Dear Basudeba Mishra,

Information from a source is binary whereas it is not binary at the observer; while the observational information is continuum in nature. In particle scenario, information from a source at space-time locality denotes the occurrence of an action or not at that locality, whereas in string-matter continuum scenario, it is the conjunction or disjunction of a string-segment in space.

In particle scenario, observation of information from that source is probabilistic rather than realistic that is causal for the information paradox and uncertainty that exists in this scenario in that the information is hided from the source to the observer.

To resolve this paradox a generic wave mechanics is ascribed in string-matter continuum scenario and there is inclusion of Ternary numeral system with the Binary numeral system to define an Information unit for measuring the observational information continuum in near-reality approximations.

With best wishes,

Jayakar

    Basudeba - I had a hard time reviewing your essay. The reference to Jesus in the first paragraph presented the first cognitive dissonance, this was followed by many jumbled up concepts that I found it difficult to follow your logic. Furthermore, many of your points appear to have already been published by Backhoum [1] (and references therein).

    However, after having said that, I slept on my initial judgements and read it again today. It is clearer to me now that you have a conceptual view of reality that certainly contains some elements of insight, and that perhaps it might be only your presentation skills that were leaving me with such a negative impression. I rated your essay more highly today than I would have after reading it only once yesterday.

    I offer these comments in the spirit of constructive criticism. I would like to encourage you to (a) write your essays with fewer concepts and more of a "story" and logic connecting one point to another and (b) to explicitly include references that confirm the "facts" you quote or would like to claim.

    [1] Bakhoum, E. G. "On the Relativistic Principle of Time Dilation." Apeiron 16, no. 3 (2009): 455.

    Good luck in the competition.

    Kind regards, Paul

      Dear Sir,

      Thank you for your comments. We apologize for our clumsy presentation, because we do not subscribe to reductionism. We start from the creation event and come down to explain everything from a common source unlike others, who do the opposite. Thus, to others, our paper may seem like jumbled up. Space constraint also forced us to squeeze. We did not give any reference because there is no scientific paper in our knowledge, which talks about these issues from the same perspective. For example, several persons have questioned time dilation. But our views are distinctly different from others. It contained in a book written by us on 30-06-2005. But it is much more clumsy.

      After your post we read the paper of Dr. Bakhoum, E. G. He says: 'the process of "observing" a photon necessarily means its destruction, and hence the "observation" of the event will be carried out in the moving frame S' only'. In our essay, we do not accept that the process of observation affects reality. In fact, in one of the threads here, we had quoted from a ninth century book to refute it. In some other threads we have explained the GPS result as due to changing refractive index of the Earth's atmosphere and the outer space. Regarding photon, we have explained in our essay that it is the motion of the intersection of the electric field and the magnetic field. Thus, it is ever changing. In open space, it must have the maximum velocity.

      Similarly, Dr. Bakhoum, E. G. says: "muons traveling with a velocity v ≈ c are observed to survive longer than muons that travel with velocities that are much less than c". We explain it by pointing out to the cause of such slower motion. It must the changing refractive index due to differential density. This would generate higher friction, so that the muon dies down early.

      We are going to read your essay and rate it soon.

      Regards,

      mbasudeba@gmail.com

      Dear Sir,

      You have pointed out to a very important aspect, which needs to be examined thoroughly. "Information" from a source is not binary, but it is forwarded in "binary codes". The binary codes are interpreted by the observer to get the information. All along we hold that 'the observational information is continuum in nature' in the sense that once it is perceived, the same perception continues till it is modified by fresh inputs. In particle scenario, information from a source at space-time locality denotes "the observation and reporting of or not" of the occurrence of an action at that locality. It does not affect its occurrence or otherwise.

      Regarding strings, there are plenty of unanswered questions. Unlike super-gravity, string theory is said to be a consistent and well-defined theory of quantum gravity, and therefore calculating the value of the cosmological constant from it should, at least in principle, be possible. On the other hand, the number of vacuum states associated with it seems to be quite large, and none of these features three large spatial dimensions, broken super-symmetry, and a small cosmological constant. The features of string theory which are at least potentially testable - such as the existence of super-symmetry and cosmic strings - are not specific to string theory. In addition, the features that are specific to string theory - the existence of strings - either do not lead to precise predictions or lead to predictions that are impossible to test with current levels of technology.

