Douglas,

I liked you analogy, which mimics how nature works biologically. Even in science we far too often put all our eggs in one basket, ignoring anything bot the ruling fashion or paradigm of the moment. That habit can dangerously prolong the life of inadequate paradigms.

As all our paradigms are incomplete or inadequate serious blockages to advancement are inevitable. It seems a logical conclusion that we should have a proportion of universities dedicated to properly testing and falsifying the science outside ruling paradigms currently only rejected and resisted because it is 'outside'.

More breakthroughs come from 'outside' than within yet we still ignore diversity in principle, when we shouldn't. Do you agree?

I discuss eugenics, which increasing temps us away from natures diversity down that potentially dangerous narrow path.

Judy

    Hi Douglas,

    well done for relating your answer to physics. It was a pleasure to read. You took us from the immense threats we can not deal with to your international, personal experience of how water is heated, to the disinterest of US politicians in scientific details. While giving good advice on choosing solutions to problems.

    Re. clean water, I wonder why rainwater tanks are not more popular. They have the great advantage of making one look forward to, and really appreciating, rainy weather. The dry spells, especially when the tank runs dry, make one appreciate how good it is when there is running water on tap.

    Good luck, Georgina

      Doug,

      While I take issue with some consequences of your concept, primarily that it will take us where we are going to go, rather than possibly where we might want to go, this is a reality I find far more intellectually intriguing than simply that we will muddle through to a happy place, if we keep a positive attitude. Given that, I thought I'd offer up something of my own version of a path integral.

      There is one conceptual cornerstone of this model that is counter to accepted physics, so just think of it as a thought project.

      In the Nature of Time contest and the Questioning the Foundations contest, I made the argument that we model time backward and this throws off our understanding of physics. As individual points of reference, we experience change as a sequence of events and so think of it as the present moving along a vector from past to future and physics then distills this to measures of particular duration to use in its geometric models, but the underlaying physical reality is it is the changing configuration that turns future into past. For instance, tomorrow becomes yesterday because the world turns, not that we travel/exist along a dimension from yesterday to tomorrow.

      This then makes time an effect of action, similar to temperature. Time is to temperature what frequency is to amplitude. It is just that with temperature we think in terms of the overall effect, even though it is created by lots of individual velocities/amplitudes. With time we think in terms of the particular actions/rates of change, yet can't seem to find that universal clock which keeps everything synchronized. That is because, like temperature, universal change is the cumulative effect of those many rates. In fact, Julian Barbour won the Nature of Time contest by arguing essentially that; That the only universal measure of time is the path of least action between different configuration states of the universe.

      So to paths integral:

      Given the above, time is simply an emergent effect of that fact that each of us amounts to a molecule of water in the big pot and we experience it as a sequence of encounters. So the question is how would one navigate a path across this, when every molecule just keeps bouncing around? Waves. Now that might seem obvious, but it goes to how our brain functions. We have a left, linear processor and a right parallel processor. What we think of as linear logic is when that left side puts all the pieces in a neat narrative row of seeming cause and effect. Even though we know there is lots of other causal input besides the prior event in the sequence.

      Now what we think of as the right, emotional, intuitive side is more like that wave crossing the water. Those ideas just pop up out of the muddle of knowledge in our minds. This is because it operates more like a scalar, than a vector. It is what bubbles to the surface, like the whistle when the pot boils.

      Now the vector is fundamental to our reality as single organisms, since plotting a path is what much of life is about, but linear sequence isn't as causal as we perceive. We experience one step leading to the next, but in reality it is energy creating this effect. One rung on a ladder doesn't cause the next, nor does one day cause the next. It is the sun shining on a spinning planet which creates this effect of days and it is the momentum and energy flowing through one step, like waves through the water, which leads to the next. So while the path might be important to us as individuals, for the process of life on this planet, it is about guiding the energy. The thermodynamics.

