"Any model which solves the initial build up of entropy per cycle, Stefan, is worthy of serious analysis."
That's my point of view too, since we all are working on some solutions that could bring us all together closer to truth.
Good look for your attempt!
ups, should be read as - good luck!!!
the statement that there is a requirement for a cessation of monotonic increases in the state, initially, of entropy, at the start of repeated cosmological cycles, is a necessary condition as to avoiding the catastrophe as given by Tolman's 1930s cosmology tome which specified that repeating cycles of cosmological rebirth would by necessity create an ever increasing entropy load for successive universes to co exit with, as far as evolution dynamics. The end result is that if there was a perpetual increase in entropy, per cosmological cycle, that , God forbid, the Friedman evolution equations would no longer work.
I.e. there would be no sense in talking of eternal time.; I.e. cosmological existence would, if there was a cyclical universe, be not a dynamic process.
The alternative to big crunch, and then steadily increasing levels of entropy, at the start of a new universe cycle, is that there would be an averaging out of entropy, at the start of a new cosmological expansion, as I specified in the multi verse generalization of the cyclic cosmology picture.
Not specified, though, but one huge issue, to parse would be if the multi verse existed, with different universes contributing to an initial partition function of a newly expanding universe, is do we have constancy in physical law per cycle, and what does that say about the speculation as to if there is a Darwinian process as to creation of new universes?
See
https://arxiv.org/ftp/gr-qc/papers/0205/0205119.pdf
as given by Vaas
I will spend a lot of time trying to fine tune an answer to this speculation and to come up with a procedure which coheres and admits the possibility of an eternal multiverse, where as considering that individual universes may have a different fate
I.e. invariance of a Multiverse of perhaps up to an infinite number of different constituent evolving universes.
An interesting paper, but your formulae are beyond me (as I have only met the standard FRW formulae) so I cannot comment on them. However, you have also made useful explanatory points in your posts which interest me in relation to Penrose's CCC model. May I ask if there is a simple reason why you do not agree with the Penrose resetting of entropy to zero? I ask because I accept it as reasonable, but of course I could very easily be wrong.
I imply my acceptance of Penrose's CCC in my contest paper and although CCC is important to me it is only a side issue in my paper. It seems to me that there are two ideas at the CCC node of 1) losing the metric and 2) losing the entropy.
I came late to physics after retirement and my background is in psychometrics. What I knew about making metrics in psychometrics readily led me to accept Penrose's method for losing the metric. I will gladly write more about that if you are interested and not familiar with the Rasch Method of making metrics and also the havoc played by a Guttmann structure of data when trying to make metrics. I am not 100% accepting of when the metric is lost. I think that it could degrade in stages before reaching the node. The issue of the metric in my opinion also affects the entropy issue.
Best wishes
Austin
Austin, please doth e bring up the Rasch method
thanks
Andrew
oops, please do bring up the Rasch method. You are correct. I do not know of it
thanks
Andrew
I am glad you are interested in hearing more on Rasch. The experts are at http://winsteps.com/winsteps.htm and at https://www.rasch.org/ .
I have used some Rasch programs but am not an expert in writing the model or the software.
The Rasch model https://www.rasch.org/memo19662.pdf claims to make rating measurements on a ratio scale equivalent to scales in the physical sciences, whereas psychological ratings are usually on a much weaker scale. [The rasch scale is only made in 1D and so is clearly inadequate to make a 3D metric of space for physicists.]
