I have a hypothesis which explains most of the paradoxes in physics based on the simplest possible foundations. My hypothesis shows that all fermions can be constructed from just one type of particle and its anti-particle in only one composite form. I will give a flavour of the hypothesis here, but the file [link:www.everythingexplained.co.uk/Hypothetical%20Pre-Fermion%20TOE%20in%2095%20Theses%20M%20Lawrence.pdf]pre fermion TOE[link] gives more detail.
The starting point is a single particle completely merged with its anti-particle. The particle has adjusted-Planck mass, radius and charge. Mass and charge strength is the same for equal size. When completely merged, there is nothing observable beyond its radius, but partially merged it vibrates, rotates and moves as others interact with it. There are myriad of these and they make up the building blocks of the universe, forming a background against which relativistic motion occurs.
When a sufficient interaction occurs, the combination unmerges. What emerges is the particle and its anti-partner. The energy required to unmerge the pair is the same for all pairs. The result is that the two spin on their axes and chase each other to try to remerge. The energy of the spinning is the same as one-sixth the charge of the electron and their subsequent motion against the background generates one-sixth the electron charge - the same for all pairs.
Depending on which way the two chase when they emerge and their subsequent spiral motion decides the sign of the generated charge. The total such charge generated always sums to zero and the particle will have a positive Planck charge plus positive or negative one-sixth the electron charge. The anti-particle will have negative Planck charge plus negative or positive one-sixth the electron charge.
The resultant pair will be chasing each other and will latch onto another such pair to form a chain. A chain will eventually latch onto its own tail to form a loop. Loops with three pairs are our matter and have charges only of positive or negative 1, 2/3, 1/3 and zero. These are our fermions.
Loops of other than three pairs form dark matter. The three-pair loops have threefold charge symmetry and asymmetry. To balance an asymmetric loop in a stack of loops requires either its anti-loop or two other loops with asymmetry that becomes symmetric overall in a stack of loops. So stacks of two loops (photons, hadrons or bosons) or three loops (centre of nucleons) are what we observe provided not only the asymmetry is balanced but the overall stack has unit or zero charge.
Loops of other than three pairs cannot maintain the asymmetric balance required to keep a stack of threefold asymmetric loops stable. So what we call 'colour' is actually a measure of the relative angle of asymmetry between asymmetric loops in a stack. To balance three asymmetric loops requires the asymmetry of each loop to be at eg 0, 120 and 240 relative degrees. Without being able to form stable combinations with our three-fold symmetric loops means dark matter will form its own stable stacks and interact mainly through gravitation.
A stack of three threefold symmetric loops may be balanced, but it requires isolation from the surroundings by symmetric electron or neutrino loops at each end. A proton can be turned into a neutron by collision and replacement in the stack of an energetic electron by a neutrino , or the reverse when an electron in the neutron stack is replaced by an energetic neutrino - the so called 'weak force' in action. This is possible because all of the fundamental particles and anti-particles in the stack are Planck size, not what we observe the loop size to be.
What we observe the loop size to be we call its mass. But the sum of the fundamental masses of all loops is always zero. What we observe is the rotational rate at which the pairs in the loop are chasing each other which is another way of saying the physical radius at which they rotate through v=rw. It is that radius and the corresponding area of the loop which 'depresses space-time' by dragging other loops and the background towards it.
All loops have zero total energy. It is the amount of each type, due to fundamental mass or charge (the only properties other than volume that the fundamental particles possess), that decides how two loops interact. The energy of each particle in a loop is positive and each anti-particle negative the same size as we observe its frequency to be. At low frequencies ½ hw = mc^2, so that the mass energy of the loop is the same size but opposite sign as the spin energy of the loop. We call the spin ½ h, but in reality the loop has spin h and its frequency is ½ w. This is the same relativistic expansion as (g-1)Mc^2= ½ Mv^2 = mc^2 with M the Plank mass of the fundamental particle, but instead with Planck frequency W, so that (g-1)hW= ½ hw.
Since the particle/anti-particle pair start with zero total charge and generate zero total one-sixth charges on unmerger, the total charge in the universe is zero. The loop structure, being the only compound fermion structure provides extra degrees of freedom when considering what a loop is and what an anti-loop is. The result is that the only property that differentiates matter from anti-matter is charge.
So a battery is a matter/anti-matter device. Defining the proton as being matter because it has a positive charge means that the electron must be defined to be anti-matter. With a mirror decision to call the electron matter means that the proton will be called anti-matter. Since the universe has zero charge overall, there is no matter/anti-matter imbalance.
With the above, the result is that the anti-loop to the spin +½ electron loop is the spin +½ positron loop. So a photon is a perfect merger of loop and anti-loop rotating in the same direction. Moreover within each loop each particle in one loop almost remerges with an anti-particle in the other loop to reform the original merged pair, and chase each other to try. The pair chase from loop to loop in the same way that they are chasing within their own loop. The combined loops accelerate up to a maximum speed at which they are limited to by the local background density because motion within the background is against the viscosity of that background. We call this speed light speed.
So it is the background and its viscosity which provides the relativistic environment through which loops travel, with its maximum speed for any loop. Since the only particles that exist are all the same size, the effect of background viscosity is the same for all loops regardless of size. So a photon will lose energy proportional to distance travelled almost regardless of its frequency - a viscosity red shift.
The strength of mass and charge fields are identical. We see charge as larger because the electron charge is a significant fraction of the Planck charge, due to its generation as a function of rubbing against the background at the very high frequency at which the fundamental particles spin. What we observe as mass is due to the much lower rotational rate of the particles/anti-particles around the loops.
The quantum mechanical environment is where two loops, having been entangled, separate and form a tunnel, which excludes the background, between their positions within the background. Each loop travels back and forwards within the tunnel without viscosity, so with no maximum speed. What we observe at each end of the tunnel is the two loops swapping position at high frequency, which we take to be a superposition but is actually just the average of the properties of the two as they appear at each end. When an end is disturbed, the tunnel is broken and the loop that is at that moment at that end will remain there, and the loop at the other end will be stuck there. In a photon entanglement experiment with filters, the photon that enters the filter will not necessarily be the same one that exits, although the photon path may be the same.
Additionally, because the particle and its anti-particle are Planck sized, they cannot be broken apart and so, in large black holes, the loops make break and reform, but the particles do not. So there are no singularities.
There are many other paradoxes and observations that are explained by my hypotheses - which I hope you will see are based on the simplest possible foundation of only one type of particle and anti-particle and only one form of fermion combination - a loop.
Mike Lawrence
Maldwyn Centre for Theoretical Physics
