Milgromian Cosmology, Wolframian Computing, and Primate Consciousness by David Brown

There is a typo in the previous position -- "MOND will provided" should be "MOND will provide".

If MOND, were empirically invalid then there is no way whatsoever that Milgrom could have convinced McGaugh and Kroupa.

http://astroweb.case.edu/ssm/mond/burn1.html "Why Consider MOND?" by S. McGaugh

https://astro.uni-bonn.de/~pavel/kroupa_cosmology.html "Pavel Kroupa: Dark Matter, Cosmology and Progress"

One possibility that might prove that I am a crackpot is the existence of MOND-chameleon particles -- these hypothetical particles would have variable effective mass depending upon the nearby gravitational acceleration. Another fatal blow could be the success of a Bekenstein-type theory that could explain MOND but still maintain conservation of gravitational energy in terms of the Newtonian approximation.

I believe that contemporary physicists suffer from the belief that gravitational energy is conserved in terms of the Newtonian approximation. It might or might not be conserved -- the empirical evidence determines scientific truth.

Crick's "What Mad Pursuit" is the best book that I have ever read. On page 107 of that book, Crick wrote, "What makes people really appreciate the connection between two fields is some new and striking result that obviously connects them in a dramatic way." I believe that the Fernández-Rañada-Milgrom effect is just such a striking result. I believe that Milgrom's MOND will connect astrophysics and string theory in a profound way.

Fernández-Rañada and Tiemblo-Ramos suggested that astronomical time might be different from atomic time. I suggest that astronomical time is definitely different from atomic time and that dark matter has positive gravitational mass-energy and zero inertial mass-energy. Am I merely a crackpot? Am I wrong in suggesting that the Gravity Probe B science team misinterpreted their own experiment? Is Milgrom the Kepler of contemporary cosmology?

I conjecture that string theory with the infinite nature hypothesis implies supersymmetry and no MOND, while string theory with the finite nature hypothesis implies MOND and no supersymmetry.

Sorry about repetition in preceding post.

If dark energy obeys the equivalence principle, then does dark energy have negative inertial mass-energy?

Consider the following 2 conjectures:

(1) Dark energy has negative gravitational mass-energy and zero inertial mass-energy.

(2) Dark matter has positive gravitational mass-energy and zero inertial mass-energy.

Can physicists site empirical evidence that disconfirms the preceding 2 conjectures?

Consider 4 more conjectures (A), (B), (C), and (D):

(A) The equivalence principle fails at the Planck scale if and only if leptons and quarks have structure at the Planck scale.

(B) String theory with the finite nature hypothesis implies that the equivalence principle fails at the Planck scale.

(C) If the universe expands forever, then string theory with the finite nature hypothesis is false, and, consequently, 't Hooft's deterministic string theory is likely to be false.

(D) If the universe does not expand forever, then a scaling factor involving R should be incorporated into Einstein's field equations.

Should physicists think carefully about the preceding 6 conjectures?

Why might the Koide formula be essential for understanding the foundations of physics?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koide_formula

According to the conventional wisdom, dark matter certainly has positive gravitational mass-energy and positive inertial mass-energy and obeys the equivalence principle -- presumably because Einstein's field equations are true. However, note that I have suggested 3 corrections to Einstein's field equations: one for MOND, one for the Koide formula, and one for Lestone's heuristic string theory. Consider this idea: mass-energy can be converted into space-time. Write square-root(mass) = Koide-constant * area. What might this mean? Mass-energy of big bang = (Koide-Constant)^2 * (volume of spacetime at time of maximum expansion of the universe) * (81.6 ± 1.7 billion years) *c, where c is the speed of light in vacuo. Can astrophysicists explain the space roar? Does the space roar suggest the validity of the Koide formula (as NOT merely a coincidence)?

Does Milgrom's MOND suggest a modification to Einstein's field equations?

My idea is that dark matter has positive gravitational energy and zero inertial mass energy -- this means replace the -1/2 in the standard form of Einstein's field equations by -1/2 + dark-matter-compensation-constant.