There is (in my opinion) a paradox at the heart of the Rasch model as a Guttman scale is the target of the model, yet data in a perfect Guttman structure break the model. In a Guttman scale in, say, a football league table, every team in the table beats every team below it in the table. Such data can only give an order of merit and says absolutely nothing wrt the intervals between the teams. For example the top team could be professional adults and all the other teams junior amateurs. The fact that the top team beats all the others says nothing except that they are the best team; not by how much they are better. The implication is that there is error needed in the data for some teams to lose sometimes to inferior teams in order to get a handle on interval sizes. Perfect Guttman data have no error in them. Recently, entanglement is being somehow associated to making judgements of closeness (a Susskind online video, ref?) and to me entanglement implies potential closeness because the two particles were born at the same time and place. Guttman data may be occurring nearing the end of a CCC cycle. What few fermions are left are far scattered and there is probably little error in which fermion is the furthest away. I think the metric could be lost even with some fermions remaining unevaporated rather than waiting for the last fermion and Black Hole to evaporate.
My contest paper has a reference to my 2016 Rasch paper Pseudo-Random Data Testing The Scales Used In Rasch Pairs Analysis/ Adaptive Comparative Judgement: viXra:1609.0329 ... The paper shows what happens when you try to make metrics when the error in measurement gets reduced. And it shows cases where the metric partially breaks down, for some objects. This corresponds to my idea of a gradual fracture of the metric. [The main aim of that paper was to try to mimic the compression of scales near say a Black Hole. Does the Rasch scale get compressed where the data are actually more compact? It seems to be the case. But that is a different issue.]
Also, the Rasch metric (in my opinion) does not allow two objects to be arbitrarily close to one another. There seems to be a coarseness of scale depending on the data inputted. So I don't think there is necessarily a danger of infinities arising dependant on division by an infinitely small interval in the metric.
Lastly, some infinities arise which are not worrying. Say every essay in a contest was rated as 5 out of 10. Unusual but not impossible. The variance is zero and the standardised score for every essay would be infinite. But that is not a worry when the raw ratings are so understandable. Just don't divide them by zero. Likewise as far as I know, all the photons at the end of CCC cycle are in one BEC condensate state. I am not sure how the infinities arise there, probably not by dividing by the variance, but being in one state [and hence low entropy?] doesn't seem so bad to me.
http://winsteps.com/winsteps.htm and at https://www.rasch.org/
I tried to access this link but could not. Do you have another link? Thanks
They work for me, but they are two links, rather than one, to two sources of Rasch software and expertise ...
http://winsteps.com/winsteps.htm
and
https://www.rasch.org/
Does that help? If not I will look up more sources.
Best wishes
yes they do work. Thank you.
Not a criticism, but the links appear to be linked to data analysis, and can you explain the linkage to cosmology?
Pardon me being so tone deaf. I have been ill for 20 hours and have been sleeping most of the time
Tomorrow, I should be able to understand your point
I sympathise and empathise fully with you and hope you are now getting some sleep. I am in my fourth week of flu. I sent in my contest essay when the flu was at its worst. I went to bed tonight but was too ill to sleep and so am typing this three hours after midnight.
I think I am not explaining myself well. I am possibly the only person who sees any relevance of Rasch analysis to Penrose's CCC. There are no Rasch papers written, as far as I know, pertaining to cosmology. Rasch analysis is used for tasks such as item analysis in examinations and analysing questionnaire scales. Quite often measurements or ratings get added and averaged etc without much care about the nature of the rating scale. The Rasch analysis aims to improve the quality of the scale of the results, for example by adding or averaging modified ratings rather than adding the raw ratings.
Forget the previous links that I listed.
Try the wiki website:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasch_model
for an overview of the Rasch model.
However, the only Rasch paper that I can show you which is not using Rasch in a standard psychometric context is my own paper at
http://vixra.org/abs/1609.0329
In that paper you can see a number of metrics made by the Rasch model. Some of these metrics break down. I am suggesting that these metrics break down possibly for the same reason that the metric breaks down at the end of a Penrose CCC cycle. And that reason is the nature of the data is too perfectly Guttman, with too little error in the data. This idea does make a bold assumption that the universe's space metric can somehow be constructed and destructed in a similar manner to running a Rasch analysis! And maybe this is too off-beat a step for you to want to follow it further? If so, that would be understandable.
