Dear Paul,

I also observed this problem of Logging out many times; this feature needs correction by FQXi software group...

Probably we have to communicate them....

Best

=snp.gupta

Dear Prof Yehuda Atai,

Time has one directional movement as in practice we never see time going "BACKWORDS". We don't see any thing previous except in our memories, history or records... why should we introduce things like going into time in backwards direction? As per space is concern in can be infinite, no problem.

For your information Dynamic Universe model is totally based on experimental results. Here in Dynamic Universe Model Space is Space and time is time in cosmology level or in any level. In the classical general relativity, space and time are convertible in to each other.

Many papers and books on Dynamic Universe Model were published by the author on unsolved problems of present day Physics, for example 'Absolute Rest frame of reference is not necessary' (1994) , 'Multiple bending of light ray can create many images for one Galaxy: in our dynamic universe', About "SITA" simulations, 'Missing mass in Galaxy is NOT required', "New mathematics tensors without Differential and Integral equations", "Information, Reality and Relics of Cosmic Microwave Background", "Dynamic Universe Model explains the Discrepancies of Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry Observations.", in 2015 'Explaining Formation of Astronomical Jets Using Dynamic Universe Model, 'Explaining Pioneer anomaly', 'Explaining Near luminal velocities in Astronomical jets', 'Observation of super luminal neutrinos', 'Process of quenching in Galaxies due to formation of hole at the center of Galaxy, as its central densemass dries up', "Dynamic Universe Model Predicts the Trajectory of New Horizons Satellite Going to Pluto" etc., are some more papers from the Dynamic Universe model. Four Books also were published. Book1 shows Dynamic Universe Model is singularity free and body to collision free, Book 2, and Book 3 are explanation of equations of Dynamic Universe model. Book 4 deals about prediction and finding of Blue shifted Galaxies in the universe.

With axioms like... No Isotropy; No Homogeneity; No Space-time continuum; Non-uniform density of matter(Universe is lumpy); No singularities; No collisions between bodies; No Blackholes; No warm holes; No Bigbang; No repulsion between distant Galaxies; Non-empty Universe; No imaginary or negative time axis; No imaginary X, Y, Z axes; No differential and Integral Equations mathematically; No General Relativity and Model does not reduce to General Relativity on any condition; No Creation of matter like Bigbang or steady-state models; No many mini Bigbangs; No Missing Mass; No Dark matter; No Dark energy; No Bigbang generated CMB detected; No Multi-verses etc.

Many predictions of Dynamic Universe Model came true, like Blue shifted Galaxies and no dark matter. Dynamic Universe Model gave many results otherwise difficult to explain

Have a look at my essay on Dynamic Universe Model and its blog also where all my books and papers are available for free downloading...

http://vaksdynamicuniversemodel.blogspot.in/

Best wishes to your essay.

For your blessings please................

=snp. gupta

Dear Dizhechko Boris Semyonovich,

Thank you for the explanations.... It is ok.

Thank you for the fast replies and Blessings. The translator is not very good. But I got the central idea.

Best Wishes for your essay

=snp.gupta

Dear Jim Hoover,

Thank you for reading my essay. The Novae and Super Novae (Exploding stars) produce many elements and even new flavours of neutrinos. These things are covered in another paper. Here page length limitation is there. I could not cover many points. To give a basic idea about Dynamic Universe Model.....

Dynamic Universe Model doesn't use Relativity concepts. So the associated problems of SR and GR like singularities and Bigbang etc are not present. By considering the other 60 percent of Galaxies in the Universe including Blue shifted Galaxies and Quasars, the model doesn't restrict itself to only expanding Universe model.

For your information Dynamic Universe model is totally based on experimental results. Here in Dynamic Universe Model Space is Space and time is time in cosmology level or in any level. In the classical general relativity, space and time are convertible in to each other.