      Regards,

      John Merryman

        Hi Joe,

        Thanks for reading and commenting on my essay. In regard to the level of abstraction this is an occupational hazard with academics but in my defense I did give or try to give specific examples for all the abstract statements e.g. the discussion of how to heat water.

        I did not follow exactly the arguments you presented about light. If you mean that light is stationary/does not move in its own rest frame this is true (but also a bit of a tautology) and the rest frame of a light beam is a bit of an odd thing. But light is rather odd in that respect. For example in the rest frame of a light beam is infinitely time dilated with respect to some non-light ray outside observer and thus it takes zero proper time for a light ray to travel any distance. Let's assume Minkowski space-time i.e. no cosmological expansion to complicate things. Thus in some sense one could say a light beam is "everywhere at once" in this Minkowski space-time -- at least in the coordinate direction in which it travels which is infinitesimally length contracted. .However in an outside laboratory frame (say the Earth with the light beam going by it) the light beam definitely moves and it takes finite Earth time for it to travel over a fixed distance (again measured in the Earth frame). Thus what I think you are saying about light may be true in the light's rest frame but certainly not in other frames (at least all experiments up to now do show that light moves if one takes a general frame).

        I will try to have a look at your essay in the coming week.

        Best regards,

        Doug

        Hi Tom,

        Thanks and I do think there may be some connection between our approaches. I only now glanced at your abstract (I will take a closer look and give more detailed comments later this coming week). Anyway from your abstract you mention "global material and communication resources, distributed laterally rather than hierarchically". This does seem to resonant with the idea of more uniformly distributing resources which would allow more groups of people to try out different ways of solving societal, economic, political questions. The US which used to be more laterally distributed is unfortunately becoming more hierarchically distributed and I think this has a bad influence on innovation. This was the reason for my example in the essay of the Haijin or "sea ban" which was imposed by two Chinese dynasties. Since everything was very hierarchically structured the (bad) decision could be made with no push back from other groups at the same lateral level since there was no "the same lateral level".

        Good luck with the contest and I will have a look at your essay hopefully within a week.

        Best,

        Doug

        Hi Chidi,

        Thanks for reading my essay and your good questions. In *physics* macroscopic objects follow essentially the classical path. The non-classical quantum paths do not contribute much. However for quantum systems paths which deviate from classical path can have a greater influence.

        Now in my essay I was using the path integral as a loose metaphor for the idea that in the context of social, political, economic problems one should emulate the path integral and try different paths to see which gives a good or "classical" solution to the specific social, political, economic, question. But the metaphor should not be pushed to far. And in fact your question has I think uncovered a weakness in the metaphor (but not the basic idea I hope). The path integral in *physics* only really tries many paths on the small (quantum scale). Once you go to large scale you essentially get locked into just the classical path of the system. However maybe I could still save the metaphor with the additional statement that unlike physics questions where we know how to weight each path, in the realm of society, economics, politics we don't have an idea which path (or paths) will be best or "classical" thus we should try many directions to these non-physics questions. Also note that for the non-physics questions I indicate there might be more than one good or "classical" path.

        The path integral approach *was* already used to some extent in some countries earlier. For example in US society it seemed there *used* to be a bigger willingness to try different paths. My view is that this is becoming less the case. In an example from science/engineering let me mention the old Bell Labs. A few years ago Dr. Doug Osheroff came to give a talk at an Society of Physics Students meeting I was helping to organize to give two great talks -- one dealing with his role in the Columbia Shuttle investigation and one on what made him decide to become a scientist (as an aside if you have a chance to see Dr. Osheroff talk take it -- great speaker, great person). Anyway I had a chance to chat with him and he had spent part of his career at Bell Labs. His description of Bell Labs circa 1970s/1980s was a scientist's paradise. They were given time, money and other support to pursue their scientific curiosity without having to justify what they were researching in terms of a corporate bottom line. My understanding in talking with him was that few if any companies today operated in this way. Today there was always (according to Osheroff) much more pressure on short term company financial interest. He actually got out of Bell Labs and took a position at Stanford because of the changing climate in research in industry. Thus in science/engineering terms (and I would argue in terms of social, economic and political issues as well) we are moving away from a path integral (try many paths) approach to things.