Best wishes
Austin
quote from your Vixra paper
This paper shows that a Rasch analysis compresses its location parameter space according to the level of
uncertainty in making judgements within that space. The more uncertain the judgements, the more compressed
are the points on the scale. The more uncertain the judgements the more that the location parameters are close to
one another so that uncertainty in making judgements is equivalent to homogeneity in positions of objects.
Dear sir, the point of this appears to be connected to the idea of avoiding space-time singularities.
Is this the interpretation you are seeking?
Thanks for your input
You are correct up to but excluding the para beginning "Dear Sir". Thank you for persevering.
Para beginning "Dear Sir":
My Table 1 shows three objects have the same location parameter: -0.18. If the objects were 1D fermions this would already have broken Pauli's Exclusion Principle so that that particular metric would have exceeded its maximum content for holding fermions. Also Table 1 uses a finite and small number of different location parameters and that is the feature which I claim prevents intervals between fermions being zero on such a metric, assuming only one fermion per location. I realise that argument could be deemed circular. [My contest paper uses a preon model, with strings, so I do not have singularites for Standard model point particles, as they are divisible in my model. So I do not worry about the location parameters being points.]
I apologise for my lack of clarity. What I need to do is re-write my Rasch paper to bring in the new physics contexts. And I would understand if you deferred until I finished that paper. There is hardly any discussion in my Rasch paper because of the nature of origin of the paper. In a late use of Rasch in psychometrics before I retired an issue arose over whether one should use standard statistical tests of significance on the rasch results from a particlular experiment, ignoring that the results came from a Rasch analysis. Or could one squeeze more error out of the findings by using extra information from the fact that a Rasch analysis was used. And the paper was written for that psychometric purpose. But I realised that I could try to mimic the effects of GR compressing metrics near masses. So, as I was retired and could do as I pleased, I added that in without any discussion. I have since realised that the same data can be extended to try to show why the metric beaks down near a CCC node but I have not amended the discussion to explain how. It is not fair of me to explain on the hoof but maybe just one more para might help.
The part of your post that I agreed you had correct was emphasising that uncertainty was equivalent to homogeneity. That is for nearby space. The opposite is true for far flung space approaching a CCC node. That is, lack of homogeneity is equivalent to no error. And 'no error' implies a Guttman structure of data. And a Guttman structure of data plays havoc when constructing metrics. And not just the Rasch metric but any kind of metric, in my opinion. So the metric collapses at the CCC node.
Best wishes
Austin
Dear Professor Andrew Beckwith,
My research has concluded that Nature must have devised the only permanent real structure of the Universe obtainable for the real Universe existed for millions of years before man and his finite complex informational systems ever appeared on earth. The real physical Universe consists only of one single unified VISIBLE infinite surface occurring eternally in one single infinite dimension that am always illuminated mostly by finite non-surface light.
Joe Fisher, ORCID ID 0000-0003-3988-8687. Unaffiliated
Dear Andrew Walcott Beckwith,
I believe you often attempt to bound phenomena, and to herein derive an explicit bound on the cosmological constant, based on Klauder's enhanced quantization.
Your equations are impossible to critique (I pity your reviewers!) but your basic concept seems to be that of a space-time "wall" separating pre-Planckian from Planckian regimes. I have difficulty conceiving of such a wall, but then I have difficulty conceiving of lots of things.
You might wish to read my comment on Klauder's essay page, where I key off of his basis in Dirac to note our friend Steven Kauffmann's paper pointing out nonsense results from the Dirac equation and attributing these to Dirac's consideration of space-time symmetry issues that he used instead of deriving his equation from a corresponding classical Hamiltonian. It is difficult to know just how far this nonsense can or has ricocheted in relativistic quantum field theory.
Which brings me to my essay that treats the historical development of 'space-time symmetry' and raises questions about it. I hope you will read my essay and comment.