Many papers and books on Dynamic Universe Model were published by the author on unsolved problems of present day Physics, for example 'Absolute Rest frame of reference is not necessary' (1994) , 'Multiple bending of light ray can create many images for one Galaxy: in our dynamic universe', About "SITA" simulations, 'Missing mass in Galaxy is NOT required', "New mathematics tensors without Differential and Integral equations", "Information, Reality and Relics of Cosmic Microwave Background", "Dynamic Universe Model explains the Discrepancies of Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry Observations.", in 2015 'Explaining Formation of Astronomical Jets Using Dynamic Universe Model, 'Explaining Pioneer anomaly', 'Explaining Near luminal velocities in Astronomical jets', 'Observation of super luminal neutrinos', 'Process of quenching in Galaxies due to formation of hole at the center of Galaxy, as its central densemass dries up', "Dynamic Universe Model Predicts the Trajectory of New Horizons Satellite Going to Pluto" etc., are some more papers from the Dynamic Universe model. Four Books also were published. Book1 shows Dynamic Universe Model is singularity free and body to collision free, Book 2, and Book 3 are explanation of equations of Dynamic Universe model. Book 4 deals about prediction and finding of Blue shifted Galaxies in the universe.

With axioms like... No Isotropy; No Homogeneity; No Space-time continuum; Non-uniform density of matter(Universe is lumpy); No singularities; No collisions between bodies; No Blackholes; No warm holes; No Bigbang; No repulsion between distant Galaxies; Non-empty Universe; No imaginary or negative time axis; No imaginary X, Y, Z axes; No differential and Integral Equations mathematically; No General Relativity and Model does not reduce to General Relativity on any condition; No Creation of matter like Bigbang or steady-state models; No many mini Bigbangs; No Missing Mass; No Dark matter; No Dark energy; No Bigbang generated CMB detected; No Multi-verses etc.

Many predictions of Dynamic Universe Model came true, like Blue shifted Galaxies and no dark matter. Dynamic Universe Model gave many results otherwise difficult to explain

Have a look at my essay on Dynamic Universe Model and its blog also where all my books and papers are available for free downloading...

http://vaksdynamicuniversemodel.blogspot.in/

Best wishes to your essay.

For your blessings please................

=snp. gupta

Thanks for your comments and the added information.

Regards,

Jim Hoover

Dear James Lee Hoover,

Hope you will spend some more time on Dynamic Universe Model...

Best Regards

=snp.gupta

Dear Satyavarapu,

I don't think that you understand what I am trying to say to you, so I will try using a different approach. For the most part, fusion does not actually change matter particles into energy photons. In a new star that has not converted much hydrogen into higher elements; the star is mostly composed of hydrogen. A basic hydrogen atom contains one proton and one electron. In the star the temperature is high enough to convert the atoms into plasma. Plasma is atoms with the electrons stripped off of them. This means that the star contains free protons and free electrons. The first reaction is that two protons come together to form a nucleus. One of the protons decays into a neutron and a positron and neutrino which are both matter particles are given off as part of the process. This creates a deuterium atom, which is just a hydrogen atom that contains a neutron. Notice that we started off with two matter particles and still have two matter particles. We have just changed from two atoms to one atom. The energy that it takes to bind two particles together into one atom is less than the energy required for the two separate atoms, so some energy is released, but some of it goes into the neutron because it has a greater mass than the input proton had, some goes into the neutrino, which would usually completely leave the star because they do not interact very much and are extremely low in mass, and some would go into the production of the positron, which would interact in a short time with one of the electrons in the plasma and they would both be converted into photon energy (a total of about 1Mev or million electron volts). The only part of the released energy that did not come from the freed up binding energy was the ½Mev that came from the conversion of the electron into photon energy. The next step is that the deuterium atom joins with another proton to form a Helium atom with just 1 neutron. A gamma ray energy photon is also given off because the energy required to bind the single Helium atom together is less than the energy of the separate proton and the deuterium atom combined. This gamma ray contains about 4Mev and comes completely from the savings in binding energy. The next step is for 2 of the above helium atoms to join together to produce a helium atom with 2 neutrons. The 2 extra protons are ejected. The protons carry off most of the freed binding energy about 15 to 20Mev in the form of kinetic energy or their motion. Notice that in the whole process the only matter particles that were converted into energy photons were the 2 electrons for a total of about 1Mev. All of the rest of the energy that was freed was from the lower amount of binding energy that is needed by the larger single atom than was required by the several individual atoms. None of the hydrogen protons are converted into energy photons. The whole fusion reaction to generate a helium atom freed up roughly 60Mev. If just one proton was converted to an energy photon it would free up over 938Mev. You can see that the idea that the hydrogen atoms have been converted into energy photons and the energy photons would then be converted back into hydrogen atoms is completely false. Instead many hydrogen atoms have been combined together into fewer heavier atoms freeing up a small amount of energy in the process because the fewer heavier atoms require less total binding energy than the many more lighter hydrogen atoms required. For the most part, all of the matter is still there in the star it has just been compacted. It actually takes 4 hydrogen atoms (protons) to produce 1 helium atom. 2 of them are needed just as they are in the helium atom and the other 2 are converted into neutrons. The 4 protons contain a total of about 3753Mev. The fusion reaction only freed up about 60MEV. Are you saying that a 60Mev energy photon is somehow converted up in frequency until it is up to 3753Mev and then is converted into 4 protons somehow? This would mean multiplying its energy by about 63 times. That certainly would not be energy conservation. If that were to somehow happen you could get all of the original hydrogen back, but you would still also have the original 4 protons locked up in the helium atom in the star. This would effectively mean that you would have doubled the amount of matter. The problem is that it is not a cycle of changing matter particles to energy photons and then changing the energy photons back into matter particles. You are not seeing that the hydrogen atoms are not really being converted into energy photons. They are just being compacted into heavier atoms and only the savings in the required amount of binding energy is being radiated in energy photons. All of the hydrogen's matter particles are still in the star except for a few electrons. I hope that helps.