      There are many unexplained questions relating to the strings. For example, given the measurement problem of quantum mechanics, what happens when a string is measured? Does the uncertainty principle apply to the whole string? Or does it apply only to some section of the string being measured? Does string theory modify the uncertainty principle? If we measure its position, do we get only the average position of the string? If the position of a string is measured with arbitrarily high accuracy, what happens to the momentum of the string? Does the momentum become undefined as opposed to simply unknown? What about the location of an end-point? If the measurement returns an end-point, then which end-point? Does the measurement return the position of some point along the string? (The string is said to be a Two dimensional object extended in space. Hence its position cannot be described by a finite set of numbers and thus, cannot be described by a finite set of measurements.) How do the Bell's inequalities apply to string theory? Thus, without resolving these questions and knowing the true nature of strings including whether they exist at all, we will not like to comment on it. We do not accept or reject anything without empirical evidence, otherwise we reserve our judgment.

      You are right that 'observation of information from that source is probabilistic rather than realistic' and an 'uncertainty that exists in this scenario in that the information is hided from the source to the observer'. But it is not 'causal for the information paradox'. As we have explained in our essay, the result of measurement is always related to a time t, and is frozen for use at later times t', t'', etc, when the object has evolved further. All other unknown states are combined together and are called superposition of states. Hence there is an uncertainty inherent in it, which Shannon calls entropy. In perception, the concept remains in a superposition of states and collapses in response to some stimuli. Further, the field may affect information exchange by modifying the signals to induce uncertainty. We have given one example of sound waves.

      Regards,

      basudeba

      Dear Basudeba,

      We are at the end of this essay contest.

      In conclusion, at the question to know if Information is more fundamental than Matter, there is a good reason to answer that Matter is made of an amazing mixture of eInfo and eEnergy, at the same time.

      Matter is thus eInfo made with eEnergy rather than answer it is made with eEnergy and eInfo ; because eInfo is eEnergy, and the one does not go without the other one.

      eEnergy and eInfo are the two basic Principles of the eUniverse. Nothing can exist if it is not eEnergy, and any object is eInfo, and therefore eEnergy.

      And consequently our eReality is eInfo made with eEnergy. And the final verdict is : eReality is virtual, and virtuality is our fundamental eReality.

      Good luck to the winners,

      And see you soon, with good news on this topic, and the Theory of Everything.

      Amazigh H.

      I rated your essay.

      Please visit My essay.

      Dear Basudeba Mishra,

      Thanks for your replay.

      As 'information' is the transfer of energy in particle scenario, it is expressional in binary unit that declares - Is there any transfer of energy or not at a specific space-time locality.

      String-matter continuum is the physical description of matters with a different perspective in that there are similarities and dissimilarities with the string theory on particle physics. Anyhow this is the modification of string theory, in that both manipulate one-dimensional strings, two-dimensional membranes and three-dimensional branes. In string-matter continuum, three-dimensional structure of matter evolves from eigen-rotation of one-dimensional string-matter segment; whereas the particles are zero-dimensional point like structures, while evolution of three-dimensional structures from zero-dimensional particles is not descriptive with big bang cosmology.

      As the paradigm that includes string-matter continuum describes a Non-inflationary Universe with homeomorphic segmental-fluctuations, Cosmological constant is not applicable.

      Though the existing string theory predictions are difficult to test, in this paradigm many of the string-matter continuum aspects are testable, for example:

      Delayed choice experiments can be tailored to validate the existence of string-matter and to measure the string-lengths of string-matter segments on propagation in various eigen-rotational frequencies, in that the duel wave lengths on eigen-rotation of string-matter as tetrahedral-brane is considered for the parameterisation to measure string-lengths.

      Exploring the experimentation of Parton in-media propagation with nuclei at GeV scale and above, and with an assumption of spiral propagation of Parton as string-segments may provide parameters to define new standards in Planck length in accordance with string-matter continuum scenario.

      Quantum mechanics in particle scenario differ from the quantum mechanics on string-matter continuum, in that the string-segment that propagates in spiral eigen-rotations does not describes any wave-function collapse and thus there is no measurement problem. Propagating eigen-rotational string-segment in spiral rotations is descriptive with both the angular momentum as well as the linear momentum of the tetrahedral-brane as a whole, in that mass is defined differently from modified Planck length.

      Endpoints of a propagating string-segment are determined by the distance between the vertices in the triangular wave that represent the consecutive crest and trough of a spiral wave, and hence measurable with trigonometry. Though string-segment is two-dimensional the tetrahedral-brane that emerges from it on eigen-rotation is a three-dimensional structure located in space-time.

      Bell's inequality experiment clearly indicates the existence of string-matter continuum as segments.