How many astrophysicists have looked at the following?

http://vixra.org/abs/1410.0186 "Where Are the Dark Matter Particles?"

Is Milgrom the Kepler of contemporary cosmology?

Peter Jackson: Your essay's abstract begins with "Artificial intelligence can already learn..." and ends with "No conclusion is possible as to whether or not a cosmic architect created our own or any universe." I doubt the existence of miracles, immortal souls, and/or supernatural entities -- but do we really have convincing evidence that miracles do not occur in the Andromeda Galaxy? Can we really be sure that human consciousness is not merely a simulation in a higher being's computer game? As to AI learning, where might it end?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity

From the following list of physicists, I would vote for Steven Weinberg as the best role model for aspiring theoretical physicists.

http://www.science20.com/hammock_physicist/who_todays_einstein_exercise_ranking_scientists-75928

-- D. Brown

I want to elaborate on some of my conjectures. Consider 7 conjectures:

(1) Time exists because 2^46 divides the order of the monster group, i.e., time exists because of the symmetries associated with the embedding of the Sylow 2-subgroup of the monster group.

(2) Space exists because 3^20 divides he order of the monster group, i.e., space exists because of the symmetries associated with the embedding of the Sylow 3-subgroup of the monster group.

(3) There are 3 generations of fermions because 13^3 divides the order of the monster group.

(4) Time and antimatter-time exist because 11^2 divides the order of the monster group, thus allowing Witten's 11-dimenstional model to govern the interactions of bosons, leptons, and quarks; these interactions can be mathematically described by the interactions of the monster group and the 6 pariah groups.

(5) There are 6 basic quarks because there are 6 pariah groups.

(6) If G is a finite group, then define Lie-group(G) to be the Lie group associated with the minimal Lie group representation of G. There exists a system of information transfer associated with Lie-group(monster group), and Lie-group(5-Sylow subgroup of the monster group) and the Lie-group (...) associated with the 6 pariah groups and their associated 5-Sylow subgroups.

(7) The reason that 7^6 divides the order of the monster group is that each of the 6 basic quarks has a 3-dimensional linear momentum, a 3-dimensional angular momentum, and quantum spin.

Is Milgrom the Kepler of contemporary cosmology? Google "witten milgrom" and "kroupa milgrom" for more information.

Steve Dufourny: "... an extension of quaternions could be relevant ..." It seems plausible that both quaternions and octonions could be relevant -- if there are 6 basic quarks because there are 6 pariah groups ... (not yet well-formulated).

https://books.google.com/books?id=irt7nOFaR3sC "Quaternionic Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Fields" by Stephen L. Adler, 1995

Sepunaru, Daniel. "On Hypercomplex Extensions of Quantum Theory." arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.05853 (2015).

In my previous post there is the typo "... 3^20 divides he order ..."

I would like to try to explain some of the backstory of my essay. In Tahiti, Paul Gauguin painted his famous masterpiece (oil on canvas) now known as "D'où Venons Nous/Que Sommes Nous/Où Allons Nous" (Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?). Gauguin's 3 questions are indeed important. There might be a kind of fatal paradox in science -- to fully answer many scientific questions, superhuman intelligence might be required. Thus, the ongoing progress of science and technology might entail the downfall of the human species -- what Ray Kurzweil, a supreme optimist, calls the "Singularity". Is Darwinian evolution brutal, extravagant, wasteful, relentless, and inevitable? Will superhuman beings treat human beings with benevolence and solicitude? What is the fundamental Darwinian trend of consciousness? What is consciousness? Specifically, what might be a mathematical model or computer simulation of visual consciousness in primates? Would a full answer to the preceding question require superhuman intelligence?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXGZ3euhq4g History of Neuroscience: Francis Crick, YouTube, 2012

Is the science of human consciousness necessary for understanding who we are? Where are we going? Where is our universe going? Where did the big bang come from? My guess is that the empirically valid answers to the 2 preceding questions require 3 distinct modifications to Einstein's field equations. (Google "einstein's field equations 3 criticisms" for more information on my guesses.

