Hi Paul,

I'm still waiting for you to actually respond to my submission, not Einstein's. The only quote of Eintein's that I have in my submission is his definition of principle of relativity. I then go and change his principle of relativity to a new principle of relativity(parallel universe). Maybe you have the dots connected that shows your above comments are vital to my submission. I don't have the dots connected.

You know, I have been reading the book "Introduction to the Theory of Relativity" by Peter Gabriel Bergmann. I have read many different books on relativity, this one is my latest acquistion. The book spends lots of time developing the math needed to use the equations of general relativity. As I was reading this, I asked the question, why the importance of coordinate transformations in the math? Then it struck me and the answer was kind of a shock to me. I can demonstrate the answer to you using just a simple two dimensional equation for a line. Here is a simple equation for a line in the cartesian coordinate system, y = mx b. Let us say you set up that equation where the origin is close to the x and y values, in other words x and y have values of less the 100 when the line crosses both the x and y axis. OK, we now perform a coodinate transformation to this equation along the x dimension of 1,000,000. We still have our y = mx b equation, but the x values are in excess of a 1,000,000. So the question is what have we done when we did this coordinate transformation? The answer that I got was that the coordinate transformation shifted the view of the observer in the equation. Put that in your "existence occurs" statement.

Jim Akerlund

Jim

"I'm still waiting for you to actually respond to my submission, not Einstein's"

? This is what I did in my first post. But then you wrongly attributed something Joe wrote to me, to which I responded. You then picked up on a point I made in that first post, to which I have been responding. That point, and the comment about Einstein in order to illuminate it, being in respect of your essay as of the bottom of page 3. The issue is not what quotes you happen to have in your essay, but what constitutes, according to the man who wrote it, SR, which you refer to in your essay. Since you did not accept my statement I think backed it up with quotes.

I am not sure what the purpose of your second paragraph is. I do not comment on GR. And as I have said before maths is a representational device. In respect of your last sentence, this is, generically, very simple. Existence occurs in a sequence of discrete definitive physically existent states of whatever comprises it. As this sequence of states progresses, there is a physical interaction with other physical phenomena which are not inherently part of the sequence. This results in physically existent representations of that sequence (obviously the relationship between these needs to be established), the most obvious one being light. Receipt of this, enables awareness of existence. The timing of the receipt is, fundamentally, a function of relative spatial relationship, which can, obviously, be discerned.

Paul

  • [deleted]

Hi Paul,

I'm not that smart, so when things go beyond what I understand, I will look for other sources to give a basis of my understanding. With that in mind, I will go to a source for help. That source is "What is Dimension" by Karl Menger published in "The American Mathematical Monthly" Vol. 50, No. 1 (Jan., 1943). I quote from that source. "A good definition of a word must include all entities which are always denoted and must exclude all entities which are never denoted by the word." With that statement in mind, we will now apply it to your sentence in the first post. "In establishing what constitutes dimension, distance and space in our reality, we use a reference which conceives of any given physical reality being divided into a grid of spatial positions." Can I think of anything that falls outside of your definition? Let's try differential geometry, any actions of any animal, and parallel universes. Here is another quote of yours, "Dimension is a specific aspect of spatial footprint, relating to the distance along any possible axis of that 'occupation'." So, I guess the concept of the vacuous dimension doesn't exist in your world? The problem I had with your first post is that it doesn't refer to anything I say in my submission. It is sort of like this example, I write about tennis and your reponse is to complain about boxing.

Now on to the my writing of the mysterious second paragraph. The equation I gave in the second paragraph isn't GR. That equation is y = mx b. Apparently it was to general for you, let's make it very specific to y = x, in this case, from the y = mx b, m = 1 and b = 0. y = x generates a diagonal line on a cartesian coordinate grid that passes through the origin. To solve this equation, give a number for x and the equation will give you a number for y, in the y = x case, x is the same number as y. OK, now in the paragraph I said I wondered why all the concern with coordinate transformations and I came to the conclusion that the coordinate transformations shifted the view of the observer. Let's shift the view of the observer in our y = x equation by 1,000,000. Our new equation is y = x - 1,000,000. We still have our diagonal line but it no longer passes through the origin. Now to put both equations into your "existence occurs" statement. The equations y = x defines the reality of a line, should you choose to draw it, that passes through the origin, ie. the observer. The equation y = x - 1,000,000 defines the reality of a line, should you choose to draw it, that doesn't pass through the origin, ie. the observer. We have shifted the observer in the equation. The observer exists in the equation in the form of the origin. The equations of y = x and y = x - 1,000,000 are mathematical abstractions of potential line drawing reality. One aspect of reality is encapsulated in the equations that isn't encapsulated in your "existence occurs" statement. But I'm guessing the math equations are still to abstract for you. Let's go to the everyday, if you make any plans for your day, did the plans occur before they occurred or did they occur only when "existence occurs"?

