Explaining The Mysterious Connection Between Physics and Mathematics By Reconciling the Unified Field and Anthropic Principle by Rodney Bartlett

Part 2 of Yesterday's Reply by Me, Touching On

1) 3 POSITIVES OF SPACE-TIME, BLACK HOLES AND GRAVITY BALANCED BY A NEGATIVE HIGHER DIMENSION,

2) MICROWAVE BACKGROUND WITHOUT A BIG BANG, AND ALTERNATIVE TO INFLATION,

3) SUPERPOSED ELECTROMAGNETISM AND GRAVITY, QUANTUM SUPERPOSED PHOTON AND GRAVITON,

4) COSMIC EXPANSION VIA BARYON ACOUSTIC OSCILLATIONS,

5) RELATING MASS GENERATION BY PHOTON-GRAVITON INTERACTION TO BLACK HOLES, THE SOLAR NEBULA AND THE HIGGS BOSON,

6) HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE, 5TH-DIMENSIONAL HYPERSPACE, AND DARK ENERGY

According to "WHY THE REAL UNIVERSE IS NOT MATHEMATICAL" by Joe Fisher (http://fqxi.org/data/essay-contest-files/Fisher_WHY_THE_REAL_UNIVERS.pdf) - "Because the mathematicians' used an erroneous abstract zero, the physicists assumed that there must be a zero physical state. Stephen Hawking even postulated that there must have only been an abstract total nothing about thirteen and three quarters of a billion abstract light years ago, when for some unknowable reason, it abstractly exploded in an abstract big bang."

I was contemplating a long reply to this but after posting the first part of the reply yesterday (you can view that on this page under the date Feb. 5, 2015), Joe replied that "Photons and gravitons are abstractions." Since I believe photons and gravitons are real and central to my ideas, Joe won't be interested in the second part of my reply so I'm writing this for my own mental exercise (and for anyone who stumbles upon this page and thinks there might be something interesting here).

3 POSITIVES OF SPACE-TIME, BLACK HOLES AND GRAVITY BALANCED BY A NEGATIVE HIGHER DIMENSION

The space-time we live in is described by ordinary [or "real"] numbers which, when multiplied by themselves, result in positive numbers e.g. 2x2=4, and -2 x-2 also equals 4. Inverted (modelled on the Mobius loop - see my essay) positive space-time becomes negative hyperspace which is described by so-called imaginary numbers that give negative results when multiplied by themselves e.g. i multiplied by itself gives -1. Many scientists say gravity is negative and balances space-time which is labelled positive ["The Grand Design" by Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow - Bantam Press, 2010, p.180]. This article says space-time's warps (which General Relativity says are gravity) would also be positive. It agrees with Professors Hawking and Mlodinow that black holes are positive, and claims the negative balance to space-time is an equal quantity of mass in a higher dimension. They say gravity is negative because it's attractive. This article aims to show that gravity repels and is indeed positive (the section in my essay about the Sun and Moon affecting Earth's tides is perhaps the best explanation of gravity's apparent attraction - it's Note #3).

The universe is the things in space and time and, since General Relativity says gravitation is the warping of space-time, the universe is a giant gravity field (remember the statement in my Feb. 5 reply about it forming all reality, including matter and electromagnetism). Gravity does not need to travel - the gravitational field already exists everywhere. Nevertheless, any disturbance (from the waving of your hand to explosion of a supernova) will send ripples called gravitational waves through the universe. Since gravity makes electromagnetism, the universe is also a giant electromagnetic field. Electromagnetism is ubiquitous and doesn't need to travel, but any disturbance sends out electromagnetic waves.