"The development of science, from ancient times to the present, has been a series of nearly unbroken steps where one concept after another has moved out of the shadows of doubt and uncertainty and into the light of accepted scientific fact. The atomic hypothesis, whether matter is made up of atoms, is only one of many atomic hypotheses. So far every such question, discrete versus continuous, about a property of our world either remains undecided or it has been decided as discrete (atoms, electricity, light, angular momentum, etc.). It is hard to imagine the proof that some property will never admit to a finite description, no matter how fine grained. On the other hand, what is interesting is that so many concepts once thought of as continuous are now accepted as discrete. Finite Nature assumes that that historical process will continue to a logical conclusion where, at the bottom, everything will turn out to be atomic or discrete, including space and time." -- Edward Fredkin

http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/im/ftp/poc/fredkin/Finite-Nature

Stephen Wolfram conjectured that there exists 4 or 5 simple rules that yield empirically valid approximations to quantum field theory and general relativity theory.

Now (19th of February) I would like to elaborate on my conjectures on how the monster group and the 6 pariah groups might enable the empirical confirmation of Wolfram's conjecture.

What is a register in a digital computer?

According to Wikipedia, "In computer architecture, a processor register is a quickly accessible location available to a computer's central processing unit (CPU). Registers usually consist of a small amount of fast storage, although some registers have specific hardware functions, and may be read-only or write-only. Registers are typically addressed by mechanisms other than main memory, but may in some cases be memory mapped."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register

For Wolfram's automaton, imagine a geometric-register in which a huge, but finite, number of points might somehow approximate a higher-dimensional geometric structure. For each prime number p that divides the order of the monster group or one of the orders of the 6 pariah groups, there might exist a p-Sylow subgroup geometric-register that contains a higher-dimensional geometric structure that has Euclidean dimension equal to the order of that particular p-Sylow subgroup. There might be a network of Fredkin-Wolfram information in which Fredkin-time, Fredkin-distance, and Fredkin-digit-transition are precursors of time, distance, and energy in quantum field theory and in general relativity theory.

A huge number of updates by Wolfram's updating parameter might create one Planck time interval with an approximate array of quantum information in a huge, but finite number, of alternate universes. All of the alternate universes would occur on the boundary of the multiverse. Directly measured particles would occur in a particular alternate universe. Indirectly measured particles would be virtual particles that occur in the interior of the multiverse. During one Planck time interval, Wolfram's automaton might read the Fredkin-Wolfram information on the boundary of the multiverse, store information in the Fredkin-Wolfram net and in the geometric-registers associated with the monster group and the 6 pariah groups, and, after a huge number of stages of computing and storing, then output the approximations of quantum information to all of the alternate universes. Thus, Wolfram's automaton would read, store, compute, update, and output in an endless cycle of computing below the Planck scale. Why should anyone believe such a scenario?

http://vixra.org/abs/1407.0088 "MOND and the Photon Underproduction Crisis"

http://vixra.org/abs/1407.0113 "Lambda-VDM Model: a Testable Modification of Lambda-CDM"

Do the predictive successes of Milgrom's MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) constitute physical evidence that a multiverse exists?

In the standard form of Einstein's field equations, replace the -1/2 by

-1/2 + dark-matter-compensation-constant.

Replace F = G * m1 * m2 / r^2 by F = ((1 - 2 * D-M-C-C)^-1) * G * m1 * m2 / r^2 , where

D-M-C-C = dark-matter-compensation-constant = sqrt((60±10)/4) * 10^-5 (approximately). Let m1 be the mass of a galaxy and let m2 represent the mass of a star in the galaxy.

F = ((1 - 2 * D-M-C-C)^-1) * G * m1 * m2 / r^2 =

m2 * (gravitational-acceleration-of-m2-with-respect-to-m1).