All of this is just more distractions away from my submission.

Jim Akerlund

Jim

I do not understand your point in respect of my sentence: ""In establishing what constitutes dimension, distance and space in our reality, we use a reference which conceives of any given physical reality being divided into a grid of spatial positions."

This is precisely what we do in order to discern that x is such a shape, is in y position, is z distance from another, or whatever. The reference against which decisions on spatial positions, and alteration thereof (ie movement) is made is on the basis of a matrix which is located with reference to some identifiable entity. I have no idea what this has got to do with 'differential geometry, any actions of any animal, and parallel universes'.

Similarly with your next comment on my sentence: ""Dimension is a specific aspect of spatial footprint, relating to the distance along any possible axis of that 'occupation'." I have no idea what 'vacuous dimension' (whatever that is) has got to do with it. The concept of dimension, as I said, involves the notion of distance along any axis. At the minimum, we conceive of three, ie up/down, forward/backward, side/side. But physically there are far more, because existence does not occur in this simplistic state. And the number of dimensions is half the number of possible axes.

"The problem I had with your first post is that it doesn't refer to anything I say in my submission"

Again, as above re Einstein, I do not understand this comment. You think it does not refer to anything, because I am defining SR, dimension, etc, as is. There is no point on commenting on a comment about something if the presumption about what that something constitutes is wrong.

"The equation I gave in the second paragraph isn't GR". I never said it was. My comment about GR was in respect of your sentence: "The book spends lots of time developing the math needed to use the equations of general relativity". In respect of the maths, as I said before, but will repeat, maths is a representational device, it is not reality. It is only valid, as a representation, if it corresponds with reality. Also, reality is not what any given observer sees (or senses in any way). What any given observer receives is a specific light based representation of what occurred (ie reality/existence), which is terms of timing of receipt, etc, will vary according to a number of physical influences, the main one being spatial position.

Paul

Hi Paul,

You say, "I do not understand your point in respect of my sentence: ""In establishing what constitutes dimension, distance and space in our reality, we use a reference which conceives of any given physical reality being divided into a grid of spatial positions." This is precisely what we do in order to discern that x is such a shape, is in y position, is z distance from another, or whatever. The reference against which decisions on spatial positions, and alteration thereof (ie movement) is made is on the basis of a matrix which is located with reference to some identifiable entity. I have no idea what this has got to do with 'differential geometry, any actions of any animal, and parallel universes'."

For differential geometry, you define space with out reference to x, y, z, etc only by the change of some location in the space. This can result in spaces that can't have x, y, and z, for all of spacetime, for example Riemannian geometry.

For "any actions of any animals", your statement, "This is precisely what we do in order to discern that x is such a shape, is in y position,..." doesn't apply to any animals. If you think animals think this way, you are gravely mistaken.

As for parallel universes, They are in the realm of speculation right now and to make solid definitions of spacetime for them right now, without actually visiting them, is kind of arrogant. My submission, says that even though we think they can't produce correct mathematical equations, through the relativity(parallel universe) I presented, you can make sense of the math equations. That says nothing of the physical existence of things in the parallel universes. We have a long way to go before we can go to these parallel universes. My submission says, the math is valid there.

Your next statement, "I have no idea what 'vacuous dimension' (whatever that is) has got to do with it." You state elsewhere that 3 dimensional objects exist. If we subtract 1 from 3 we get 2 dimensional objects, do they exist? If we subtract 1 from 2 we get 1 dimensional objects, do they exist? If we subtract 1 from 1 we get 0 dimensional objects or the vacuous dimension, does the vacuous dimension exist? You see, in your statement, "Dimension is a specific aspect of spatial footprint, relating to the distance along any possible axis of that 'occupation'.", I am having a hard time putting your "spatial footprint", "distance", and "any possible axis of that 'occupation'" in the vacuous dimension or the zero dimension. If you can fit them in, please show me how.

