent space-time ... but stretching space-time diffuses and disperses that concentration. Doesn't this article collapse because coherence and stretching are claimed to do the same thing? This worried me at first - but then I recalled another statement by Niels Bohr: "How wonderful that we have met the paradox. Now we have some hope of making progress." The coherence-stretching paradox can be resolved in the following manner (which means there is no "distance" between coherence and stretching) -

[3.2] The inverse-square law states that the force between two particles becomes infinite if the distance of separation between them goes to zero. Remembering that gravitation (associated with particles) partly depends on the distance between their centres, the distance of separation only goes to zero when those centres occupy the same space-time coordinates (not merely when the particles' or objects' sides are touching i.e. infinity equals the total elimination of distance[3.3]). The infinite cosmos could possess this absence of distance in space and time, via the electronic mechanism of binary digits (this would enable it to be as malleable and flexible as anything on a computer screen). To distinguish this definition from "the universe going on and on forever", we can call it "electronic infinity or e infinity".

[3.3] If infinity (not physical infinity, but e infinity) is the total elimination of distance in space-time, there would be nothing to prevent instant intergalactic travel or time travel to the past and future[3.4]. Infinity does not equal nothing - total elimination of distance, or space-time, produces nothing in a physical sense and reverts to theoretical physicist Lee Smolin's imagining of strings as "not made of anything at all" (p.35 of Dr. Sten Odenwald's article "What String Theory Tells Us About the Universe": Astronomy - April 2013). It also reverts the universe to the mathematical blueprint from which physical being is constructed (see http://vixra.org/abs/1307.0072 - this agrees with cosmologist Max Tegmark's hypothesis that mathematical formulas create reality, http://discovermagazine.com/2008/jul/16-is-the-universe-actually-made-of-math#.UZsHDaIwebs and http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.0646). So, infinity = something, agreeing with Dr. Sten Odenwald's statement on p.32 of his article, that "The basic idea is that every particle of matter ... and every particle that transmits a force ... is actually a small one-dimensional loop of something.

[3.4] In July 2009, electrical engineer Hong Tang and his team at Yale University in the USA demonstrated that, on silicon chip-and transistor-scales, light can attract and repel itself like electric charges/magnets. This is the "optical force", a phenomenon that theorists first predicted in 2005 (this time delay is rather confusing since James Clerk Maxwell showed that light is an electromagnetic disturbance approx. 150 years ago). In the event of the universe having an underlying electronic foundation, it would be composed of "silicon chip-and transistor-scales" and the Optical Force would not be restricted to microscopic scales but could operate universally. Tang proposes that the optical force could be exploited in telecommunications. For example, switches based on the optical force could be used to speed up the routing of light signals in fibre-optic cables, and optical oscillators could improve cell phone signal processing. From 1929 until his death in 1955, Einstein worked on his Unified Field Theory with the aim of uniting electromagnetism (light is one form of this) and gravitation. Achievement of this means warps of space (gravity, according to General Relativity) between spaceships/stars could mimic the Optical Effect and could be attracted together, thereby eliminating distance (similar to traversing a wormhole between two folds in space). And "warp drive" would not only come to life in future science/technology ... it would be improved tremendously; even allowing literally instant travel to points many, many billions of light years away. This reminds me of the 1994 proposal by Mexican physicist Miguel Alcubierre of a method of stretching space in a wave which would in theory cause the fabric of space ahead of a spacecraft to contract and the space behind it to expand - Alcubierre, Miguel (1994). "The warp drive: hyper-fast travel within general relativity". Classical and Quantum Gravity 11 (5): L73-L77. Therefore, the ship would be carried along in a warp bubble like a person being transported on an escalator, reaching its destination faster than a light beam restricted to travelling outside the warp bubble. There are no practical known methods to warp space - however, this extension of the Yale demonstration in electrical engineering may provide one. (And if infinity is the total elimination of distance in space-time, there would be nothing to prevent time travel to the past and future.)

Dear Sridattadev,

Many thanks for that email. I fully agree that there is absolutely nothing but I. Maybe you'd be interested in the phrasing of "nothing but I" using words that FQXi members might prefer (copying and pasting from my previous writings of this year, I'll split my answer into 2 parts) -

1.

There is a scientific explanation that says there is no such thing as separation into "me" and "we", but only unification of the entire universe and all time. In this context, me and we are actually the same thing. It's impossible to not focus on "we" because even when concentrating on our self; you and I are focusing on, and benefiting, the community. A candidate for "Equation Describing the Universe" shows how this state of affairs (inexplicable to our bodily senses and scientific instruments) can exist -

Hu= BEc(e infinity), or 1 = 1infinity

This equation looks like the one physicists are hoping will be printed on T-shirts in the middle of this century as a description of the Universe. Normally, I'd leave development of this equation in the capable hands of Isaac Newton or Albert Einstein. They aren't here right now ... and it'll be quite a while before they return. However, they instructed me to send you this message on their behalf.