Sincerely,

Paul

Dear Paul,

What a wonderful analysis. Very nice question indeed! Probably my this answer will satisfy, but I still feel lot more to be discussed with you. Really wonderful...!

I kept the entire question, divided it into small appropriate parts and answered them. For further discussion please.

I don't think that you understand what I am trying to say to you, so I will try using a different approach. ...............

Reply...................

OK

Your words..........

For the most part, fusion does not actually change matter particles into energy photons. ...............

Reply...................

OK

Your words.......... In a new star that has not converted much hydrogen into higher elements; the star is mostly composed of hydrogen. A basic hydrogen atom contains one proton and one electron. In the star the temperature is high enough to convert the atoms into plasma. Plasma is atoms with the electrons stripped off of them. This means that the star contains free protons and free electrons. The first reaction is that two protons come together to form a nucleus. One of the protons decays into a neutron and a positron and neutrino which are both matter particles are given off as part of the process. This creates a deuterium atom, which is just a hydrogen atom that contains a neutron. Notice that we started off with two matter particles and still have two matter particles. We have just changed from two atoms to one atom. ...............

Reply...................

This is what happens in SUN and Stars, OK Good, thank you

Your words..........The energy that it takes to bind two particles together into one atom is less than the energy required for the two separate atoms, so some energy is released, but some of it goes into the neutron because it has a greater mass than the input proton had, some goes into the neutrino, which would usually completely leave the star because they do not interact very much and are extremely low in mass, and some would go into the production of the positron, which would interact in a short time with one of the electrons in the plasma and they would both be converted into photon energy (a total of about 1Mev or million electron volts). The only part of the released energy that did not come from the freed up binding energy was the ½Mev that came from the conversion of the electron into photon energy. ...............

Reply...................

OK Good, Understood

Your words..........The next step is that the deuterium atom joins with another proton to form a Helium atom with just 1 neutron. A gamma ray energy photon is also given off because the energy required to bind the single Helium atom together is less than the energy of the separate proton and the deuterium atom combined. This gamma ray contains about 4Mev and comes completely from the savings in binding energy. The next step is for 2 of the above helium atoms to join together to produce a helium atom with 2 neutrons. The 2 extra protons are ejected. The protons carry off most of the freed binding energy about 15 to 20Mev in the form of kinetic energy or their motion. ...............

Reply...................

Ok Energy released, higher atoms formed...

Your words.......... Notice that in the whole process the only matter particles that were converted into energy photons were the 2 electrons for a total of about 1Mev. All of the rest of the energy that was freed was from the lower amount of binding energy that is needed by the larger single atom than was required by the several individual atoms. None of the hydrogen protons are converted into energy photons. The whole fusion reaction to generate a helium atom freed up roughly 60Mev. If just one proton was converted to an energy photon it would free up over 938Mev. ...............

Reply...................

Ok.... No worry...

Your words.......... You can see that the idea that the hydrogen atoms have been converted into energy photons and the energy photons would then be converted back into hydrogen atoms is completely false. ...............

Reply...................

All these happen at the surface of star, but in the core of star under high pressure and temperature, many things happen. Probably we have to study together and push-out a combined paper with all these energy equations.... Can you please help me....