Next statement, "There is no point on commenting on a comment about something if the presumption about what that something constitutes is wrong." This is one of the more obvious points where we differ. My whole submission is based on special relativity being right, if you think SR is wrong then and then you try to attack SR to attack my submission then you are going about it the wrong way. If you think SR is correct then read my submission, if you think SR is wrong then reading my submission is a waste of your time.

Before the advent of the microbial theory of disease transmission, people thought that they were catching the diseases by bad air. In England one of the first reasons to suspect the microbial theory, was caused by a scientist who in tracking Cholera, tracked suspected cases and where they lived. He then surveyed where they got their water and found that all of the cases got their water from only one well. In my mind if you are saying SR is wrong, it is of the same type of thinking that disease comes from bad air. We can figure out parallel universes, but going the "bad air" route is not the way to go.

Jim Akerlund

Jim

"For differential geometry, you define space with out reference..."

In which case, then as a representational device for depicting space it is wrong. Any given reality is a spatial state. To define that in terms of position we effectively divide it into a matrix of spatial positions, and locate it wrt to some existent component of that reality, otherwise it is meaningless. Anything is only 'somewhere' or 'such and such a shape', etc, wrt something. Similarly, if we then compare that with another reality, we can identify movement or alteration in shape, ie alteration in spatial position. Of course, what is important here is to understand what constitutes a reality, because otherwise any attempt to depict it is going to be wrong. And most of the time what is being asserted as a reality is in fact a sequence of realities.

"doesn't apply to any animals"

How animals think is irrelevant to the physical circumstance, as it is with us. Thinking, sensing, being conscious of, measuring, etc, etc, has no effect on the physical circumstance. My point is that in order to represent any given reality in terms of its spatial attributes, this is the reference.

"You state elsewhere that 3 dimensional objects exist"

No I didn't. I state that objects as we conceive of them do not exist, what exists at any given time is the physically existent state of whatever comprises it (ie ultimately there is something). Leaving aside the fact that I also said 3 dimensions is the minimum conceivable, but not what actually exists (and explained what does). "I am having a hard time putting...", this is because you are trying to do something which cannot be done, not because of what I said.

"My whole submission is based on special relativity being right..."

Yes, but the first point is, what is it. And the man himself tells us, though nobody is listening. And as defined, it is correct. But it is not what people , including you, are depicting it as. Also, as defined, whilst being correct, it is useless, because it is, by definition, a physical circumstance where nothing happens. As this is the only state in which a constant speed of observable light reconciles with a constant rate of change. The fact that Einstein had no observable light is another matter.

Paul

7 days later

Hi Paul,

Your responses are drawing me a picture of how you think and the picture I am getting isn't very pretty. I am going to mention three science researchers from the past and some of the things they did that you, I am guessing, have a problem with, and were are not talking about researchers from the past century. The most recent one presented the research I will talk about in the 1860's. The researchers are Galileo, Newton, and Boole. I will present the research they did and then I will provide the quote of yours that contradicts their research. This little exercise is to show that your problem isn't with just Einstein, but with all of science and not complicated science either.

We start with Galileo. He was a polyscientist, in that where ever his mind could understand and apply practially, he did on all subjects available to him. One of the things he studied was the inclined plane. He set up intricate timing mechanisms to test objects propelled by these inclined planes. Here is the problem you have with Galileo and his inclined plane. I quote you, "Time is the rate of turnover of realities (ie physically existent states). That is, there is no time within any given realty, because a reality can only be one physically existent state, and can only exist in that state at a specific time.", and "In other words, existence occurs relatively. Which is rubbish. Existence occurs. What incurs a timing differential is the time of receipt of a light based representation thereof.", and "...I state that objects as we conceive of them do not exist,...". Your definition of time is at odds with Galileo's inclined plane, because Galileo had no definition of time when he performed his experiments, if he had he would have wrote about it. And since things don't exist as we conceive them then the inclined plane doesn't exist as we conceive it and all of Galileo's experiments using the inclined plane were deceived.