MICROWAVE BACKGROUND WITHOUT A BIG BANG, AND ALTERNATIVE TO INFLATION

Electromagnetism's property of existing everywhere naturally means things like microwaves must be everywhere, and there would be a Cosmic Microwave Background whether the Big Bang and Inflation occurred or not. The electromagnetic field's superposition on the gravity field also means gravitational imprints would be found in the microwave background by experiments like BICEP2. However, such detection does not necessarily confirm either the Big Bang or inflation. The universe would not be unified to near-uniform temperature and curvature by the whole cosmos having once been small enough for everything to be in contact, then undergoing extremely rapid expansion from a big bang during a period called inflation. It would be quantum entangled (unified) by everything having the same origin of binary digits. The digits unite everything in time and space in the same way that 1's and 0's form an image. Even if that image contains many seemingly separate elements, it's actually a single image.

SUPERPOSED ELECTROMAGNETISM AND GRAVITY, QUANTUM SUPERPOSED PHOTON AND GRAVITON

The popular phrase "quantum superposition" can refer to photons and gravitons. Mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot coined the word fractal in 1975 (a fractal is a shape such that, if you look at a small piece of the shape, then it looks the same as the original, just on a smaller scale - it is used to describe coastlines, mountain ranges, etc). The fractal versions of superposed electromagnetism and gravitation are, respectively, the quantum superposed photon and graviton.

COSMIC EXPANSION VIA BARYON ACOUSTIC OSCILLATIONS

Gravity makes matter and mass, too - so there's no need to call on big bangs or inflation to explain the universe. According to my essay, human computer science's binary digits of 1 and 0 can be "recycled" from their advanced development in centuries to come back to 13.8 billion years ago. There; they could bring into being this observable portion of what seems to be an infinite, eternal cosmos. The beginnings of the infinite number of observable-size universes would, of course, be literally infinite. The beginning of the universe as a whole is therefore forever lost in infinity and we may as well say there was no beginning. But back to OUR observable part of the universe - a gravitational wave could be transmitted to the centre of a BAO (baryon acoustic oscillation; which refers to a regular, periodic fluctuation in the density of the visible matter of the Universe). Matter would be created at the BAO's centre if the temperature allows the gravity wave to interact with photons -

RELATING MASS GENERATION BY PHOTON-GRAVITON INTERACTION TO BLACK HOLES, THE SOLAR NEBULA AND THE HIGGS BOSON

A supernova blows off some material before exploding and this forms a slower moving, cooler shell - "Rapid formation of large dust grains in the luminous supernova 2010jl" by Christa Gall, Jens Hjorth, Darach Watson, Eli Dwek, Justyn R. Maund, Ori Fox, Giorgos Leloudas, Daniele Malesani & Avril C. Day-Jones. It was published online on July 9, 2014 (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature13558.html). Travelling at light speed, gravitational and electromagnetic radiation (consisting of binary digits) from the blast slams into that material - see "c^2 and the Atom" plus "Gravitational Radiation" near the start of my essay. The lower temperature allows the energy of the gravitons to interact with that of the photons, producing mass in the form of dust i.e. dust particles condense in the shell. In the same way, waves from deep space can produce graviton-photon interaction, forming collapsing clouds of dust and gas from which stars form. If there's no interaction as a result of higher temperatures, no matter is created and there is no cloud of gas and dust. A black hole - formed of gravitational waves and their precursors, binary digits - could result. (It's possible that the gravitons of gravitational waves and photons of electromagnetic waves could be ultimately composed of the binary digits of 1 and 0 encoding pi, e, в€љ2 etc [because the cosmos seems to be fundamentally mathematical]. Matter particles [and even bosons like the Higgs, W and Z particles] could receive their mass by gravitons/photons interacting in "wave packets" - explaining wave-particle duality).

HOLOGRAPHIC UNIVERSE, 5TH-DIMENSIONAL HYPERSPACE, AND DARK ENERGY

As succeeding gravity waves condense into matter at a BAO's centre, matter already present in the centre would be pushed out of the way and the universe expands. Physicist Brian Greene's "...projection of that ... reality that is ... akin to a holographic movie" [The Hidden Reality" by Brian Greene - Knopf [January 25, 2011] and quantum physicist David Bohm's "...projections from another dimension ... that is beyond both space and time" ["David Bohm's Holographic Universe" - http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Physics-David-Bohm-Holographic-Universe.htm] could be interpreted as "projections of binary digits from a 5th-dimensional hyperspace* which become matter, energy, force and space-time in the known 4 dimensions" (by the way, this makes binary digits a candidate for explaining accelerating universal expansion, and a candidate for explaining dark energy).

