Stefan,

You write between pages 2 and 3:

The picture described here implies that the physical universe as a whole is an open system and that conscious beings are too.

My essay http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/2737 is about the requirement for an open universe for there to exist consciousness. I largely argue for an open universe according to quantum entanglements. Your essay then proceeds to talk about Godel's theorem, where I in turn discuss Malament-Hogarth spacetimes that serve as a hyper-turing machine. My essay looks at this issue from a somewhat different angle.

It has been a sideline question for me for a long time as to what role Godel's theorem plays in physics. I tend to think it has a role in the measurement problem. If we think of a measurement as a quantum system being coupled to a larger quantum system that as a whole is performing at least partially a self-measurement this is a self-referential loop. Maybe the inability to understand quantum measurement from the foundations of quantum mechanics is because of axiomatic incompleteness of quantum logico- algebraic system. This is also connected with black holes as well, where the apparent loss of entanglement according to a local observer is similar to a measurement.

I think the universe is in some sense set up as an open system to permit the probability for conscious entities. I don't go into great depth on the nature of consciousness, though as with you I think it is emergent from self-referential incompleteness. I do however, think consciousness is more approximately self-referential, which is what cuts it off from infinite regressions.

I will give your essay a score of 9. I reduce it 1 point because the mention of near death experiences and such testimonies does not seem right. However, over all your essay was great!

Cheers LC

    Dear Stefan:

    Enjoyed reading your excellent essay. You have pointed out two key insights that could lead to the development of an integrated scientific model as presented in my paper - "FROM LAWS TO AIMS & INTENTIONS - A UNIVERSAL MODEL INTEGRATING MATTER, MIND, CONSCIOUSNESS, AND PURPOSE."

    The first insight is that the universe is alive and conscious as you say- "If there is goal-oriented behavior in the universe independent from all the pettiness of living creatures, this behavior should have its roots in a more knowing and more potent conscious agent than we are and least of all in a dead universe.

    The second key insight by you is - " Although quantum mechanics has

    formalized the microscopic world so that scientists can in many cases predict the long-term behaviour of some macroscopical subsystems, at shorter scales and with less particles involved, individual particle behaviour

    cannot anymore be predicted for sure in all cases. This lack of prediction alone does not necessarily imply that individual particle behaviour in these cases is totally random and not governed by any 'instruction'. But until now, huge efforts to decipher the possible principles of such instructions have all more or less failed. The results of these efforts cannot be objectified enough to trigger general accordance about them."

    My paper builds up a physical model on these two insights via integrating the physics of spontaneous (free-willed) decay of particles as a natural degree of freedom or free will in nature that not only predicts the classical or empirical universe but also provides a choice to the observer to follow its intentions or goals to select or choose a relative reality that is allowed within the envelope of an infinite set of physical realities satisfying the laws of mass-energy conservation.

    I would request you to please read my paper as it not only resonates with your insights but also forwards a model to resolve the Hard problems of consciousness, free will, intentions within the existing laws of conservation. Moreover, the model resolves the QM puzzle via explaining the inner workings of QM based on the universal consciousness.

    I would greatly appreciate your comments about my paper at your convenience.

    Best Regards

    Avtar Singh

      Dear Edwin Eugene Klingman,

      thank you for reading and commenting and for the positive feedback.

      This year's essay topic is quite difficult to tackle and i am glad that you appreciate my attempts. Some researchers on the origins of consciousness (and free will) have changed their attempts to tackle the problem by starting from the phenomenological properties of consciousness (e.g. Tononi or Donald Hoffman) instead of starting by reducing it via material correlations.

      The underlying lines of reasoning for them are, i think, that we know today that reality is (or at least in a scientific framework should be) a consistent whole. Consciousness therefore isn't anymore handled as just an 'epiphenomenon', a kind of accident, by these researchers, but as a significant part of reality; the latter seems natural to me due to the fact that without consciousness, no science would be possible and the term 'consistent' would have no objective meaning; without consciousness, consistence or inconsistence would be both meaningless terms, because such 'terms' simply wouldn't exist. So the fact that they do exist together with consciousness should be not pushed aside to easily.

      I think Gödel's results are somewhat underrated when it comes to questions that try to tackle problems at the borders of our logic and our understanding. The mind-body problem is just such a problem. It remains unresolved for what i think is due to the difficulty to unify an assumed physically closed worldview (consisting of only deterministic necessities) with an open worldview (mainly the ability of consciousness to 'imagine' counterfactual things or to imagine things that can't be proven to be counterfactual in nature or not).