        Anyway thanks for reading and I will try to have a look at your essay oin the coming week.

        Best,

        Doug

        Hi Judy,

        Thanks for reading my essay and I do agree with the statement that I think there would be more breakthroughs scientifically, economically, socially, etc. if we diversify our approach to trying solutions to address the various questions/problems that come up in these areas. This is the essential statement/point of my essay. Now this "try many different approaches" idea has surely been successful in science/engineering. This is one of the themes behind the brilliant TV series and book by James Burke which I mention in my essay. Big advances often/always come people trying different, unusual, unexpected approaches to science questions. And often at the beginning the researchers themselves do not see the end point of their initial investigations. their genius of course lies in that *eventually* they realize the importance of what they have stumbled on to. It's more rare that some big, grand project is tried from the outset and found to work as advertised right of the bat.

        I'll have a look at your essay in the coming week.

        Best,

        Doug

        Hi Georgina,

        Your essay was already on my "to read list" (which is now becoming longer) so thanks for reading my essay and for your excellent question about the more important issue of clean water versus hot water.

        In fact in the house of my wife's family, who lives in the rice farming region of Northeastern Thailand close to the Laotian border they do in fact catch rain water in addition to getting water from wells. And the rain water is really great -- it has a totally different, cleaner, better taste compared to the water we have here in the central part of California where I currently live (California is undergoing a severe drought so we would have trouble getting water from rain here, but this rain water solution is definitely workable in some parts of the world, and in fact it is used). To be sure during the dry season in Thailand they use just the well, but during the rainy season they can enjoy water from the sky. One does have to clean the rain water which is caught in this way since they let it run down the slanted roofs (designed for this purpose) and any dirt on the roof will get in the rain water. But they have methods of cleaning the rain water once it is captured in the containers (they have large holding vases for this purpose). Also the dirt issue is largest in the transition between dry and rainy season when the roof has accumulated a lot of dust.

        I'll look at your essay soon.

        Best,

        Doug

        Hi Doug,

        Great thinking. Even greater attitude!

        All the best,

        Chidi

        Thanks, Doug. Your mention that your wife is Thai reminded me of an economist (I don't remember who) at the University of Michigan who had married a Japanese woman, and drove around Ann Arbor -- (this was the late 70s or 80s, IIRC, when Japan was handily overtaking the U.S. auto industry) -- with a bumper sticker that read, "Buy American, marry Japanese!"

        When we can all freely choose our own boundaries -- whether social, political or economic -- hierarchies die of their own unnecessary weight.

        Best,

        Tom

        Hi John,

        Thanks for reading my essay and your good questions/comments. What you describe above (the connection between time and temperature) is what one gets when one does a Wick rotation (lets time --> -i*time_E where the "E" stands for Euclidean) so that one has a Euclidean path integral. Then one makes a comparison between this Euclidean path integral with the statistical mechanical partition function and thus finds a very powerful analogy between time and temperature (actually I think the connection is between time and inverse temperature but in any case there is a strong connection). Also in his comment on my essay Torsten Asselmeyer-Maluga made the point that it might have been more correct if I had phrased things in terms of the Euclidean path integral vs. Minkowskian path integral, which is probably true, but as well I am only using the path integral (either Euclidean or Minkowskian) as a loose metaphor to suggest that like a thermodynamic/QFT system people should try out different approaches to societal questions. The one difference is that (even though I think people have at present only a very crude ability to steer things) people should take and active role in deciding which societal path or paths are good or "classical". By the way in Torsten's essay there is also some type of thermodynamic evolution but with some input/control from people/society (this is the "g" coupling in his essay). Anyway you might find his essay of interest and hopefully I got the gist of his point correctly.

        I'll have a look at your essay in the coming week.

        Best,

        Doug

        Doug,

        Thank you for taking the time to put that in a broader context.