      Thus with discrete cyclic-time in reference with holarchical linear time, the inherence of uncertainty of matter is resolved with a generic wave mechanics, in that eigen-rotational spiral string-segments in wavefront propagates with dual wavelengths in specific eigen-rotational frequencies. This resolves information paradox and may explain the nature of sound wave you describe, in a different perspective.

      With best regards

      Jayakar

      Dear Sir,

      Information is always 'about something'. Thus, it has to be perceived as such, which is a cognitive function. 'Transfer of energy in particle scenario' only points to the mechanism of transfer of data in a coded language that needs to be perceived to become information. It is neither information nor perception. The binary yes-no choice 'Is there any transfer of energy or not at a specific space-time locality' has to be perceived as such to become information.

      As we have pointed out, dimension is the perception of form that differentiates between the inner structural space and external relational space of any object. Since form is ocular perception through electromagnetic radiation where the electric field and magnetic field move perpendicular to each other, and both move perpendicular to the direction of motion, we have three mutually perpendicular dimensions. These determine the state of matter according to whether they are fixed (solid), confined but flexible (fluid and gas) or disjointed (plasma). Thus, while talking about dimensionality, one must be careful. Particles cannot be zero dimensional, as they have mass, which is three dimensional. Extra dimension is fiction.

      We have pointed out the defects in the delayed choice experiment in our essay. Eigen-rotation is essentially another name for the well known spin. Parton is no more in use. It has been replaced by quarks. Many of Feynman's theories are questionable. Feynman's sum-over histories is the "sum of the particle's histories" in imaginary time rather than in real time. Feynman had to do the sum in imaginary time because he was following Minkowski, who assigned time to the imaginary axis. That is the four vector field in GR. Minkowski assigned time to that axis to make the field symmetrical. It was a convenience for him, not a physical necessity or reality. But once it is done, it continued to de-normalize everything. Feynman was not using imaginary time; he was using real time, but assigned it to the imaginary axis. The theory gets the correct answer up to a certain limit not because it is correct, but because it had been proposed through back calculation from experimental results. The gaps and the greater technical difficulties of trying to sum these in real time are avoided through technical jargon. These greater technical difficulties are also considered as a form of renormalization, but they require infinite renormalization, which is mathematically not valid. Feynman's renormalization is heuristics: "mathematics" specially designed to explain a limited set of data. Thus, it cannot be accepted without proper investigation.

      And to top it all - what is the proof of existence of strings?

      Incidentally, we improved upon our previous post in reply to Dr. Stephen Lee. The relevant extract is as follows:

      Mind is necessary to perception through sense organs. Eyes only receive the electromagnetic impulse, but only after it is transported to the brain and processed there with memory, we 'see'. The same happens with other sense organs. The impulses from the various sensory apparatus are carried upwards in the dorsal column or in the anterio-lateral spinothalamic tract to the thalamus, which relays it to the cerebral cortex for its perception. At any moment, our sense organs are bombarded by a multitude of stimuli. But only one of them is given a clear channel to go up to the thalamus and then to the cerebral cortex at any instant, so that like photographic frames, we perceive one frame at an instant. This happens due to an active transport system against concentration gradient with input of energy like the sodium-potassium pump, which moves the two ions in opposite directions across the plasma membrane through break down of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The concentrations of the two ions on both sides of the cell membrane are interdependent, suggesting that the same carrier transports both ions.

      Unlike the sensory apparatuses that are subject specific, the transport system in the opposite direction within the body happens for all types of sensory impulses. The agency that determines this subject neutral channel of active transport is called mind, which is powered by the heart and lungs. Thus, after the heart stops beating, mind stops its work and we cease to sense any external impulse. While mind facilitates the passage of impulse, the interpretation of the state of superposition in memory is done by the intellect. Hence even after the breath stops, the person may not be brain dead. Thus, mind and matter are separate entities. The physical world of matter exists and evolves independently, but does not make any sense without its state being perceived by mind.

      Any perception that is communicated as information, has three distinct components: it is about a physical object (matter), it is expressed through a language (sound, signal), the language conveys a common concept about the object so described so that the receiver gets the same message as the sender. These three are different because the object (matter) is perceived through our eyes that cannot hear. The language (sound, signal) is perceived through our ears that cannot see. The concept is perceived through our memory, which is in the brain. Yet, they get into a state of superposition in our memory, which 'mixes' them. The resultant impression is the perception.