F = G * m1 * m2 / r^2 =

m2 * ( (gravitational-acceleration-of-m2-with-respect-to-m1) * (1 - 2 * D-M-C-C) ). If we break up the zones of gravitational-acceleration into sub-zones of approximately constant gravitational-acceleration then we approximately recover the MONDian law of acceleration.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/421338/meta McGaugh, Stacy S. "The mass discrepancy-acceleration relation: disk mass and the dark matter distribution." The Astrophysical Journal 609, no. 2 (2004): 652.

Is Lestone's theory of virtual cross sections essential for the development of Milgromian cosmology?

John P. Lestone of Los Alamos National Laboratory wrote,

"Introduction to my idea

Before Hawking's work (and others) black-holes were believed to be point objects with only mass, spin, and charge. This is why Einstein (1930s) and others have previously considered the possibility that fundamental particles (like leptons) are quantum micro black holes. Black holes are now believed to have a temperature, entropy, and thus many internal degrees of freedom. Individual black holes are objects amenable to statistical mechanics.

My heretical statement

If black holes (once thought to be point objects) are amenable to statistical mechanics, then why not fundamental particles like leptons? (1988)

Introduction to my idea continued

I consider the possibility of a very strange "unknown" imaginary class of particles, with several unique (bizarre) properties including

(1) My particles have a very high temperature(s).

(2) Despite having a very high temperature, my imaginary particles can not change their rest mass upon the emission of electromagnetic energy. Using known physics my imaginary particles (if isolated) can not emit any "real" photons".

(3) However, I consider the possibility that my imaginary particles can emit and absorb unphysical L=0 "virtual" photons via the time-energy uncertainty principle.

(4) The emission and absorption is controlled by statistical arguments involving their classical temperature and possibility other effective temperatures.

,,," http://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-16-22121 J. P. Lestone, "Possible path for the calculation of the fine structure constant", Los Alamos Report LA-UR-16-22121, April 2016, Los Alamos National Laboratory

How might Lestone's bizarre virtual particles with virtual non-zero cross sections be incorporated into a new theory of the foundations of physics that makes empirically valid predictions concerning Milgrom's MOND, the space roar, and the photon underproduction crisis? Assume that string vibrations are confined to 3 copies of the Leech lattice -- such drastic restriction might eliminate the string landscape and enable string theorists to make several new and empirically valid predictions. If nature is finite and digital, the most important mathematical structures involved might the monster group, the 6 pariah groups, the Leech lattice, and the Clebsch diagonal cubic surface. Below the Planck scale, there might be some kind of Fredkin-Wolfram physics in which Fredkin-Wolfram information and symmetries within Wolfram's automaton might allow particle physics with virtual particles to be understood of Fredkin time, Fredkin distance, and Fredkin digit transition. The Fredkin-Wolfram physics would not allow direct measurement but might "explain" quantum micro black holes (with some Lestone-modification to general relativity theory) in terms of "non-measurable" Fredkin heat and Fredkin energy. All of the alternate universes would be cold in terms of Fredkin heat and would occur on the boundary of the multiverse. All of the virtual mass-energy would occur in the interior of the multiverse and would be hot in terms of Fredkin heat. The network Fredkin speed would be big-C, a non-measurable speed that would seem to be incredibly faster than c (the speed of light in a vacuum). Because of dense and incredibly fast networking with the interior of the multiverse, one might think of the multiverse as being flattened out with an incredibly "Fredkin hot" quantum foam in which string vibrations transfer Fredkin-Wolfram information. Massive bosons might consist of 1 vibrating string confined to a 1-sphere. Leptons might consist of 3 vibrating strings confined to a 2-sphere. Quarks might consist of 9 vibrating strings confined to a 3-sphere. Is the preceding merely "techno-babble" that does make sense in terms of physics? Is Milgrom the Kepler of contemporary cosmology? Is it necessary to make 2 modifications to Einstein's field equations to account for the space roar and Milgrom's MOND? Does Lestone's theory of virtual cross sections suggest a Lestone-modification to Einstein's field equations?