Onto Newton. Newton was the co-inventor of the calculus. There are two sides to this calculus, the derivitive side and the integral side. The two sides kind of do opposite operations of each other. History tells me the Liebnitz invented integral calculus notation and Newton invented derivitive calculus notation. Above both integral calculus and derivitive calculus is Differential calculus. Differential calculus applied to geometric surfaces of three or more dimensions, called manifolds, is Differential Geometry. Now for your quote that calls into question all of the calculus. I quote,

"In which case, then as a representational device for depicting space it is wrong. Any given reality is a spatial state. To define that in terms of position we effectively divide it into a matrix of spatial positions, and locate it wrt to some existent component of that reality, otherwise it is meaningless. Anything is only 'somewhere' or 'such and such a shape', etc, wrt something. Similarly, if we then compare that with another reality, we can identify movement or alteration in shape, ie alteration in spatial position."

So, your saying that all those crazy mathematicans got it wrong concerning the calculus since Newton.

Onto Boole. He was an English mathematican who published the book called "The Laws Of Thought" in about 1860. The mathematicans after Boole took his ideas from that book and created Boolean logic among other things. Boolean logic was just a very interesting logic until computers came along, then it bacame a very important logic. You can't learn computer programming without it. One of the main things about the "The Laws Of Thought" that I got out of it is that ideas can be represented as abstract mathematical symbols and then be subject to the rules of math independent of the internal consistency of the ideas themselves. Now for your quote that contradicts this, "How animals think is irrelevant to the physical circumstance, as it is with us. Thinking, sensing, being conscious of, measuring, etc, etc, has no effect on the physical circumstance." So, your telling me that the computers that are operating produce no physical circumstance? I am not saying that computers think, I am saying that computers follow the same rules in order to produce an outcome, due to Boolean logic, as thinking does in man and animals. In other words, the laws of thought.

Please, in responding to this response, wait more then three hours. You need to do some thinking and that takes time.

Jim Akerlund

Jim

"Your definition of time is at odds with Galileo's inclined plane, because Galileo had no definition of time"

My definition cannot be "at odds" with something that apparently did not exist, though a proper answer would be, obviously, he did have one, at least in his head.

I do not understand calculus, so I cannot say whether what I am saying contradicts it. I suspect any contradiction revolves around that first point about the occurrence of realities and hence what time is. Because what I have said in terms of a matrix, etc, is precisely what we do (or should be doing) to calibrate spatial position.

"that ideas can be represented as abstract mathematical symbols and then be subject to the rules of math independent of the internal consistency of the ideas themselves"

Only if that corresponds with the reality, otherwise all you have is a metaphysical system. Computers just(!) work something out, in accord with the information/rules applied. I do not understand the purpose of this point. If I remember correctly, my point you are quoting was that consciousness/the subsequent processing of physical input received/whatever you want to call it, has no effect on the physical circumstance.

I have a feeling that you have not altogether grasped what I am saying re reality. Which is partly my problem because I can only use words that usually have other connotations. So consider this:

Take any 'object'. Say that bush in the garden. Now we know it alters, we can, if we watch, see the alteration, and if we put it under an electron microscope we can see even more. In other words, when, physically, is the bush the bush? If there is any form of alteration, then it is different. That is, we are deeming reality in terms of 'objects' which do not actually exist, as defined, because they are being defined on the basis of superficial physical characteristics. The bush is the bush because it fulfils certain manifestations. Indeed, we even contradict ourselves by saying 'it changes'. This being a rationalisation to overcome the incorrect conceptualisation of what is it.

So, where does this all 'stop'? One can 'deconstruct' the bush in terms of its physical existence until one arrives at a state of no alteration. Something we cannot achieve in practical terms because of the vanishingly small degrees of alteration and duration involved, but logically that is where it will lead. Or we can, in more general terms, start with the fact that existence occurs, independently of the mechanisms whereby it is detected, but it also differs. Now, occurrence necessitates definitiveness. Difference necessitates alteration. The only way those can be reconciled is sequence. So, any given reality is a discrete definitive physically existent state of whatever comprises it at that time. Any degree of differential to that is another (the subsequent) reality. One cannot have difference and it be of the same reality. There is no time in any reality.

Consider timing. This is calibrating rate of change, irrespective of what is involved. If you have a quartz timing device, then crystal oscillations are being compared to some other sequence of alteration. The timing devices are referenced to a standard constant (or as near as possible) rate of change (ie they are synchronised) so that the system works and the measurements are expressed in a common, and understandable, denominator.

On the subject of spatial position, the way in which reality occurs is important. Because distance is solely determined by physically existent states, since it is the difference between them in respect of spatial attributes, and differences do not exist physically. So distance can only involve physically existent states which exist at the same time. It is not possible to establish a distance, as opposed to some form of conceptual spatial relationship, between something which exists and something else which does not.