      Regards,

      basudeba

      Dear Sir,

      Nature of communication language appears continuum though actually it is a set of discrete functions. Any perception that is communicated as information has three distinct components:

      1) It is about or concerning a physical object (matter), that is perceived as form.

      2) It is expressed through a language (signal) that is perceived as sound.

      3) The language conveys a universal or common concept (perception) about the object so that the receiver gets the same message as the sender.

      These three are different because the object (matter) is perceived through electromagnetic radiation by our eyes that cannot hear. The language (sound, signal) is perceived (through sound waves or electromagnetic signals converted to sound waves) in our ears that cannot see. The concept signifying the object is perceived through our memory, which is in the cerebral cortex. The sounds of the alphabets are uttered in a discrete sequence. Subtle changes in the form are also discrete (the emitted radiation changes continuously). Yet, they get into a state of superposition in our memory, which 'mixes' and compares them. The resultant impression is the perception.

      Here also the sense organs and mind function in binary style. The sense organs always reach out to the incoming impulse, whether sound, electromagnetic radiation, or smell, taste, touch. Over the years, views on the mechanism of perception of sound - how the ear perceives the tonality of sound and the frequency range of auditory perception - have changed. There is a reason why the human pinna is not asymmetrical and folded. Experiments by Hero Wit (Spectra of cochlear acoustic emissions - Kemp echos - Journal of Acoust. Soc. Am. 1981) showed the emission of a continual sound from healthy human ears in the range of 1 to 2 kHz. This implies that the ear sends out a reference wave and interacts with the incoming wave to produce an acoustic hologram. This is facilitated by the unique structure of the human pinna (Hugo Zuccarelli, New Scientist, 10th November 1983 p-438). Similarly, our eyes send out a reference wave to electromagnetic radiation emanating out of the object (and not the object which emits these radiation). The form we see is not the same as the object we touch and vice versa. Because when we touch, we cut down the radiation and touch the mass that emits it. The same goes for taste and smell.

      As we have explained, at any moment, our sense organs are bombarded by a multitude of stimuli. But only one of them is given a clear channel at any instant to go up to the thalamus and then to the cerebral cortex, so that like photographic frames, we perceive one discrete frame at every instant, but due to the high speed of their reception, mix it up so that it appears as continuous. This happens due to an active transport system against concentration gradient with input of energy like the sodium-potassium pump, which moves the two ions in opposite directions across the plasma membrane through break down of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The concentrations of the two ions on both sides of the cell membrane are interdependent, suggesting that the same carrier transports both ions. Similarly, the same carrier transports the external stimuli in the opposite direction to the cerebral cortex. This carrier is the mind.

      Regards,

      basudeba

      Hellow Basudeba from Margriet O'Regan from DownUnder !

      I enjoyed & agreed with your essay very much - I wish I had read it earlier but better late than never.

      I agreed with many of your conclusions & one observation of yours I especially liked & have held the same position myself for many years is where you share your concerns on 'measurement' & how the measuring instrument affects the outcome. I remember being taught by some astute teacher many years ago that it you put a thermometer into the ocean to take its temperature then the temperature of the glass & mecury of the thermometer will either raise or lower the temperature of the ocean depending on whether your thermometer was warmer or colder than the ocean when you put your thermometer into it.

      I've not only never forgotten that rather extreme example !!! but have noticed over the years that double slit investigators & quantum physicists seem to ENTIRELY FORGET THIS SIMPLE, BASIC & EVER-PRESENT phenomenon. Bravo for pointing this out finally.

      Cheers,

      Margriet

        Dear Madam,

        Thank you for your gracious remarks.

        Modern science has become a rat race for recognition and money. Most of science has now been relegated to find the commercial use of everything by trial and error methods without considering the consequences of those applications. Thus, we are destroying our future progeny and denying them a chance to a decent life. Even in this forum, someone offered us a business proposal. We replied that while money is a necessity in life, excess of everything including money is a disease. Then many people are indulging in cross rating between themselves thereby manipulating the result. We have written to the organizers exposing some people indulging in these activities and they have promised to look into it. In our age, we can observe this rat race that is destroying science with a painful heart.

        The modern education system with its over dependence on incomprehensibility, reductionism, and self-praise leading to superstition is also responsible for increasing the chaos. When politicians take over, they can only perpetuate exploitation. If it rains, they claim credit for bringing in water. And when the floods come, they exploit it also in the name of relief operations with attendant corruption. With such people in the helm of affairs, God save the Country.

        We have commented on your essay in your thread and given some inputs that you can use.

        Thanks once again and regards,

        basudeba