I conjecture that paradigm-breaking photons caused by inverse Compton scattering from relativist jets explain the GZK paradox.

http://en/wikipedia.org/wiki/Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin_limit

Consider Einstein's field equations: R(mu,nu) + (-1/2) * g(mu,nu) * R = - κ * T(mu,nu) - Λ * g(mu,nu) -- what might be wrong? Consider the possible correction R(mu,nu) + (-1/2) * g(mu,nu) * R =

- κ * (T(mu,nu) / equivalence-principle-failure-factor) - Λ * g(mu,nu), where

equivalence-principle-failure-factor = (1 - (T(mu,nu)/T(max))^2)^(1/2)

-- if T(max) = +∞ then Einstein's field equations are recovered. I conjecture that the preceding correction might provide a basis for understanding 2 things: (1) how photons can acquire incredibly large kinetic energy from relativistic jets and (2) Lestone's theory of virtual cross sections.

https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0703151 "Physics based calculation of the fine structure constant" by John P. Lestone, 2009

http://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-16-27659 Los Alamos Report LA-UR-16-27659 "Semi-classical Electrodynamics: A Short Note" by John Paul Lestone, issued 2016-10-05

http://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-16-22121 J. P. Lestone, "Possible path for the calculation of the fine structure constant", Los Alamos Report LA-UR-16-22121, April 2016, Los Alamos National Laboratory

http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217732308027199?journalCode=mpla Lestone, J. P. "Black-Body Photon Clustering by Semiclassical Means." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 15 (2008): 1067-1077.

According to Wikipedia, "Several remarkable properties of j have to do with its q-expansion (Fourier series expansion), written as a Laurent series in terms of q = exp(2πiτ), which begins:

j(τ) = 1/q + 744 + 196884 * q + ..."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/j-invariant

Note that 6! = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 = 720 and 744 - 720 = 24. Does 744 - 720 = 24 have some profound meaning in the foundations of physics?

Is spacetime 4-dimensional? Is spacetime 26-dimensional? Measurements of spacetime using clocks and surveying instruments demonstrate that spacetime is 4-dimensional. I say that, from one point of view, spacetime is 26-dimensional. 26 dimensions = 1 dimension of matter time + 1 dimension of antimatter time + 24 dimensions of (±, ±, ± )-space. What is (±, ±, ±)-space? For the measurement of space, employ 6 particle beams consisting of 3 electron beams and 3 positron beams. For each dimension of space, employ all 3-tuples of beams selected from the 6 beams. By definition, (±, ±, ±)-space consists of 3 dimensions of ordinary space, each of which is measured in 8 different ways by using all of the possible 3-tuples of the 6 beams. The 24 dimensions of (±, ±, ±)-space reduce to the 3 dimensions of ordinary space because quantum field theory is empirically valid -- however, (±, ±, ±)-space might be useful for representational redundancy (because of the role that the Leech lattice plays in the foundations of physics.)

Note that the order of the monster group is

2^46 * 3^20 * 5^9 * 7^6 * 11^2 * 13^3 * 17 * 19 * 23 * 29 * 31 * 41 * 47 * 59 * 71 --

observe that 2^46 * 3^20 * 5^9 / 720^9 = 9216 = 2 * 72 * 64 -- does the preceding numerology suggest that the number of permutations of 6 basic quarks with 3 quark colors (for both matter and antimatter) might involve matter-time, antimatter-time, a 72-ball, and 64 fundamental particles in free space? (Add the axion, the graviton, and the inflation to the 61 fundamental particles of the Standard Model.)

In my essay for this fqxi contest, I noticed an error in my quotation from Charles Jennings in "Nature Neuroscience" (2000)

" ... it is impressive that so much agreement has been reached on how Where to proceed ..."

Replace the error by "... it is impressive that so much agreement has been reached on how to proceed ..."