        Don't feel obligated to read those prior contest entries, I just put them up for reference.

        There are other aspects of this which I see as worth noting. For one thing, if time were a vector from past to future, you would think the faster clock would move into the future more rapidly, but since it ages/burns quicker, it actually falls into the past faster. The tortoise is still plodding along, long after the hare has died.

        As an effect of physical actions, the reason it is asymmetric is simple momentum. Actions don't stop and go the other way, whatever the entropic effects.

        As probability precedes actuality, determinism isn't an issue, since the input into any event can only happen with its occurrence. Equally we don't need to presume the past remains probabilistic, by branching off into many worlds, as physical actions determine the fate of the cat.

        As I often describe it, the earth isn't traveling some dimension from yesterday to tomorrow. Tomorrow becomes yesterday because the world turns.

        Thanks,

        John

        Doug,

        One must never assume, because it makes an ass of u and me. Reality is unique, once. Minkowski's abstract space-time is just as unrealistic as all of the other abstractions you keep quoting.

        Joe

        Douglas,

        I commend your words highly. I've found quite the opposite attitude is often prevalent. Commonly fine words are spoken but not practised. Any hypothesis beyond the ruling paradigm causes a sprint for cover within the brackets of conformity. A minor example was the top two peer scored essays last year, including mine, entirely ignored in the judging.

        I note and agree your comment above that; "Big advances often/always come (from) people trying different, unusual, unexpected approaches to science questions." Which is well documented as being the case, but many fail to make it or take years, while often banal repeats of present doctrine flood the journals with information overload. Dan Shecktman's rejection for 40 years is typical of the few that do emerge.

        I believe my own essay this year is self evidently groundbreaking; showing that a classical derivation of quantum mechanical predictions is possible allowing convergence with SR and fundamental advancement across a broad range of a sciences. I predict all those schooled in the present nonsensical QM will again run for the nearest brackets or beach, as do editors. Are you really any different Douglas? A top score coming if you are, or were they really just words? That is human nature. I agree with Judy above and suggest thinking outside the Earth centred frame may help intellectual evolution.

        I look forward with interest to you comments on my, rather different, essay.

        Best wishes

        Peter

          Douglas,

          Such deliberate reasoning in solving the problem of steering a future seems quite foreign in American society. Reason is not a guiding force in the overall social structure, not in business, not in government, maybe in science. But then again motivations and goals are different. Business has profit. Government leaders have election and re-election and science perhaps discovery. This simplistic statement of goals and motivation in itself shows the multifaceted problems our problem poses.

          How do we come together and actually decide the path we move toward? I speak of solutions but have a sketchy idea of how to get there. Your practical experiences speak of cultural differences and expectations in supplying hot water, which too suggests the difficulty of reaching goals.

          Jim

            Hi Peter,

            Thanks for your comments and I will definitely take a look at your essay. I wasn't aware of the Dan Shecktman case so googled it and as you imply he got (initially) pretty bad treatment. Quasi-crystals of course now are "well respected" science and I think Penrose even discussed them in mathematical terms. There are so many stories like Shecktman's (Alfred Wegener and continental drift theory comes to mind since this was just on "Cosmos" episode last night) that maybe this is inevitable, bad side feature of the scientific method -- one needs to have some way of deciding which new proposals/hypothesis in science are good/correct so one must critically exam each of these new proposals and think of tests which would either confirm or refute the proposal/hypothesis. However during the criticism phase the person proposing the new hypothesis or the critic, or both become "invested" in the theory or the criticism of the theory and then objectivity is lost. I'm not sure what can be done about this (one does need to critically exam new ideas and keep those that agree with experiment and discard those that don't). From what I understand of the Shecktman case he just stuck to his guns and eventually people came around. Wegener was not as lucky -- he died in 1930 during an expedition to Greenland to make measurements of the ice thickness and weather. People eventually started to come around to the idea of continental in the 1950s. Anyway I'm not sure if there is a good answer to this question.

