This is a copy of Paul Butler's comment to Martin van Staveren on Mar. 29, 2020.
Dear Martin,
The good thing about solar energy is that it is available everywhere to one degree or another. It gives the greatest year around total at and near the equator, but where I am in the middle of the U.S.A. I could get adequate levels for my needs year around and some excess in the summer half of the year. It should not be much of a problem making enough extra above immediate electrical grid needs to produce enough hydrogen gas in the U.S., but some of it might need to be transported from the southern states to the northern states. Since there are already existent transport networks for natural gas and propane gas, etc., the technology is already there to build the pipelines and truck and train, etc. transport methods needed for hydrogen gas. If natural gas use was discontinued much of the existent natural gas system could be used with some modifications. Homes that now use natural gas could be heated with hydrogen gas as well as with natural gas and they would already be piped into the network. Only minor changes would be needed. Countries located far to the north or south would have the most problems generating enough electricity and hydrogen gas. Canada would be one example of such countries. They might need to import much of theirs' from the countries near to the equator, but there are already large tanker ships that transport natural gas from places with an excess like the U.S. to other countries around the world that need it, so it would not require any new technologies to do it.
My previous papers in this contest from when the contests began to the present, cover much about the structure of field particles, energy photons, and matter particles and you can refer to them to get a more detailed understanding of things, but when I talk about an atom's field structure I am not talking about everything that happens inside an atom, but just the internal flow of field particles within the matter particles that keeps the internal photons in those particles from directly interacting with each other in the nucleus of the atom and their external field particle flows outside the nucleus of the atom that contain the nucleus matter particles from escaping from the nucleus and provide the structure to capture and control electrons outside of the nucleus of the atom. To give a very basic overview, Field particles are composed of simple linear motions that travel in some 3D composite direction with a motion amplitude (speed) that is at or below the speed of light. They don't contain an angular motion like those in energy photons and matter particles. This means that they have such a small interaction cross section that the probability of an individual field particle interacting with anything is so small as not to happen. The interaction cross section is basically the area around the structural point of a particle in which an interaction can occur. The cross section of a field particle is equal to the size of its structural point, which is extremely small. An energy photon not only contains a structural point that is traveling at the speed of light, it also contains a fourth dimensional motion that interfaces with the lower three dimensions at a ninety-degree angle in the same way that the lower three dimensions interface with each other. This motion at ninety degrees to the direction of travel of the photon creates a much greater interaction cross section for a photon, so they can much more likely interact with each other and with matter particles, which also have large angular motions within them and so also have large interactional cross sections. Field particles can interact with each other and with energy photons and matter particles under certain conditions. It is possible to get them to interact with each other when a very large number of field particles are channeled through a small space and aimed at another very large group of field particles coming in the opposite direction, such as when two magnets with like poles facing each other are held close together. They can interact with an electron in an atom when the electron contains more motion than its stable level so that it rides into a more dense field area at a higher level in the atom instead of in the low density field area between two high density field spheres in the atom like it would if it contained the motion quantity that it would normally have according to its mass and positioning relative to other electrons in the atom. In such an interaction the electron gives up its excess motion to a field particle, which would cause the field particle to travel faster than the speed of light, but the excess motion above the speed of light exceeds the transfer threshold to allow motion to travel into the fourth dimension and is transferred into the particle's fourth dimensional motion. This fourth dimensional motion gives it frequency, wavelength, and dynamic mass effects that turn it into an energy photon, which then travels off in some direction away from the atom. Such an electron probably received its excess motion from an earlier interaction with an energy photon, which gave up its fourth dimensional motion to the electron, which caused the photon to be changed into a field particle. In essence field particles make up what could be called the ether, but only interact under certain circumstances such as those mentioned. Fields exist at all size levels of structure and are responsible for joining most things together.
An energy photon contains two simple linear motions. The first is a field particle that travels in some 3D composite direction at the speed of light. The second is a simple linear motion that travels back and forth in the very small fourth dimension. The motion travels first to one end of the fourth dimension and since the dimensional end barrier cannot receive the motion it is reflected back in the opposite direction and travels to the other end of the fourth dimension where the same thing happens. This cyclical back and forth motion cycle continues as long as the motion exists in the fourth dimension. Only the center part of the fourth dimension that is equal in size to the motion that travels in it is connected to our three-dimensional structure. On either side of that a space that is also equal to the size of the motion exists. As the motion reaches one end of the fourth dimension, it moves completely out of our three-dimensional structure. If the photon has an interaction at this point, none of the fourth dimensional motion can be transferred to the interaction, so the photon behaves just like a field particle and will not usually interact when in this condition. As the motion moves toward the center of the fourth dimension some of its motion can transfer during an interaction and when it is in the center position, all of the fourth dimensional motion can be transferred during an interaction. This is when an interaction is most likely to occur. If all of the fourth dimensional motion is transferred to another entity during an interaction, the energy photon changes into a field particle. After the motion begins to pass the center of the fourth dimension some of it passes out of our three-dimensional structure. This decreases the amount of the motion that can be transferred during an interaction until at the far end of the fourth dimension it passes completely out of our 3D structure and again the photon is like a field particle. The motion then begins to travel back into our 3D structure, but in the opposite direction. All of this action generates the photon's sinewave power structure at ninety degrees to its direction of motion at the speed of light. The greater the fourth dimensional motion is, the quicker it travels through its back and forth cycle, which increases its frequency, the greater its fourth dimensional motion the shorter distance the photon can travel in its direction of motion at the speed of light during one cycle and thus decreases its wavelength. The greater the fourth dimensional motion the more motion it can transfer in an interaction, thus increasing its dynamic mass effect in an interaction. This is why a visible light frequency photon can knock an electron out of an atom in the photoelectric effect, but a lower frequency photon cannot.