Therefore, any given distance is always unique, since it reflects a definitive physically existent circumstance at a given time. Notions which relate to the quantification of it in terms of space, or duration, and the comparison of one way with the other, are a fallacy, if they involve the presumption that there could be a difference. Whatever quantification methodology, there can only be one result.

However, distance could be conceived as a single example of change, ie a difference. So it can be expressed, conceptually, in terms of duration incurred. The concept being that instead of expressing distance as the fixed spatial quantity which it is, it can alternatively be quantified as the duration which would have been incurred had any given entity been able to travel along it, either way. But it must be understood that there is no duration as such, this is just an alternative to, and the equivalent of, a spatial measure, ie a singular quantity. Failure to understand the absence of elapsed time in a physical reality results in the flawed application of the equation x = vt. Making this mistake reifies change, and hence duration.

Paul

James,

If given the time and the wits to evaluate over 120 more entries, I have a month to try. My seemingly whimsical title, "It's good to be the king," is serious about our subject.

Jim

    Hi Paul,

    Let's start with this statement of yours.

    "My definition cannot be "at odds" with something that apparently did not exist, though a proper answer would be, obviously, he did have one, at least in his head."

    No actually Galileo didn't have a conception of time in his head. You see part of the thing that science does is give new ideas for the collective human minds to think about. The concept of time as separate from other dimensions didn't exist at the time of Galileo. The concept of time proceeding at different rates in different locations didn't exist at the time of Galileo. I will try to illustrate this with the concept of vacuum. Before the concept of vacuum, people assumed that the air pressure that exists around us was the same all over the universe. Between the stars, same air pressure. Then people started getting in balloons and rising to various heights, and some of those people died. This was a mystery. A scientist proposed that the air pressure decreased as you got higher in the atmosphere. He tested it. Another scientist wonders if it is possible to have a place where no air pressure exists, or a vacuum. He created it. Here is an example of a concept that we currently do not concern ourselves with, but may very well be very important in the future. And to say that you do have a conception of this in your head right now, is foolish. The example is current research concerning plant communication between plants. In the western U.S. right now is a beetle infestation of certain types of trees. Research has been presented where infessted trees are giving out certain signs (don't remember the signs) where other trees that aren't infested are receiving these signs and altering there "behavior" as a result. So, the question becomes, when you plant the plants in your garden do you consider the types of plant commication that will occur between the specific plants that will inhence the plant growth in your garden? According to you, you do have this well thought out in your head and you can explain it to me. Please do!

    Let's go onto another quote of yours.

    "Take any 'object'. Say that bush in the garden. Now we know it alters, we can, if we watch, see the alteration, and if we put it under an electron microscope we can see even more. In other words, when, physically, is the bush the bush? If there is any form of alteration, then it is different. That is, we are deeming reality in terms of 'objects' which do not actually exist, as defined, because they are being defined on the basis of superficial physical characteristics. The bush is the bush because it fulfils certain manifestations. Indeed, we even contradict ourselves by saying 'it changes'. This being a rationalisation to overcome the incorrect conceptualisation of what is it."

    Your above quote is called a "strawman" argument. I will show you the points that make it that type of argument. By the way, a strawman argument is an argument where a person sets up a fake opponent that doesn't actually exist and then proceeds to destroy that opponent by his points in his argument. The fake opponent in your argument is the change in the definition of the word "bush" whenever any change occurs to any bush. You see, the definition of the word bush doesn't change when the condition of the bush changes. Then you claim victory in this statement, "Indeed, we even contradict ourselves by saying 'it changes'. This being a rationalisation to overcome the incorrect conceptualisation of what is it." Yes, you have indeed attacked and defeated our definition of the word "bush".

    I shall stop right here, because I'm not liking the tone I am setting in this post, and I am afraid it will only get worse.

    Jim Akerlund

    Hi Jim,

    I have been visiting other peoples submissions and I have been seeing this exact post on their sites. That means that this is an ad. There are many ways to get people to read your submission and vote on it. One author has apparently requested his friends (our fake friends) to vote for him. In order to find him go to the top of the FQXi forum for this contest and select ordering of the submissions by "public rating". He is at the top with a simply amazing public rating score. So, on a scale of 1 - 10 where 1 is benign and 10 is nasty in getting votes, yours is a 4. Just wanted to let you know.