            Best,

            Doug

            Hi Jim,

            Thanks for reading my essay and your question/observation. Yes many parts of our society -- politics, business, to some extent even science -- are not driven by logical reasoning and following data/experiments, but are driven by self-interest. The example I give at the end of my essay where as part of an APS delegation I went to DC to lobby congress members to support science tries to make this point in regard to government i.e that it is not strongly data driven. When we had a chance to meet with the representatives of the various senators or representatives from our state/district they were most interested to hear "human interest stories" which they would collect in the story bank for the congress member. They were not interested (or did not appear so) in discussing data with us. I was later told when I asked about this that human interest stories, which the congress member could use to make a point with the electorate, where perceived by the congress members to be more effective at getting them re-elected vs. a detailed discussion of data on a given issue. Now most/many of the congress members probably do know how to look at data and come to some kind of more or less informed decision, but if they don't see this as helping get them re-elected they will value this mode of decision making less. Pay attention next time to speeches of politician from either party in the US and some individual human interest story will come up. You can bet this is probably a real story that was collected in a story bank.

            My suggestion for how to choose a path for some particular societal question would be to run as many small scale "experiments" as possible and see which ones work best and then scale up to see if they still work at a larger scale, etc. For example if one wants a health care system try various health care systems at a small scale and see which works best according to criteria such as mortality rate, cost effectiveness, timeliness, patient satisfaction, etc. and then expand those health care experiments to a larger scale which work best according to the criteria that are picked. Of course unlike physics the choosing of criteria will be a bit subjective and different groups may weight things differently and thus choose different systems/paths.

            Best,

            Doug

            Doug,

            I suggest there IS a good answer, which is to actually apply the scientific method (SM) not just pay it lip service and use instant 'front cerebral cortex' judgements to ignore things, which is what really happens.

            What I do is construct coherent hypotheses and test them to destruction, but NOT against prior beliefs and assumptions, which is what most do. Sometimes surprising new results emerge, often falsifying other assumptions and resolving a number of anomalies. I then try to present them and ask the world to test and falsify.

            But that's not what happens. They're either entirely ignored or dismissed because they 'don't seem consistent with this or that' assumption. Physicist simply don't bother with the SM. I work to explain anything not understood, but that's dismissed as the partisan view most others have! I also speed-read, over 20 papers a week, so I'm right up to date in many areas. I find many read NONE! so simply cite out of date nonsense to instantaneously dismiss anything new. And we simply don't use 'joined-up-physics' as few study all the parts. Physicists often talk a good game but don't play one.

            If some 'big name' has a silly unfalsifiable idea it's instantly accepted and published, taken seriously a priori, so leaving no room or time for real scientific advancement. Physics has severe problems. They're all solvable but human nature means they're not as we don't use our on-board quantum computers to anything like the good effect they're capable of. Even clear advances in understanding are recognized (my essay scored 2nd last year) they're instantly forgotten, or those who 'know better' (judges for example) ignore them.

            This year I give a very clear cut self evident geometrical result, falsifiable and with novel predictions proven. It has massive ramifications for unification and major advancements right across science. Yet that seems almost entirely invisible to most! I await your response to my essay with hope and fascination.

            Best wishes

            Peter

            • [deleted]

            Hi Doug,

            Been following you eventually and I like your combination of candour and expertise; most "experts" are way too mortified by fear of being per adventure caught wrong that they speak from both sides of the mouth or they play dumb. I will very much appreciate your honest critique of my essay taking seriously the equations supplied therein.

            By the way, I don't find that the rating pattern in this essay contest is free of most of the bias accused of establishment science. People vote their "favorites" here however disconnected this may prove to be with the issue of content. Also people fear retaliation with low rating. And people (myself inclusive) tend to read top-rated essays first. After all it is NOT often that the rejected stone turns to be the chief cornerstone; it happens in fact RARELY.

            In short I came here hoping I may get your combination of expertise,candour and responsiveness.

            Thanks for being there, Doug.

            Chidi

              That was me above, didn't know I had been logged out.

              chidi