H is for the Hamiltonian, representing the total energy of a quantum mechanical system. The subscript u stands for "universe" and Hu means the universe operates quantum mechanically (quantum effects operate macroscopically as well as microscopically, and this unification is symbolized by the first 1). BEc is for Bose-Einstein condensate, a finite form of matter that is the first known example of quantum effects becoming apparent on a macroscopic scale (represented by the second 1). The inverse-square law states that the force between two particles becomes infinite if the distance of separation between them goes to zero. Remembering that gravitation (associated with particles) partly depends on the distance between the centres of objects, the distance of separation between objects only goes to zero when those centres occupy the same space-time coordinates (not merely when the objects' sides are touching i.e. infinity equals the total elimination of distance - the infinite cosmos could possess this absence of distance in space and time, via the electronic mechanism [computer wizardry] of binary digits). To distinguish this definition of infinity from "the universe going on and on forever", we can call it "electronic infinity or e infinity" (not E8, for the infinity symbol is an 8 lying on its side). When the macroscopic quantum effects of the BEc are magnified by e infinity, those effects are instantly translated into all space-time operating quantum mechanically. In other words, you can multiply a BEc (the second 1) an infinite number of times - but no matter how many (or how few) times you do it (using an integer or whole number), you'll always end up with 1 (the macroscopic universe's time and space operating quantum mechanically). Consequent to this operation is the inevitable quantum entanglement of everything (matter, energy, forces, females and males); making all space and all time a unification.

2.

[8.1] If, as has been suggested (in my writings), frames are created in the 5th dimension by bits and their very rapid display results in the macroscopic motion we see; what causes the microscopic motion of bits switching on and off in order to display frames? Maybe the switching on and off of bits, and thus building of the universe, is not accomplished entirely by application of the positive energy familiar to our lives in space-time. Maybe it relies on the brain's using positive energy that interacts with the negative energy in 5th-dimensional hyperspace. "Physics of the Impossible" by Michio Kaku (Penguin Books, 2008) says on p.205, "Traditionally, physicists have dismissed negative energy and negative mass as science fiction. But we now see that they are indispensable for faster-than-light travel, and they might actually exist". On p.179 of "The Grand Design" by Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow (Bantam Press, 2010) it's stated "One requirement any law of nature must satisfy is that it dictates that the energy of an isolated[8.2] body surrounded by empty space is positive, which means that one has to do work to assemble the body." Page 179 also says "... if the energy of an isolated body were negative ... there would be no reason that bodies could not appear anywhere and everywhere." Could the sleeping, and consequently less distracted by events in our daily space-time, brain engage in feedback with negative hyperspace and easily create the universe without doing very much traditional work? Fractal geometry states that every particle in space-time contains hyperspace (about 70% of space consists of dark energy, according to the WMAP and Planck space probes) - so more than two-thirds of the universe requires no assembly at all. It seemingly appears from nothing, but actually uses the brain's positive energy which interacts with the negative energy in 5th-dimensional hyperspace (negative energy requires no work at all, according to "The Grand Design"). (A universal intelligence[8.3] would necessarily combine positive and negative energy in itself - or, since consciousness and personality are parts of the cosmos, should we say herself or himself - i.e. space-time combines with hyperspace.) The remaining third is entangled with the no-work two-thirds and similarly only needs personal interaction with hyperspace (since every particle and atom contains hyperspace, interactions can be physical e.g. using computers, manufacturing and engineering - and we, i.e. I, don't need to build a spaceship if we want to go to the stars but we can do so). Thus, the whole universe appears to be created from nothing.

[8.2] Nothing can be truly isolated when we consider the universe as a unification caused by 1's and 0's, but our physical senses and scientific instruments don't detect binary digits and our senses/instruments thus reinforce the illusion of isolation.

[8.3] God's existence cannot possibly be scientifically comprehended in the current non-unified understanding of the cosmos. Thus, many scientists need to invoke the existence of an unlimited number of parallel universes having limitless combinations of the laws of physics (so one of those universes would produce all the correct laws that enable beings such as ourselves to exist). A non-supernatural God is proposed via the inverse-square law's infinite aspect coupled with eternal quantum entanglement, but Einstein taught us that time is warped. Warped time is nonlinear, making it at least possible that the BITS composing space-time and all particles originate from the computer science of humans - BInary digiTS only suggest existence of the divine if time is linear. The inverse-square law states that the force between two particles becomes infinite if the distance of separation between them goes to zero. Remembering that gravitation partly depends on the distance between the centres of objects, the distance of separation between objects only goes to zero when those centres occupy the same space-time coordinates (not merely when the objects' sides are touching i.e. infinity equals the total elimination of distance - the infinite cosmos could possess this absence of distance in space and time, via the electronic mechanism of binary digits). Zero separation is the case in quantum-entangled space-time and physicist Michio Kaku says in his book "Physics of the Impossible" that modern science thinks the whole universe has been quantum-entangled forever. This means there's still room for the infinity known as God. God would be a suprapantheistic union of the universe's spatial, temporal, hyperspatial, material and conscious parts; forming a union with humans in a cosmic unification, and forming a universal intelligence. Science's own Law of Conservation says the total mass (or matter) and energy in the universe does not change, though the quantity of each varies (I interpret this Law as saying - to get matter and energy, you have to start with matter and energy; which means that time must be warped). So what happens if we subtract humans of the distant future - with their ability to travel into the past and use incomprehensibly-advanced cosmogenesis, terraforming and biotechnology (cosmos, Earth-like planet, and life-generating abilities) from the origins of life? It becomes impossible for inorganic materials - and referring to the creation of amino acids in the laboratory by Harold Urey and Stanley Miller in 1952, relatively simple amino acids - to be assembled into complex plants and animals, whose adaptations are often called evolution.