According to Wikipedia, GEO600 is a gravitational wave detector located near Sarstedt in the South of Hanover, Germany. On January 15, 2009, it was reported in New Scientist ("Our world may be a giant hologram") that some yet unidentified noise that was present in the GEO600 detector measurements might be because the instrument is sensitive to extremely small quantum fluctuations of space-time affecting the positions of parts of the detector. This claim was made by Craig Hogan, a scientist from Fermilab. Should the noise be definitely linked to extremely small quantum fluctuations (researchers will soon begin the initial search and expect results by 2015), it could be seen as support for my idea of binary digits forming space-time.

NATURE JOURNAL AND VIXRA WEBSITE

After making a few minor deletions and additions, I decided to share the ideas in my Feb. 6 reply with vixra.org, the pre-print site for science and mathematics. If you're curious about what was deleted and added, please see "The Cosmos According To FQXi From A Parallel Universe" (http://vixra.org/abs/1502.0052).

Also, I used ideas from my Feb. 6 reply to comment on "Rapid formation of large dust grains in the luminous supernova 2010jl". Nature has agreed to publish my comment (I hope it's soon).

How about that? Nature journal has published a Comment of mine online. You can read it here

Many thanks for your comment, Sujatha! Science (and the rest of this world) needs out-of-the-box thinking if it's going to progress.

All the best,

Rodney

Another couple of comments for "Nature" -

My page is feeling rather lonely. It doesn't get many comments. So I'll have to make a comment of my own. It's sort of related to my FQXi essay because I've been swamped with ideas in the last 6 months which have led up to my comments on Nature's website, and the FQXi essay was definitely a step towards these new ideas. Also, there's a connection to Max Tegmark's concept of the universe being mathematical.

#1 - scroll way down the page to see my response to "Supernova 'kaleidoscope' seen for first time" Nature 1

#2 - scroll down to see my elaboration of this basic idea after "Neutrinos from the primary proton-proton fusion process in the Sun" [link:www.nature.com/nature/journal/v512/n7515/full/nature13702.html]Nature 2[/limk]

Gear Jayakar,

I've been giving a lot of thought to what you said about reconciling the Unified Field. You're right to use strings to unite the fields and matter. I've decided to call the strings bits (binary digits) that aren't only regarded as units of information, but also as quantum-size pulses of energy -

I read an article about quantum teleporting information 143 km in the Canary Islands, which inspired me to write 600 words. I feel that my 600 words might be an excellent summary of my views on reconciliation using bits as strings.

Teleporting information 143 kilometres is intriguing. Is it possible to send information to any distance throughout the universe? If the universe is infinite, even sending data at trillions of times light speed means most regions would forever be too far away. They could only be reached by every part of the cosmos being quantum entangled with every other part, and regions separated by infinite distances therefore being able to communicate instantly. If absolutely everything was made of binary digits, the infinite universe would be quantum entangled (unified) by everything having the same origin of binary digits. The digits unite everything in time and space in the same way that 1's and 0's form an image. Even if that image contains many seemingly separate elements like sights and sounds and smells, it's still a single "image". This is how the universe could be made of 1's and 0's -

When bits are regarded as units of information, they certainly are abstract and not physical. So you can hopefully see my point of view; here's the way I look at bits and its consequences for virtual particles, gravitons and gravitational lensing.

The information in bits is the result of electrical switching, with currents normally being "on" (usually represented by the binary digit 1) or "off " (0). A Binary digIT can thus be viewed as a pulse of energy. No virtual particle is directly observable but they're needed to describe particle reactions in quantum field theory. They aren't particles at all but disturbances in a field - and they'd disturb a field if they're pulses of energy within that field. Fields exist everywhere, so let's assume energy pulses exist everywhere (in the Sun, subatomic reactions, space-time) and see how this affects known science.