      I think if we take logics seriously and not as another cosmic 'accident' in the grand scheme of existence, then we are forced to assume our universe to be the result of a meaningful event in the past - if one believes there was a big bang at all. Besides the latter, even an eternal physical universe should not rule out realms beyond space and time, realms where logics itself has its origins. For me, logics - like Gödel's results - indicates that there must be such a realm. Even if one assumes that all that exists did come into existence via an 'accident', or out of literally 'nothing', this 'nothing' nonetheless must have at least one well defined property, namely the possibility to produce 'something'. If this logical reasoning holds true (and i think it does), then 'nothing' as the origin of everything is a misnomer - it is bound to a kind of logic in the first place to produce something at all, namely the logic that it is possible at all. Otherwise we are wandering in a kind of magical world.

      I will take a look at your essay!

      Dear Lawrence B. Crowell,

      thank you for reading and commenting and for your scoring.

      I read your essay a few days ago but have to re-read it to fully capture it.

      I think Gödel's results, as simple as they appear on first sight, are a profound result about the structure of reality. I think you are on the right track by handling reality as an open 'system'. And yes, entanglement seems to play a crucial role in this by measuring subsystems and thereby turing their possibilities into consistencies, thereby procuding new entanglement. So one could say this is a kind of evolving process, a process seemingly not determined to the last detail. Otherwise Darwinian evolution, or to say it better, selection processes wouldn't make any sense in nature.

      You mentioned another important area, namely the measurement problem, or stated differently, the axiomatic basis of quantum mechanics. Here i think, and i have the impression that you do also, that Gödel's results are somewhat related to it. The crucial point here for me is, that to find natural axioms to complete some formal systems is not at all a simple task because one always has to differenciate between a necessity and a possibility. How can a mathematician unevocally know that a certain axiom is necessary instead of simply only possible? This problem is tied to the 'problem' that we live in a seemingly contingent world where things happen which cannot be explained by mere mechanical terms. For example the fact that Kennedy was shot - was this inevitable due to some laws of physics / nature or not? Surely it was possible to happen (otherwise it did not happen), but was it also *necessary* in the sense that it could not have been avoided by any action in the universe?

      The problem of contingence plays a similar role when one tries to completely axiomatize a formal system. I suspect that some claims about the validity of Gödel's results (by questioning some of his used axioms in his proofs) stems from the dichotomy between a necessity and a possibility.

      I too think that consciousness is only approximately self-referential. In my opinion it surely has some elements of self-referentiality, but i wouldn't reduce it just to the property of self-referentiality. There must be some other properties of consciousness that make a difference between a mere description, a representation of reality in a conscious mind, and the qualia of it. Representation and mere data processing doesn't do the job, i think. Consciousness seems to have the ability to simply be aware of some reality without judging or interpreting it. It then is in a state to be aware of the existence of something, simply as it appears to this consciousness. How qualia does fit in there, i do not really know for sure. I suspect that the real meaning of our qualia (e.g. the subjective feeling of seing red) do reside beyond spacetime in a realm where the answers to the question about the objective meaning of existence also resides.

      I didn't fully grasp what you meant by a 'hyper-turing machine'. What is the difference of this machine to a UTM?

      I will re-read your essay and try to comment on your essay page.

      • [deleted]

      • Post #12

      It may have come to your notice that mention of Gödel's theorem in physics circles brings up pretty negative reactions and comments. I can in part see why that is the case. Gödel's theorem has some rather negative implications for the ability to do physics. It also has not had the impact on mathematics that Godel himself thought it might.

      The idea that quantum measurement problems were self-referential occurred to me in graduate school. In fact I took a few courses on symbolic logic, set theory and studied Gödel's theorem in order to think about this. Alas I was not able to do much, in part because of time. It seemed to me back then that a measurement consisted of quantum states of system + measurement apparatus that made a sort of self-referential encoding of its states. The collapse of the wave function then seemed to be a manifestation of the axiomatic limits of the quantum logico-algebraic system thought of as a numerical system. The raising and lowering operations on state vectors are a sort of complex vector space version of Peano number theory on addition and subtraction.

      The hyperTuring machine is capable of being a full UTM. Classical physical information processing systems do not permit the existence of a UTM. Quantum computers are not UTMs either, and in fact only extend the domain P computations to bounded quantum polynomial set, and not NP. It is a bit like going from the field of reals to complex. An eternal black hole (BH) could in principle be a UTM. The BH could receive an infinite set of bits or qubits necessary to solve any problem.

