Negative Temperature, Pi, Carl Sagan and Dark Energy Deleted by Complex Gravity
(This has been published as an eLetter on the website of the journal "Science", which is published by the AAAS or American Association for the Advancement of Science - http://science.sciencemag.org/content/339/6115/52.e-letters)
If it's accepted that gravitational-electromagnetic interaction is responsible for the existence of matter*, the concept of "negative temperature" can 1) unify the quantum and macroscopic worlds, and 2) explain why living bodies wear out (keep suffering illness and eventually die).
* Translation into matter could be via photons of electromagnetic waves and gravitons of gravitational waves being disturbances in electromagnetic and gravitational fields. These disturbances are known as virtual particles and are equivalent to energy pulses ("A Brief History of Time" by Stephen Hawking - Bantam Press 1988, p.69 relates the virtual photons which can never be directly detected to the real photons that are the energy pulses within light waves) that produce the binary digits of 1 and 0 encoding pi, e, в€љ2 etc. Matter particles [and even bosons like the Higgs, W and Z particles] are given mass by the energy of photons and gravitons interacting in "wave packets" (interaction within this term from quantum mechanics results in wave-particle duality). Production of the Higgs boson by gravitational-electromagnetic coupling means that interaction could more succinctly be called "the Higgs field". This is indeed plausible since, despite the Large Hadron Collider's discovery of a Higgs-like boson in 2012, alternative versions of Higgs theory still circulate in science in which the role of the Higgs field is played by various couplings eg M. Tanabashi; M. Harada; K. Yamawaki. Nagoya 2006: "The Origin of Mass and Strong Coupling Gauge Theories". International Workshop on Strongly Coupled Gauge Theories. pp. 227-241.
To give a brief explanation of negative temperature, here's what Simple English Wikipedia says on the subject (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_temperature):
"In physics, absolute zero (0В°K) is one of the coldest temperatures. At that point, subatomic particles stop moving (entropy is at its minimum). Certain things can reach temperatures below absolute zero, known as negative temperatures. This is very difficult to do, and only very small objects can reach negative temperatures.
"It might seem absurd, but things at negative temperatures are actually hotter than things at positive temperatures (above absolute zero). If something with a negative temperature comes in contact with a positive-temperature object, heat will go from the negative object to the positive. This is because temperature is a trade-off between energy and entropy. If you add energy to a positive-temperature object, it will increase in entropy. If you add energy to a negative-temperature object, it will decrease in entropy.
"Many objects cannot achieve negative temperatures, because adding energy to them will increase their entropy. Only very small things discussed in quantum mechanics can reach this state."
I also refer you to Frequently Asked Questions by two authors of the original paper (https://www.quantum-munich.de/research/negative-absolute-temperature/). The FAQ has a link to their paper at the top of the page.
"Energy and Order in Biological Systems" (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hb ... tropy.html) asks: "The concept of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics suggest that systems naturally progress from order to disorder. If so, how do biological systems develop and maintain such a high degree of order?"
Could this high degree of order result from living things being negative-temperature systems that have gravitational and electromagnetic energy constantly added to them? As Wikipedia says in the quote above: "If you add energy to a negative-temperature object, it will decrease in entropy" (entropy may be regarded as disorder). The statement "Only very small things discussed in quantum mechanics can reach this state" would then be inadequate. Living things, as well as quantum things, would decrease in entropy when energy is added. In other words, the quantum and macroscopic worlds are united.
"If something with a negative temperature comes in contact with a positive-temperature object, heat will go from the negative object to the positive." That means the bodies of all living organisms will sooner or later pass all their energy to the environment - their bodies will wear out and perish. The fact that life also has positive temperature suggests that life and the Universe (life's environment) are not separate in a physical sense but are united. They could merely be different manifestations of one gravitational-electromagnetic field.