E=mc^2 describes how this energy (these bits) can be converted into the matter, and mass, of stars and any subatomic particle. Space-time is filled with virtual particles (energy pulses). General Relativity tells us gravity is the curvature of space-time so gravity could be made of energy pulses called gravitons. This curving of space-time allows its energy pulses or bits to push against other bits taking the form we call matter. Matter is energy that could be differentiated from space-time's energy by the interaction of two types of disturbances in fields (two types of energy pulses) viz. the electromagnetic field's photons and the gravity field's gravitons.

The nuclear strong and weak forces, along with the Higgs boson, could be produced by quantum-scale gravitational lensing in the particles of matter that already exist. Lensing could alter the path of bits/pulses called photons and gravitons - producing the sequences of bits called gluons, weak bosons (W+, W-, Z), and Higgs bosons. Lensing could magnify the strength of the stream of gravitons, forming the electromagnetism within atoms and accounting for particles' electric charges and magnetic polarities. Gravity is created by space-time so the magnification of gravity by quantum lensing alters the curvature of space-time within particles. This might explain their different quantum spins (spin cannot be explained by classical rotation).

After absorption by atoms, the depleted remnant of the gravity waves is re-radiated from stars, interstellar gas and dust, etc. Having used up most of its energy forming particles and forces, the magnified gravity returns to its familiar strength and is radiated as a Gravity Wave Background, challenging the idea that Cosmic Inflation was necessary to generate gravitational waves. Since gravity can produce electromagnetism, it's also radiated as low-energy electromagnetic waves - possibly an infrared background whose heat output exceeds that of the stars alone, in addition to a microwave background. The latter challenges the idea that existence of the cosmic microwave background proves the universe began with a Big Bang.

This reply says gravity's partly responsible for producing mass, not the Higgs. But since the Higgs field talks of smallest possible excitations, perhaps we could reserve "Higgs field" for the binary digits that may be the fundamental constituents of the entire universe (including gravity). Confirming these ideas may be beyond today's experiments - but that doesn't man the ideas are wrong. It seems that they deserve to be remembered so they can be scrutinized by tomorrow's technology.

Finally ¬- the fact that photons can be bent, as observed in gravitational lensing, does indeed mean that photons are much more similar to "normal" particles than people in general dare to assume. The similarity is that photons and normal particles both consist of energy pulses called bits.

I just added a comment to the website of Nature journal, in response to the article "What is really real?" by FQXi's Zeeya Merali. My comment was somehow duplicated on Nature - but I'll post it here,and hope it comes out right (as a single copy)

__________________________

May I propose an alternative to the probabilistic understanding of quantum mechanics - one using hidden variables which give exact predictions, in this case by the variables being base-2 mathematics (cosmologist Max Tegmark - director of FQXi, the Foundational Questions Institute which Zeeya Merali belongs to - believes the universe has a mathematical foundation). I want to propose an alternative to the current understanding of a probabilistic universe that originated from nothingness in a Big Bang.

This alternative involves binary digits, Mobius strips and figure-8 Klein

bottles (in the process, a Steady State universe will be proposed). While reading this, remember that bits are not only units of information but also pulses of energy. The information in BITS or Binary digITS is the result of electrical switching, with currents normally being either "on", usually represented by the binary digit

"one" - or "off", by "zero". A binary digit can thus be viewed as a pulse of energy called a virtual particle.

String theory says everything's composed of tiny, one-dimensional strings that vibrate as clockwise, standing, and counterclockwise currents.We can visualize tiny, one dimensional binary digits of 1 and 0 (base 2 mathematics) forming currents in a two-dimensional

program called a Mobius loop - or in 2 Mobius loops, clockwise currents in one loop combining with counterclockwise currents in the other to form a standing current. (The curving of what we call space-time sounds very strange, but I think it can actually be explained by

modelling space-time's construction on the Mobius strip that can be epresented by giving a strip of paper a half-twist of 180 degrees before joining its ends.)