Your words.......... Instead many hydrogen atoms have been combined together into fewer heavier atoms freeing up a small amount of energy in the process because the fewer heavier atoms require less total binding energy than the many more lighter hydrogen atoms required. For the most part, all of the matter is still there in the star it has just been compacted. It actually takes 4 hydrogen atoms (protons) to produce 1 helium atom. 2 of them are needed just as they are in the helium atom and the other 2 are converted into neutrons. The 4 protons contain a total of about 3753Mev. The fusion reaction only freed up about 60MEV. ...............

Reply...................

This is what exactly happens in SUN and Stars, and then planets are formed after energy loss and cooling down.

our words.......... Are you saying that a 60Mev energy photon is somehow converted up in frequency until it is up to 3753Mev and then is converted into 4 protons somehow? ...............

Reply...................

Initial electrons, protons, neutrons and neutrinos formations are sufficient, I don't think 4 proton Helium nucleus needs to formed. I did not work-out full details yet

Your words..........This would mean multiplying its energy by about 63 times. That certainly would not be energy conservation. If that were to somehow happen you could get all of the original hydrogen back, but you would still also have the original 4 protons locked up in the helium atom in the star. This would effectively mean that you would have doubled the amount of matter. ...............

Reply...................

Good thinking, there can be other ways.

Your words.......... The problem is that it is not a cycle of changing matter particles to energy photons and then changing the energy photons back into matter particles. ...............

Reply...................

Correct, that's what Dynamic Universe Model proposes

Your words..........You are not seeing that the hydrogen atoms are not really being converted into energy photons. They are just being compacted into heavier atoms and only the savings in the required amount of binding energy is being radiated in energy photons. All of the hydrogen's matter particles are still in the star except for a few electrons. I hope that helps. ...............

Reply...................

Any way probably I got it NOW. I understood it probably.

I want to add some more to this wonderful analysis...

It is not only hydrogen atoms that are left out, but all the heavier molecules upto uranium, which are formed due to different nuclear reactions. There are many types of high energy particle bombardments that happen inside core of Stars. The inside core of our own cool earth is not cool. Many elements are manufactured.

We have seen Novae and Supernovae and explosions of planets. All these are some of converters. We will have to study high energy physics a little more. I did not say study of Dynamic Universe Model stopped. There is lot more work needs to be done. Lots ope people have to put their brains on it. But I have the hope

Best wishes

=snp.gupta

Dear Gupta

Excellent essay about the dynamic universe, it is so close to me.

You very correctly said that

«Ours is single universe and is a closed one. In other words, our Universe reproduces its Galaxies, as and when light and other electromagnetic radiation condenses to form enough matter».

I completely agree with you, although we use different terms.

The energy of gravitational waves is circulating in the Dynamic Universe. Galaxies emit electromagnetic waves, and the intergalactic medium of the physical vacuum converts their energy (red shift) into gravitational waves that condense the energy in Quasars. Quasars transmit energy to galaxies through their toroidal and spiral gravitational waves (honeycomb structure), which lead to the self-organization of galaxies, in the form of solitons, and leads to the emission of electromagnetic waves.

And the evolution of self-developing systems is carried out by the quantum parametric transformation process.

The power of the synthesis process of the elements of the galaxy is equal to its power of electromagnetic radiation. For example, by the Hubble constant easily is calculated the solar radiation power in our Galaxy.

Nevertheless, let me disagree with you that the universe is influenced by the Newtonian force of attraction between galaxies.

«Dynamic Universe Model is based on laws of Newtonian dynamics».

«In our Dynamic Universe every mass is moving in a direction and goal determined universal gravitational force (UGF) as the indomitable resultant vector of gravitational forces acted by all the other bodies in the Universe».

On this to you also rightly pointes out Avtar Singh

«This is impossible since if there is no anti-gravity force to balance the gravity force, the whole universe would collapse on itself and there will be no universe, no galaxies, no stars, no planets, and no biological life».

«But such a model based only on gravity does not explain the observed star velocities in galaxies and the observed accelerated expansion of the universe and far-field supernova observations. UGF cannot correlate and explain the cosmological constant, dark energy, and the observed Hubble constant».

Your train of thought is understand.

Few doubt validity of Newton's law, according to which massive bodies interact with each other at any distance, due to some ideal magical force of attraction.

However, reality does not allow ideal and abstract properties of matter and fields. I hope, that we are materialists, not idealists.