      A funny case of this is the problem of what is the on/off state of a switch if I set it to on at time t = 0, then off at time t = ВЅ and then on at t = Вѕ and so forth so that at t = 1 the switch has been flipped an infinite number of times. Will the switch be on or off? It sounds a bit like a bizarre question to be concerned about, but remember there is the related issue of the Riemann zeta function

      О¶(s) = sum_{n=1}^в€ћ 1/n^s,

      where О¶(-1) = -1/12. The curious thing is that О¶(-1) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ..., which does not look at all like -1/12! Similarly for О¶(0) = -1/2 which is a sum of ones. There is a form of p-adic number theory at work here. As a result we might not be so hesitant to think this Zeno type of problem is nonsense. However, the one thing that happens is that if each flip of the switch requires a unit of energy, then at some point the flipping of the switch becomes so fast and requires so much energy that it becomes a black hole. That is of course if it can be prevented from exploding. Hence the answers to these odd questions does seem to involve black holes and maybe quantum gravity.

      As for truncating the self-reference, I left that pretty ambiguous. I would say that one possible more precise way to think of it is that we are looking at first order logic. Gödel's incompleteness theorem proves effective first-order theories with a large finite set of the theory of the natural numbers can never be both consistent and complete. I think this sort of thing relies upon Berry's paradox or related issue of bounding the subset of the natural numbers with a number that is "unnameable." Black holes are not eternal, but decay by Hawking radiation. This cuts off the self-referential process, say something similar to renormalization cut off.

      I wrote my essay in part to illustrate my work on entanglement of black holes with quantum hair. I decided to do this because I wove in the idea of MH spacetimes and hyper-Turing computations.

      Cheers LC

      Dear Avtar Singh,

      thank you for reading and commenting and for your positive feedback.

      I read your essay and left a comment on your page

      Best regards,

      Stefan Weckbach

      Dear George Ellis,

      thank you for having read my essay and for your positive feedback!

      Dear Stefan Weckbach,

      Thank you for excellent essay....

      In your reply to Lawrence B. Crowell wrote on Feb. 10, You also accepted you think it is an open universe.

      In an open universe all the radiation emitted from Stars, Galaxies goes out of universe at the velocity of light. In your opinion where that radiation goes, will that not be a part of the universe ...?

      Best

      Snp.Gupta

        Dear Satyavarapu Naga Parameswara Gupta,

        thank you for reading and commenting and for your question.

        Due to current physical theories, radiation that was produced in 3D space, remains in 3D space. Thhis should be the case whether space is infinite or finite. In the latter case, there are hindsights that the universe began as a 'big bang', space and time did emerge from some other process. Space expands in the far field of the universe with v > c, so that no light does ever reach a point where space does end.

        By 'open' i mean not the case that space does end 'somewhere' far out at the borders of our universe, but i mean that it is interwoven within another dimension, different from space and time. Again, hindsights are there for this in form of spontaneous particle creation / annihilation and the energy / time uncertainty relation. So, with 'open' it is meant another dimension, indicated by quantum mechanical processes measureable in our universe; the latter seems to be open in the sense that what we think as our universe isn't causally closed, but open. Surely, the latter also indicates that it is an open question what rules reside in this other dimension. Personally, i think these rules should have something to do with life, consciousness and intentionality.

        • [deleted]

        • Post #18

        Hi Stefan,

        I enjoyed reading your essay - I think you are getting at something important. I intend to read it a few more times.

        Dear Stefan Weckbach

        Thank you very much for reading my paper as well as your kind comments.

        I would appreciate it very much if you could please rate my paper.

        Best Regards

        Avtar

        Dear Stefan

        Thanks for your article that debates around the possibilities of meaning base information. From my observation the space is full of relations between 2 or more existents and the relation itself hold the potential action for each existent in he relation. Meaning based information exists when there is a possibility for at least one action to the relating Existants. If there is no potential for at least one action (conscious or unconscious) there is no relations between the existents. Causality works as a special case in the finitude life of the phenomenon. Causality does not evolve the phenomena in general. Therefore, reality is contingent and possible, and not predetermined. The forces of nature that we know works within the framework of the Phenomena but they are special cases where the relationship hold only one (even statistically) possible outcome. The selection of potential action from a range of potentials by a self organization depends on the actual State of the self organization and the attributes it has for its movements. I claim that a movement are not only the 3-4 measurable attributes we used in physics but rather 20 attributes that allow the self organization to be unique in its existence whether it is a grain of sand or a human being.

        Thanks again since I use the term of Operating meaning in my book: "generators theory", and I claim that the space is a composite of these natural language of operating meanings.