Also, I have mentioned in comments in this comments section several mathematical structures, i.e., monster group, pariah groups, Leech lattice, and Clebsch diagonal cubic surface, in connection with my speculations on Milgromian cosmology.

If my speculations on Milgromian cosmology are not examples of self-delusion, then my guess is that the hypergeometric series highlighted by Hosono in equation (1.1) of the following publication

https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0404043v4.pdf "Central charges, symplectic forms, and hypergeometric series in local mirror symmetric" by Shinobu Hosono, 2005

might also play an essential role in Milgromian cosmology and the foundations of physics.

I have conjectured the Milgrom Denial Hypothesis: The main problem with string theory is that string theorists fail to realize that Milgrom is the Kepler of contemporary cosmology. I have 2 main guesses: (1) String theory with the infinite nature hypothesis implies supersymmetry and no MOND. (2) String theory with the finite nature hypothesis implies MOND and no supersymmetry. Can string theory explain dark matter, dark energy, inflation, the space roar, and the photon underproduction crisis? It seems to me that string theory provides a means of unifying mathematics, theoretical physics, and theoretical computer science.

Consider the following hierarchy:

infinitary mathematics (Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, Mochizuki's IUT with alternate universes of quantum logics)

/

finitary mathematics (monster group) -- string theory -- theoretical physics (quantum field theory, general relativity theory)

/

quantum computing, computer science, nanotechnology, chemistry, condensed matter physics

/

computer software, AI, robotics, engineering -- molecular psychology -- theoretical biology, molecular biology, biotechnology

/

social sciences, humanities

My guess is that Lestone's theory of virtual cross sections can be justified in terms of the string landscape and in terms of string theory with the finite nature hypothesis (but in substantially different ways).

J. P. Lestone has introduced a highly speculative approach to estimating the fine structure constant in terms of his theory of virtual cross sections. Lestone wrote,

"Introduction to my idea

Before Hawking's work (and others) black-holes were believed to be point objects with only mass, spin, and charge. This is why Einstein (1930s) and others have previously considered the possibility that fundamental particles (like leptons) are quantum micro black holes. Black holes are now believed to have a temperature, entropy, and thus many internal degrees of freedom. Individual black holes are objects amenable to statistical mechanics.

My heretical statement

If black holes (once thought to be point objects) are amenable to statistical mechanics, then why not fundamental particles like leptons? (1988)

Introduction to my idea continued

I consider the possibility of a very strange "unknown" imaginary class of particles, with several unique (bizarre) properties including

(1) My particles have a very high temperature(s).

(2) Despite having a very high temperature, my imaginary particles can not change their rest mass upon the emission of electromagnetic energy. Using known physics my imaginary particles (if isolated) can not emit any "real" photons".

(3) However, I consider the possibility that my imaginary particles can emit and absorb unphysical L=0 "virtual" photons via the time-energy uncertainty principle.

(4) The emission and absorption is controlled by statistical arguments involving their classical temperature and possibly other effective temperatures.

..." http://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-16-22121 J. P. Lestone, "Possible path for the calculation of the fine structure constant", Los Alamos Report LA-UR-16-22121, April 2016, Los Alamos National Laboratory

MY GUESS is that there might be a plausible way of justifying (1)-(4) in terms of string theory with the string landscape. Assume a string landscape in which all the alternate universes have Standard Model free parameters that are very close to each other. If there is (in the string landscape) an extremely hot interstitium which is 10-dimensional and super-hot with respect to all the cooler alternate universes, and ALSO most of the virtual energy close to each alternate universe is slightly super-hot but cool enough that it is ALMOST conventional in terms of 4-dimensional spacetime, then it seems to me that (1)-(4) might be justifiable.

Also, in string theory with the finite nature hypothesis, several of Ramanujan's formulas might be crucially important. In particular, I want to mention the Theorems on pages 10 & 12 and equation (11.4) on page 17 of B. C. Berndt's "An overview of Ramanujan's notebooks".

http://www.math.uiuc.edu/~berndt/articles/aachen.pdf