Already during his lifetime, Newton had a discussion with Descartes and his supporters who argued that Newton's law of gravity does not have circulation of energy and there is no reason for the formation of force. This dispute continues to our times.

In my essay is shown that Newton's law of gravitation is a special case, which is valid only near the surface of the cosmic bodies of the Solar system. Moreover, the gravitational coefficient is not at all a fundamental constant.

All galaxies, like the planets of the solar system, move in orbital toroidal gravitational waves, which are formed due to the Newtonian force of attraction. However, after the formation of stationary toroidal gravitational waves, all galaxies and planets move by inertia and are in a potential well of stability, which is not taken into account in Newtonian mechanics.

I.e., cosmic bodies interact with each other with the help of toroidal gravitational waves, between which there can be both attractive forces and repulsive forces, as for example between atoms. Moreover, these forces are impulsive forces as result of quantum processes of transformation of toroidal gravitational waves.

For example, it only seems to us that the planets in circular orbits are held at the expense of the Sun's attraction, but on attraction must be spent energy.

In fact, the gradient of the gravitational potential in the soliton orbital toroidal gravitational wave of the planet completely compensates for the gradient of the gravitational potential of the Sun. In this case, there is no force of attraction and the force of centrifugal inertia.

Orbital gravitational wave is a self-organizing soliton that reduces the force of interaction, in accordance with the extreme principle of least action. In according this principle occurs any rectilinear motion of bodies by inertia. Now the principle of motion of bodies by inertia must be extended to bodies in circular orbits.

The criterion for the presence of force is the Unruh effect, according to which the force causes radiation. For example, comets have orbits with a large eccentricity, so they are attracted to the Sun and emit X-rays. Very small comet emitted x-ray waves with a power of 1 GW, and Jupiter also emits 1 GW in a circular orbit, but their masses are not comparable. Consequently, Jupiter, in fact, is not attracted to the Sun.

All galaxies in a dynamic universe are in an equilibrium state, like molecules in a liquid. But the liquid has a certain temperature, so there are vibrations of molecules and atoms around certain equilibrium centers. And the Galaxies oscillate around the centers of equilibrium.

I hope for mutual understanding and constructive discussion.

Kind regards,

Vladimir Fedorov

1

Dear Vladimir Nikolaevich Fedorov

Thank you very much for your encouraging support.

You wrote a big post with large number of different subjects! So I am dividing the whole post into small posts, so that individual posts can be discussed separately and easily. Probably you will not mind it.

Best regards

=snp.

    2

    Your words...............

    Excellent essay about the dynamic universe, it is so close to me.

    You very correctly said that

    «Ours is single universe and is a closed one. In other words, our Universe reproduces its Galaxies, as and when light and other electromagnetic radiation condenses to form enough matter».

    I completely agree with you, although we use different terms.

    Reply..........

    Thank you for your Blessings.... Lets Discuss....

    3

    ......... Your words..............................

    The energy of gravitational waves is circulating in the Dynamic Universe. ......

    .............. Reply ......The concept of Gravitational waves is not required in dynamic Universe Model

    ......................

    ................Your words........Galaxies emit electromagnetic waves, and the intergalactic medium..............Reply...................

    Aether was not found

    4

    ............... Your words.......... of the physical vacuum converts their energy (red shift) into gravitational waves ..............Reply...................

    We will have to device an experiment and check the conversion. Detection of Gravitational waves is not easy and they were not detected yet....

    ............... Your words..........that condense the energy in Quasars. Quasars transmit energy to galaxies through their toroidal and spiral gravitational waves (honeycomb structure), which lead to the self-organization of galaxies, in the form of solitons, and leads to the emission of electromagnetic waves.

    ....................................

    ..............Reply...................

    Quasars are Blue shifted Galaxies, other things are to be studied for further experimental support

    5

    ............... Your words..........And the evolution of self-developing systems is carried out by the quantum parametric transformation process.

    The power of the synthesis process of the elements of the galaxy is equal to its power of electromagnetic radiation. For example, by the Hubble constant easily is calculated the solar radiation power in our Galaxy.

    Nevertheless, let me disagree with you that the universe is influenced by the Newtonian force of attraction between galaxies.

    «Dynamic Universe Model is based on laws of Newtonian dynamics».

    ..............Reply...................

    Why ? What is the problem? Lets discuss.

    6

    ............... Your words..........