        Here, at FQXi contest, I wrote an article about the attributes of the movement without getting into the space of Operating Meaning. The essay name is: "we are together, therefore I am".

        thanks

        yehuda atai

          Stefan,

          Nicely written essay with some good, pertinent and interesting points well put. But before discussing content; the one part \I stumbled over- did you really mean; "circumscribed' as different.." and I'm no sure 'energetical' is actually a word!? I think I knew what you meant anyway as circumscribed may suggest 'enclosed together' while also different.

          On content, I found agreement with most, indeed our essays do have various commonalities. I agree; "The question arises in which sense nature should not be fully formalizable" but I suggest a rather more defined answer- which links to your interest in; interpretational questions about quantum mechanics I think and hope you may very much like and agree with my essay and will comment on it.

          One thing I'm not sure you really meant, and that my essay may show might now be challengable; "..couldn't deliver a coherent understanding of how goals and intentions can exist in a mindless physical universe." Do you suggest minds are not part of the universe? or did you really mean mindless mathematics?

          Thanks for a high quality essay anyway.

          Peter

            Hello Mr Weckbach,

            Congratulations for your relevant general reasoning.I liked how you have interpreted the origin of consciousness in comparating two main systems, tha main entropical cause God or the accidental logic appearing of this consciousness.It was a relevant reading.Personaly I have inserted in my model of spherisation, God with logic also.I need this infinite potential to encircle better the kinetic distribution of energy and motions.The codes and informations of evolution are a reality,like if all was coded and followed the quiet harmonical road of encodings and increasing mass.The consciousness for me is a result of evolution.Our brains are fascinating like results of evolution.We continue at each instant to encode informations, spheronic(gravitation)and photonic.I ask me if a number of matter,of particles is necessary for this consciousness,like in the brains,is it just correlated with biology?the real ask is there in fact ? If the consciousness is gravitationa and that electromagnetism is just a fuel for interactions, si it becomes intriguing considering the mind body soul problem.Ithe biology is necessary or not ?That is the question,how can we understand better what is this consciousness.It is not easy in fact.Personaly I beleive that an AI is possible but not a consciousness correlated with our gravitational soul in fact.It is a subtil difference.But of course we arrive at a philosophical interpretation and how we must interpret this infinite consciousness,entropy,this eternity fractalising in fact this infnite potential and creating lifes, with matter energy evolution on this entropical irreversible Arrow of time in fact, gravitationally and electromagnetically speaking.It is not easy in fact all this puzzle.We search to understand the words, the music, the laws, the codes and informations of this infinity simply.So simple this generality, so complex these détails ....I am wishing you all the best Mr Weckbach in this contest.Best from Belgioum

              Dear Yehuda Atai,

              thank you for reading and commenting.

              You mention that causality does not evolve the phenomena in general. I think you are right about this, otherwise one would end up with a picture i described in my essay. The question though is how unphysical causes are connected to physical stuff. Movement is important insofar as it indicates activity, even on the quantum level. Activity also seems to be an attribute of consciousness, although there are also states of consciousness where the latter seems to be totally passive.

              I'll take a look at your essay.

              Dear Peter,

              thank you for reading and commenting.

              You catched up with a version of my essay which i did alter in some details (accidentally FQXi uploaded the older version the first couple of days after posting the new one for eligibility) For a dualistic view of mind and matter, one needs two ingredients. First, one needs some commonalities and second, one needs some differences. I identify 'activity' as a commonality, i circumscribe it in physical terms as energetical vibrational patterns. I could have left out the term 'energetical', because 'vibrational' indicates activity, too. I define 'energy' as the potential to transform a potentiality into a factuality. This means that the world isn't fully determined by mechanical causes and effects. I stumbled over an interesting approach to systematizise these lines of thought in physical terms by a researcher named Joachim Keppler. The reference to his work can be found in Avtar Singh's essay, if you are interested in it.

              With mindless universe i mean the widespread belief that the universe came into existence (or forever existed) without a higher purpose and our minds and insights into nature's lawfullness are somewhat just an accident, a random fluctuation. I do not belief this scenario, but naturally it is hard to disprove it rigorously.

              Thank you for your kind words and best wishes for your own attempt in the contest!

              Dear Steve,

              thank you very much for reading and commenting.