It also implies that life doesn't need to ever end. In the beginning of this article, I referred to never-ending numbers such as pi and how they might be built into the fabric of space-time via virtual particles producing energy pulses that result in binary digits which encode pi, e, в€љ2 etc. If endless transcendental numbers are built into the basic structure of the Universe, isn't it possible that the Cosmos extends infinitely in space and, since space can never exist apart from time, that it reaches eternally into the past and eternally into the future? And if life is not physically separate from its cosmic environment, our lives would never end (our bodies might, but they might have the potential to go on forever).
In the concluding chapters of "Contact" by Carl Sagan (Century Publishing, 1986), much is devoted to pi. True, it's a novel - a work of fiction. But as the front flap says, "It is a novel which carries the reader to the stars, without ever making us doubt that this is the way it will be." Page 430 tell us, "The universe was made on purpose ... As long as you live in this universe, and have a modest talent for mathematics, sooner or later you'll find it (pi being in the fabric of space) ... There is an intelligence that antedates the universe."
But don't rush off to church just yet! This intelligence may well be home-grown. In the TV program "Custom Universe - Finetuned For Us?" (Australian Broadcasting Corporation's "Catalyst", August 29 2013), Dr. Graham Phillips reported that "the physicist and writer Paul Davies thinks the universe is indeed fine-tuned for minds like ours. And who fine-tuned it? Not God but minds from the future, perhaps even our distant descendants, that have reached back through time ... and selected the very laws of physics" (as well as, this author thinks, the electronic energy pulses known as virtual particles) "that allow for the existence of minds in the first place. Sounds bizarre, but quantum physics actually allows that kind of thing."
According to "Quantum gas goes below absolute zero - Ultracold atoms pave way for negative-Kelvin materials" by Zeeya Merali (http://www.nature.com/news/quantum-gas-goes-below-absolute-zero-1.12146): negative-Kelvin might help solve a cosmic mystery because "Another peculiarity of the sub-absolute-zero gas is that it mimics 'dark energy', the mysterious force that pushes the Universe to expand at an ever-faster rate against the inward pull of gravity."
It does not seem necessary to invoke the existence of dark energy. The force acting against gravity could be gravity. Specifically, the gravity we know would be "real" gravity and it would be opposed by "complex" gravity.
Geometrically, imaginary numbers are found on the vertical axis of the Complex Number Plane, allowing them to be presented perpendicular to the real axis. One way of viewing imaginary numbers is to consider a standard number line, positively increasing in magnitude to the right, and negatively increasing in magnitude to the left. At 0 on this x-axis (the so-called 'real' axis), a y-axis (the so-called imaginary axis) can be drawn with "positive" direction going up - "positive" imaginary numbers then increase in magnitude upwards, and "negative" imaginary numbers increase in magnitude downwards. Visualize space-time as defined by a horizontal diameter, a vertical diameter, and a third diameter that's perpendicular to both of these. These represent the cardinal directions gravitational waves can travel. One direction along the horizontal axis corresponds to going forwards in time and is called "real". The reverse direction along the horizontal axis corresponds to going backwards in time and is called "complex". The vertical axis represents the "imaginary time" described by the imaginary numbers of physics. The terms real, imaginary and complex come from the corresponding numbers in maths. And the 3rd diameter may allow sideways movement in time - to complement forward motion in time, backward motion, and up-down movement in imaginary time.
Even if a computer operated continuously for billions of years in either imaginary or sideways time, its final calculations would be retrieved instantly after the problems were entered into the computer because no period at all could elapse in our "real" time - a computer working in complex time delivers results at any desired point in the past. And a spacecraft using imaginary or sideways time, but "real" space, could fly to Mars or a galaxy many billions of light-years distant without any time elapsing in real time. The craft (though macroscopic) is in 2 places at once viz the beginning and end of its journey. It would necessarily also be at every point between the start and finish. Suppose all the mass, electromagnetism, gravitation etc in space, and time, forms a Unification. Then, what could prevent the craft from being at - being quantum entangled with - every point in space (actually, spacetime) at once?
Not only does dark energy become unnecessary but complex gravity going backwards in time provides a way for "minds from the future, perhaps even our distant descendants, (to reach) back through time".