    «In our Dynamic Universe every mass is moving in a direction and goal determined universal gravitational force (UGF) as the indomitable resultant vector of gravitational forces acted by all the other bodies in the Universe».

    On this to you also rightly pointes out Avtar Singh ..............Reply...................

    Yes Thank you....

    ............... Your words..........

    «This is impossible since if there is no anti-gravity force to balance the gravity force, the whole universe would collapse on itself and there will be no universe, no galaxies, no stars, no planets, and no biological life». ..............Reply...................

    Why antigravity is required? .... If you still have doubts, we will discuss again no problems... See other replies please using rotating bucket example...

    7

    ............... Your words..........«But such a model based only on gravity does not explain the observed star velocities in galaxies and the observed accelerated expansion of the universe and far-field supernova observations. UGF cannot correlate and explain the cosmological constant, dark energy, and the observed Hubble constant».

    ..............Reply...................

    See the Dynamic Universe Model's paper on "NO Dark matter" prediction.

    ............... Your words..........Your train of thought is understand.

    Few doubt validity of Newton's law, according to which massive bodies interact with each other at any distance, due to some ideal magical force of attraction.

    However, reality does not allow ideal and abstract properties of matter and fields. I hope, that we are materialists, not idealists.

    ..............Reply...................

    What re the reality problems you are thinking off.... Lets discuss.

    8

    Your words....

    What will happen to gravity at a very long distance....?

    .... Reply.......

    Open-out your doubts.

    ............... Your words..........Already during his lifetime, Newton had a discussion with Descartes and his supporters who argued that Newton's law of gravity does not have circulation of energy and there is no reason for the formation of force. This dispute continues to our times. ..............Reply...................

    Lets discuss once again, what is your problem or Descartes problem?

    9

    ............... Your words..........

    In my essay is shown that Newton's law of gravitation is a special case, which is valid only near the surface of the cosmic bodies of the Solar system.

    ..............Reply...................

    What is your inhibition??

    I don't know .... I conducted many theoretical experiments; they explain all the observational results very well.

    Some problems solved by Dynamic Universe Model I am giving below for example, many more are there...

    At inside of Galaxy level........

    1. Missing Mass problem.

    2. Formation of astronomical jets at Galaxy center

    3. High velocities in Astronomical jets

    4. Densemass in Galaxy center.... Etc..

    At Inter Galaxy level.........

    1. Cluster formations

    2. Large voids to the tune of one thirds of size of Universe

    3. Existence of Galaxies at any place in the Universe

    4. Existence of Blue shifted Galaxies in the Universe

    5. Existence of Galaxies having different date of births and quenching of Galaxies

    Etc....

    ALL THESE RESULTS WERE DERIVED USING NEWTONIAN GRAVITATION LAW [I] WITH VERY LARGE DISTANCES [/I] ONLY AND NOTHING ELSE IS USED.....

    ANY BODY HAVING A SIMPLE LAPTOP OR CALCULATOR CAN VERYFY AND GET THE SAME RESULTS.

    ALL THESE PAPERS ARE AVAILABLE IN INTERNET FREE OF COST FOR ANY ONE TO DOWNLOAD [/B]

    ............... Your words..........Moreover, the gravitational coefficient is not at all a fundamental constant..............Reply...................

    I DON'T decide about fixing fundamental constant. I don't know someone will decide about them, I am sorry.

    ............... Your words..........

    Please ignore s and s in the above post... their server is not taking them even after many trails

    =snp

    10

    All galaxies, like the planets of the solar system, move in orbital toroidal gravitational waves, which are formed due to the Newtonian force of attraction. However, after the formation of stationary toroidal gravitational waves, all galaxies and planets move by inertia and are in a potential well of stability, which is not taken into account in Newtonian mechanics. ..............Reply...................

    I don't know why the concept of Gravitational waves is to be used here... We all will require some experimental results to support this idea.

    ............... Your words..........

    I.e., cosmic bodies interact with each other with the help of toroidal gravitational waves, between which there can be both attractive forces and repulsive forces, as for example between atoms. Moreover, these forces are impulsive forces as result of quantum processes of transformation of toroidal gravitational waves.

    For example, it only seems to us that the planets in circular orbits are held at the expense of the Sun's attraction, but on attraction must be spent energy.

    ..............Reply...................

    No energy will be spent, as masses move in those orbits they will have Dynamic Stability so that they will not collapse into single lump of mass.