              I hope you are well and i am happy that you participate in the discussions on FQXi. Yes, i too argue for a higher purpose of existence and i think spacetime isn't all there is, same with physical systems. This does not imply that God is a nonphysical 'system', although i define the term God to be surely a nonphysical entity by the very means of its definition and of the definition of consciousness. I wished you would elaborate your model into an essay, so we could discuss commonalities and differences better. I think that spheres are important, they are not only archetypical forms, but for me, they also have archetypical content. For example the number Pi, defined as the ratio between the circumference and the diameter of a sphere nicely combines linear and circular features, leading to a number sequence which is statistically normal (random), but at the same time precisely calculatable. I do not think that the digit before the decimal point is 'random', the '3.' is in my opinion an expression of the intricate link of a unity and its possibility to split it in two seemingly symmetrical parts by the diameter. Nonetheless the circle remains a unity, a unity with two complementary parts of it, resulting in a threesome composition. Think of the many threesome collections in nature: 3 spatial dimensions, 3 qualities of time (past, present, future), 3 classical states of matter, 3 generations of fermions, 3 components of atoms (electrons, neutrons, positrons), 3 color charges of gluons, 3 sentential connectives of propositional logics (not, or, and), 3 categories of classical metamathematics (completeness, consistence, decidability).

              Wish you some further exciting readings of the essays and may the relevant solutions and insights come to you as a surprise and a gift!

              You are Welcome Mr Weckbach,

              and I am thanking you also.I am a little better since the problems in belgium and death of my mom.I was very weak psychologically speaking.I try to evolve.

              About phsycis,your line of reasoning is general and relevant.I love indeed to read this contest.The essays this year are very relevant.It is a real pleasure because I learn in the same time.

              Your classifications are very interesting.I hadn't never nthought about this 3 ,this prime also.I discussed in private with Mr Duplij on linkedin about padics numbers and the rankings.It is a big puzzle all this.I like a lot this 3 ,the completeness,the consistence and the decidability.Many convergences could appear with the geometrical algeberas and fractalisations of our 3D S3.I search the good method with the spherical geometrical algebras.I try to find a road to see the serie of uniquenss with the spherical volumes.The rankings and classifications are important indeed, it is foundamental.For the encodings of évolution with photons and particles of gravitation,your classifications seems important.I beleive that if the quantum BHs and particles of gravitation(i named them the spherons produced by BHs and in the cold)encircle our standard model, we have 3 also, the quantum BHs with stronger forces than our gluonic nuclear forces and spherons them encoded weaker than electromagentism and photons.See that we have the main codes ,gravitational due to these quant BHs ,the thermo due to our standard model with electromagnetic forces,and the spherons informations of gravitation, 3 main systems permitting the equilibrium between heat and cold.The mind body soul problem also is solved when we consider this system.We die electromagnetically, not gravitationally in logic,intriguing these central sphères, these quantum singularities turning around this cosm singularity.The works of Mr Tegmark at this moment intrigues me because if we have a multispheres, so our central sphere is not the cosm singularity but a big BH which turns around the real cosmological uniqueness.It is intriguing considering the spherical volume implying the gravitational aether.The weak rotation of these centers implies the intrinsic laws of each universe, here for ours c,h ,alpha, G....but not for the others .....It is relevant.

              I am wishing you all the best in this contest, your generalities merit very good points,good luck from belgium,small country ,big heart :)

              Thank you Stefan,

              Your words... "..By 'open' i mean not the case that space does end 'somewhere' far out at the borders of our universe, but i mean that it is interwoven within another dimension, different from space and time. Again, hindsights are there for this in form of spontaneous particle creation / annihilation and the energy / time uncertainty relation. So, with 'open' it is meant another dimension, indicated by quantum mechanical processes measureable in our universe"... are good explanation.

              Why do you want to use imaginary dimensions? Three space dimensions and one time dimension are sufficient to explain all the anomalies...........

              Please use Dynamic Universe Model, no imagination...

              ..........No Isotropy; No Homogeneity; No Space-time continuum; Non-uniform density of matter(Universe is lumpy); No singularities; No collisions between bodies; No Blackholes; No warm holes; No Bigbang; No repulsion between distant Galaxies; Non-empty Universe; No imaginary or negative time axis; No imaginary X, Y, Z axes; No differential and Integral Equations mathematically; No General Relativity and Model does not reduce to General Relativity on any condition; No Creation of matter like Bigbang or steady-state models; No many mini Bigbangs; No Missing Mass; No Dark matter; No Dark energy; No Bigbang generated CMB detected; No Multi-verses etc.

              I got many results published...

              Have a look at:

              http://vaksdynamicuniversemodel.blogspot.in/p/10-feb-201-6-all-my-published-papers.html

              Best Regards

              =snp