Joining two Mobius strips (or Mobius bands) forms a four-dimensional

Klein bottle. And each Klein bottle can become an observable (or "sub") universe (figure-8 Klein bottles appear to have the most suitable shape to form subuniverses). This connection of the 2

Mobius strips can be made with the infinitely-long irrational and

transcendental numbers. Such an infinite connection translates^ into an infinite number of TANGIBLE figure-8 Klein bottles which are, in fact, "subuniverses". The infinite numbers make the cosmos as a whole* physically infinite, the union of space and time makes it eternal, and it's in a static or steady state because it's already infinite.

^ The translation could be via photons of electromagnetic waves and gravitons of gravitational waves being ultimately

composed of the binary digits of 1 and 0 encoding pi, e, в€љ2 etc.; and matter particles [and even bosons like the Higgs, W and Z particles] being given mass by photons/gravitons interacting in matter particles' "wave packets" (interaction within this term from quantum mechanics results in wave-particle duality).

* (i.e. the cosmos beyond our 13.8-billion-year-old subuniverse, which is expanding and displacing parts of the universe beyond)

Informally - if an object in space consists of one piece and does not have any "holes" that pass all the way through it, it is called simply-connected. A doughnut (and the figure-8 Klein bottle it resembles) is "holey" and not simply connected (it's multiply connected). The universe appears to be infinite, being flat on the largest scales and curved on local scales (from far away, a scene on Earth can appear flat, yet the curves of hills become apparent up close). A flat universe that is also simply connected implies an infinite universe. So it seems the infinite universe cannot be composed of subunits called

figure-8 Klein bottles (flat universes that are finite in extent include the torus and Klein bottle). But gaps in, or irregularities between, subuniverses shaped like figure-8 Klein bottles are "filled in" by binary

digits in the same way that computer drawings can extrapolate a small patch of blue sky to make a sky that's blue from horizon to horizon. This makes space-time relatively smooth and continuous -

and gets rid of holes, making Klein subunits feasible. The Klein bottle

is a closed surface with no distinction between inside and outside (there cannot be other universes, neither a space multiverse nor a time multiverse *, outside ours - there's only one universe).

* English mathematical physicist Roger Penrose's idea of cyclic time seems to be another version of the multiverse hypothesis. Space-time is an indissoluble union, and the traditional multiverse is

focused on the spatial component while the Penrose version emphasizes the temporal (time may be nothing more than the electronic display of trillions of trillions of still states each second -

what is called motion of the particles in space).

According to Manjit Kumar's 2008 book "Quantum", quantum spin is said to be either up (clockwise) or down (anticlockwise) with respect to the direction of measurement. He also says "the quantum spin of a particle cannot be explained in terms of classical rotation since it can only have certain values". Referring to the EIC (Electron-Ion Collider; p. 272 of Nature's May 21, 2015 issue), I think a quark-free, unclassical definition of spin would be fruitful investigation (see p.2 of "New Hypothesis About Proton-Proton Reaction" at http://vixra.org/abs/1503.0144).

There are 2 forms of spin - classical (e.g. a rotating top) and quantum. The latter can't be explained classically but may possibly be explained by particles and space mutually affecting each other. According to General Relativity, matter causes a gravity field by its mass creating depressions in space that can be pictured as a flexible rubber sheet. Space could affect particles through its curvature (gravity) infiltrating particles, thus giving them quantum spin. Curvature implies this quantum spin could be continuous. Since it's known this type of spin can only have discrete values, these values (and space's curves) must be determined by discrete pulses of energy that also transmit information (the binary digits of 1 and 0 possess these properties). Space's curves influencing particles is consistent with Einstein's 1919 paper "Do gravitational fields play an essential role in the structure of elementary particles?"

PS to my previous comment yesterday -

The human-made universe (1) has all distance associated with its 1's andd 0's deleted according to the Yale experiment (2), producing entanglement in space and in time.

(1) "New way of developing information technology and imaginary time for the purpose of building the universe" (http://vixra.org/abs/1503.0169)

(2) "What is consciousness?" (http://vixra.org/abs/1502.0129)