A matter particle starts out as an energy photon (which, of course, contains a field particle at its base). When the photon receives enough motion to exceed the transfer threshold to transfer motion into the fifth-dimension and comes into contact with an angular motion such as the high-density field spheres near the nucleus of an atom the excess fourth-dimensional motion can travel into the particle's fifth dimension. The interface between the fifth-dimension and the lower three dimensions is very different. When motion is transferred into the fifth-dimension it begins to drain back down into the lower three dimensions in cyclical rotation from one dimension to the second-dimension and then into the third- dimension. The cycle then repeats. The transfer begins in a dimension at a zero level and then increases to a maximum level and then decreases back to a zero level again and overlaps so that just as the transfer into dimension one reaches the maximum level the transfer into dimension two begins and increases to the maximum level just as the transfer to dimension one reaches the zero level or ends. At that same point motion flow into the third-dimension begins and reaches its maximum level just as the transfer into the second-dimension ends. At the same time motion transfer begins again into the first-dimension and the cycle continues to repeat. It is actually somewhat more complex than this, but I can't go into that now. When this motion is transferred into the lower three dimensions it causes the photon to take a three-dimensional curved enclosed path that cyclically repeats. This closed path is what we call a matter particle. The great angular motion that is introduced by the curved path gives the matter particle its three-dimensionally balanced static mass effect. As the motion is transferred into the lower three dimensions the speed of the photon would be increased to faster than the speed of light. This extra speed is, therefore, transferred into the fourth dimension. If the photon's wavelength fits properly into the particle's enclosed path, the angular motion component needed to allow it to travel back into the fifth dimension is present and it then travels into the fifth dimension, so it can then travel back into the lower three dimensions again and the interdimensional transfer cycle is complete and the matter particle is stable. If the photon's wavelength does not fit into the enclosed path properly the angular motion component is not present and the motion cannot travel back into the fifth dimension. It drains completely back into the fourth dimension and the particle becomes an energy photon once again, once all of the excess motion has transferred back into the fourth- dimension and it travels off in some direction. As the matter particle's photon travels, its enclosed three-dimensional path it entrains field particles to travel through that path from an input on one side of the path to an output on the other side. This field flow through the particle is its internal field. The input and output follow the photon as it travels its path and, therefore, continually change their positions on the path. This causes a spherical flow of field particles around the matter particle. The photon's fourth-dimensional motion cycle servos the flow of field particles through the matter particle from a zero-flow level to a maximum flow level and then back to a zero level in a continuous cyclical pattern. The net effect of this is to produce a series of spherical fields around the matter particle that vary from a zero-field flow level to a maximum level and then back down to the zero level. The innermost spherical high-density field contains or traps the matter particle within it. When two matter particles come together with enough kinetic motion to allow them to overcome each other's external fields by passing through them, but don't have enough kinetic motion to allow them to pass back out again, their external fields join together to form a single external field. The innermost high-density sphere contains the matter particles or keeps them from escaping the atom. The internal fields of the matter particles keep the matter particles' internal photons from interacting with each other. The external field spheres attract electrons. As an electron passes through these spherical fields, it begins to be attracted in the opposite direction by the spheres that it has already passed through. When the attraction in both directions is about equal the electron comes to a stop in its travel toward the atom's center in a low-density field area between two high density field spheres. This is its stable position. Its path around the atom is controlled by the field flow around it.
That gives a very basic understanding of the structure and interactions of field particles, energy photons, and matter particles. I have, of course, left out many details, but have tried to give you an idea of how they are constructed and act internally and interact externally with each other. If you understand things at this level, you can see why I said an atom has a complex field structure" and you know more than most of the people on this planet." This has become a very long comment to just cover this much.
As you can see energy photons do not need a medium for wave transfer because they contain internal motions that produce the wave effects.
Time is not a self-existent entity or dimension. It is merely a relationship between a motion and the distance that it travels, which can vary from one motion to another because they can contain different motion amplitude levels. I gave more on this in my comments above to Shawn Halayka on Mar. 22, 2020 and on Mar. 23, 2020 on my paper's site.
I hope these things help.
Sincerely,
Paul