    Jim Akerlund

    Hi Jim,

    It looks like if you do the thing I say to do for the "public rating" you will not find the guy I am referring too. Actually, the one I am referring too is the one near the top with an amazing public rating score and lots of ratings. It just looks suspicious that no lone else in the public ratings has anywhere near the number of public ratings he has.

    Jim Akerlund

    Jim

    "No actually Galileo didn't have a conception of time in his head"

    He must have done. "The concept of time as separate from other dimensions didn't exist at the time of Galileo." This is irrelevant, how they thought of time is a different matter, they thought of it. Whether this is relevant, ie that he had some conception, and what it was, I do not know. I read that about plants (emitting chemicals), but do not understand what your point is.

    "The fake opponent in your argument is the change in the definition of the word "bush" whenever any change occurs to any bush"

    Incorrect. This is my point. Physically it is different, but we keep on labelling it and considering it as the same object, whereas its existence is a sequence of physically existent states which have a superficial physical similarity. Obviously, to get on with life, this approximation is fine, but it is not physically.

    Paul

    James,

    I agree, indeed I think anyone who says the universe isn't how we think it is is right! And indeed in some ways your parallel universe seems to have analogies with simple parallel inertial systems.

    But I wonder if they in turn would agree to the suggestion in my essay that mathematics isn't quite what they think it is!? I hope you'll have a chance to read and discuss.

    Thanks. And best of luck.

    Peter

    Hi Peter,

    I did read your submission and I posted comments on your discussion board. Good luck in the contest.

    Jim Akerlund

    James

    Thanks for your comments on my blog. With respect to the slightly peripheral matter of a=a, I'm not sure if you gleaned the full meaning from my essay, which agrees that a=a is precisely correct for mathematics, just not shown also applicable to nature. This explains why mathematics is then a good approximation of nature, but to be precise a computer the size of the universe would be required, as Shannon's implication.

    That proposition is consistent with the quantum uncertainty principle and is fully falsifiable so can be falsified as described, by finding any two entities at observable scale which are precisely identical. This remains an open invitation

    An early objector whose spent months with a microscope and some sand dunes gave up when he realised he'd found nothing close, even in terms of any one of the many parameters. Aristotle = Aristotle is then fine as a metaphysical concept, so for mathematics, but I'm just pointing out that assuming the physical world also uses those laws appears to be incorrect.

    So perhaps it's not so much 'how' we see things, as exactly 'what' we're looking at. I suggest our understanding of maths and the freedom from infinities it brings should be as big a benefit as the improved understanding of nature. Maths should then become more useful and precise, not less so.

    That's certainly an unfamiliar way looking at things, but does that make it wrong?

    Best wishes

    Peter

    9 days later

    Hello Jim,

    Your essay has a nice mathematical flavor to it. You talk about the Planck length towards the end, eg. "...what we want to show is that the Planck length doesn't dictate reality.."

    The question I would like to ask is 1) Do you think the Planck length has any significant physical importance in this universe? Not talking of a parallel one. 2) Can a ruler of Planck length undergo Lorentz contraction as postulated by SR?

    Cheerio,

    Akinbo

    *My essayessay is not so mathematically flavored so not sure you will like it but you may try

      Hi Akinbo,

      Thanks for the comments concerning my essay. As for question 1, Yes the Planck length has a significant importance in the universe, but above the Planck length also has a significant importance in this universe. I will give a poor analogy. The cells in your finger are as important to you as the operation of your eye. Both work on different scales but both are important to you.

      As for question 2, I believe Wheeler is correct in his assesment of what is happening at the Planck length. He says that the concepts of space and time no longer make sense at that scale, so getting a ruler do to that scale is problematic let alone doing anything or observing anything. Hope this answers your questions.

      Jim Akerlund

      4 days later

      Hello James,

      Excellent essay and great line of thinking. Parts are similar to my ways of thinking about this Universe, and because it resonates so close to that, I give you 10/10. You've envisaged some very original and interesting ideas. Please take a look at my essay too - I hope you find it of some interest.

      Well done and congratulations on an excellent piece!

      Best wishes,

      Antony

      5 days later

      Dear James,

      I have down loaded your essay and soon post my comments on it. Meanwhile, please, go through my essay and post your comments.

      Regards and good luck in the contest,

      Sreenath BN.

      http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/1827