My very best regards,
Edwin Eugene Klingman
quoting upon what I said in your essay discussion
quote
Edwin
I have to commend you on a witty essay, and I liked it enough so I gave you a grade of 8. i.e. very well done
However, this is my nit.
The initial time step, call it either delta t, is either intrinsic within a system as done by Barbour in his essay about emergent time, or it is super imposed upon the system say by cyclic cosmological intervention from prior universes upon our present universe.
In essence, I would like to have a clear distinguishment made between emergent time, as stated by Barbour, or by some other agency, say as in cyclic conformal cosmology (penrose)
Aside from these nits, I frankly felt your essay was the most enjoyable one I have encountered in this contest and I am saving it as a gem.
Just because I raise this issue does not mean I disapprove. On the contrary I give you high marks and am asking for an extension of your dialogue to include the distinguishable choice I am referring to.
Andrew
end of quote
Answering you was a pleasure, Edwin, but the choice I made was to include in time as in the form of Barbour,
https://arxiv.org/pdf/0903.3489.pdf
And the super structure I used was to focus upon the cosmological constant as I referenced it, as a way to initiate the placing of time as I saw it in the present cosmos.
Hence, I worked with forming the cosmological constant, as a bench mark for initial conditions enabling the development of time as given by
https://arxiv.org/pdf/0903.3489.pdf
What may surprise you. Edwin, was that I initially was to make my essay about time,and shifted to the cosmological constant as referred to in my essay after reviewing what I know of time, as a way to conjecture out an initial structure consistent with
https://arxiv.org/pdf/0903.3489.pdf
Edwin
I derived all of my equations, but point of fact is that due to brevity requirements put in the final derivations as my results from a discussion stand point
Putting in the full derivations would have added another 4 pages to this document I gave for FXQI, but it would not have added one whit to the point I was trying to make
Should you want it later, I will re write this document with ALL the steps included (four more pages). but just so you know the results were NOT conocted out of thin air
Andrew
Hi Andrew Beckwith
Hope you did well in the "Frontiers in Fundamental physics 15 in Spain this last November, 2017" dear Andrew Beckwith, what was the paper....?
I highly appreciate your essay and hope for reciprocity.
I request you please spend some of the valuable time on Dynamic Universe Model also and give your some of the valuable & esteemed guidance
Some of the Main foundational points of Dynamic Universe Model :
-No Isotropy
-No Homogeneity
-No Space-time continuum
-Non-uniform density of matter, universe is lumpy
-No singularities
-No collisions between bodies
-No blackholes
-No warm holes
-No Bigbang
-No repulsion between distant Galaxies
-Non-empty Universe
-No imaginary or negative time axis
-No imaginary X, Y, Z axes
-No differential and Integral Equations mathematically
-No General Relativity and Model does not reduce to GR on any condition
-No Creation of matter like Bigbang or steady-state models
-No many mini Bigbangs
-No Missing Mass / Dark matter
-No Dark energy
-No Bigbang generated CMB detected
-No Multi-verses
Here:
-Accelerating Expanding universe with 33% Blue shifted Galaxies
-Newton's Gravitation law works everywhere in the same way
-All bodies dynamically moving
-All bodies move in dynamic Equilibrium
-Closed universe model no light or bodies will go away from universe
-Single Universe no baby universes
-Time is linear as observed on earth, moving forward only
-Independent x,y,z coordinate axes and Time axis no interdependencies between axes..
-UGF (Universal Gravitational Force) calculated on every point-mass
-Tensors (Linear) used for giving UNIQUE solutions for each time step
-Uses everyday physics as achievable by engineering
-21000 linear equations are used in an Excel sheet
-Computerized calculations uses 16 decimal digit accuracy
-Data mining and data warehousing techniques are used for data extraction from large amounts of data.
- Many predictions of Dynamic Universe Model came true....Have a look at
http://vaksdynamicuniversemodel.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_15.html
I request you to please have a look at my essay also, and give some of your esteemed criticism for your information........
Dynamic Universe Model says that the energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation passing grazingly near any gravitating mass changes its in frequency and finally will convert into neutrinos (mass). We all know that there is no experiment or quest in this direction. Energy conversion happens from mass to energy with the famous E=mC2, the other side of this conversion was not thought off. This is a new fundamental prediction by Dynamic Universe Model, a foundational quest in the area of Astrophysics and Cosmology.
In accordance with Dynamic Universe Model frequency shift happens on both the sides of spectrum when any electromagnetic radiation passes grazingly near gravitating mass. With this new verification, we will open a new frontier that will unlock a way for formation of the basis for continual Nucleosynthesis (continuous formation of elements) in our Universe. Amount of frequency shift will depend on relative velocity difference. All the papers of author can be downloaded from "http://vaksdynamicuniversemodel.blogspot.in/ "
I request you to please post your reply in my essay also, so that I can get an intimation that you replied
Best
=snp
Dear Andrew Walcott Beckwith,
Thank you for your very kind remarks. I'm very impressed with the work you do and generally attempt to read your papers. [I still pity your reviewers.]
The topic of cyclic cosmology is beyond a comment, so I will attempt to respond to your questions about Barbour's nature of time (an earlier FQXi essay).
He begins by noting that his mechanics books define neither time nor clocks. He further complains that the fundamental notions of duration and simultaneity are almost universally ignored, the latter due to Einstein's 'relativity of simultaneity'. In fact, Barbour states that only Newton discussed duration. Barbour hopes to persuade one that time as an independent concept has no place in physics.
In agreement with Einstein, ("There exists no space absent of field.") I view 'space' as contingent on 'field', where field is substantial in the sense it has energy, hence matter. Similarly, I view time as contingent on energy, essentially energy in the field (see Hertz's 'energy' quote, on my page 5). Barbour quotes Mach to the effect that 'time is an abstraction'. I would not go that far. I would agree with Newton that:
"Absolute, true, and mathematical time, of itself, and from its own nature, flows equably without relation to anything external, and by another name is called duration."
The nature of time, in my opinion, is universal simultaneity, and its property of 'duration' is almost certainly tied to local energy, and very likely to the constant of action.
In this sense I somewhat agree with Barbour that
"...intervals of time do not pre-exist, but are created by what the universe does."
The "intervals of time" are supposedly what clocks measure, as described in my essay as "counting frequency" or "measuring energy".
Ignoring his 'rotation of the earth', etc., I disagree with Barbour that "Newton was wrong... Mach was right, we do abstract time from motion." This is, if not duplicitous, at least confused; motion is no more fundamental than time, in my mind not as fundamental. Motion is essentially local, while time is universal simultaneity. Universal outranks local every time. Perhaps Barbour believes that Einstein's attachment of time dimensions to local moving objects make time also 'local' in nature. I do not.
The key to Barbour, as I see it, is his statement on page 4:
"Modern textbooks, leave us to fathom the meaning of t, say that all these quantities are functions of the time: phi(t), a(t), r(t)."
If this is true, one would expect that a clever approach could factor out t and this is what he does, ending on page 9 with an expression for delta-t in terms of energy.
I'm not impressed that Barbour has accomplished anything other than to support my arguments in my essay. I do not support all of his arguments.
My very best regards,
Edwin Eugene Klingman
I have elected to rate your essay now...
It is written more in the style of a scientific paper than an essay about topics in Science, but I gave you high marks in several areas. I am using a grid system to grade papers this time, assessing both cogency of message and comprehensibility. Overall, you did well this time out.
I have to give you partial credit, because you jump right in to using Math to illustrate your point, but I know that is easier for you than explaining what you are presenting first. Kudos for keeping on topic, or at least showing how your subject matter answers the essay question. Demerits for unclear explanations of how the Cosmology piece ties in with Klauder's work.
All the Best,
Jonathan
