The Nature of Time by Julian Barbour

Chi, your idea creates a 'background' needed for those 'instant's' to glue into a causality chain. Better to look at as a 'flow', not instants. In a 'flow' the idea is that the 'flow' both will be your 'instants' as well as being its own 'background' as what you then deem to be 'instants/events/transitions' then will be your definition of 'separating' that flow.

And the 'flow' is only a 'flow', as in having a arrow of time, macroscopically. Under Planck scale I expect that you can forget anything about a specific arrow 'pointing'. There you will have a 'whole sea', moving or not, as defined by from what frame of reference you look at it. Motion as well as time and 'distance' are all emergences applicable macroscopically, and possibly all the way from Plank scale. But under it those definitions breaks up.

One of the worst mistakes one can make is to assume that because we have a 'solid reality' macroscopically, that point of view will be applicable 'everywhere' and 'always'.

This is a general comment to what I read in this thread.

The mistake might rest in how too define 'time'. If you define it as instants you will have to look at durations too. Either that, or you will define a 'instant' as the shortest applicable amount of time, becoming a sort of 'still picture'. But then both ideas will need something more to start 'move'. And that should be our arrow of time.

So the 'arrow' exist, at least macroscopically. And to make that compatible with the idea of 'still instants' you will need a wholeness. you can't just expect all 'instants' to arrange themselves into a meaningful 'motion picture' by itself. Well, you can, but to do it without a background needed you will need something in where your 'instants' is a whole in itself. If you look at it that way the question is not how 'instants' binds together into a meaningful causality chain, but rather how they can 'separate' themselves from the wholeness, creating our reality including that arrow of time.

And that I think falls back to the way you see Lorentz contractions and time dilations. As real or as illusions? I don't find it possible to split those two into separate entities myself, the muon explanation hitting Earth is a perfect example of how they 'interact' with each other, and you also have the 'spinning disc' proving that a Lorentz contraction can be very 'real'.

So, if you choose one before the other I believe you to be mistaken. To me both are real, and they both point to 'distance' being something different from what we normally assume it to be. and if that is true? Then I like to look at it as a magnifying/contracting instead. And with that we come to 'emergences' as described in chaos theory, and those remarkable 'constants' we meet. Those that without explanation creates unmovable borders for our SpaceTime, from light to Planck to the Feigenbaum constant to the Bekenstein bound. All possible constants.

So, everything seems relative when it comes to time and distance. But stay with your own 'room time geometry/frame of reference' and you will find them never to change. In that one your clock never will differ, and all distances you measure will measure up to your yardstick, exactly the same. So if you like you might deem that too as a 'constant' of sorts. What it tells you is that, no matter where you are, or what you do, your expiration date will be the exact same for you, generally speaking.

You can change that two ways, that I know, motion or 'proper mass'. If we look on motion it becomes clear that we, even though 'needing' an acceleration as compared to our origin, too be able to perceive it. We still can't state that the room time geometry we were in, being 'at rest' wasn't twisted too. So a uniform motion, or a inertial object have a 'twisted room geometry' too in fact. The only way to prove me wrong is to show me where the objective universal rest-frame exist. The place wherefrom the universe sets its 'speedometer', and no, not relative.

So, finding those questionable I find it pretty safe to say that 'times arrow' and 'distance', no matter how unchanging it might seem from ones own 'room time geometry', when seen over a whole universe and relating those frames of reference to your own personal one it will be relative truths only, not absolute.

If you want to look at the 'universe' at the 'time keeper' you either will have to assign to it all those 'frames of reference' simultaneously, creating a 'diffracted' universe or assume a hidden reality to it where 'times arrow' and 'distance' becomes something totally different.

Dear Dr. Barbour,

Here's a post that tries to comment on FQXi's 2008 essay contest (The Nature of Time) as well as its 2010 essay contest (Is Reality Digital or Analog?)

We have to wonder if the Large Hadron Collider was worth all the time and money it took to build. It won't find the Higgs boson. It may well "prove" that strings exist but this will only deceive the world because strings are only a tiny fraction of matter's true composition. Perhaps it would have been better to spend the money buying several million desktop computers for scientists to develop and refine theories with.

ALTERNATIVE TO HIGGS BOSON

An important step might be to think of "... the grand design of the universe, a single theory that explains everything" (words used by Stephen Hawking on the American version of Amazon, when promoting his latest book "The Grand Design" - coauthored with Leonard Mlodinow, Bantam Books, 2010) in a different way than physicists who are presently working on science's holy grail of unification. The universe's underlying electronic foundation* (which makes our cosmos into a partially-complete unification, similar to 2 objects which appear billions of years or billions of light-years apart on a huge computer screen actually being unified by the strings of ones and zeros making up the computer code which is all in one small place) would make our cosmos into physics' holy grail of a complete unification if it enabled not only elimination of all distances in space and time, but also elimination of distance between (and including) the different sides of objects and particles. This last point requires the universe to not merely be a vast collection of the countless photons, electrons and other quantum particles within it; but to be a unified whole that has "particles" and "waves" built into its union of digital 1's and 0's (or its union of qubits - quantum binary digits). If we use the example of CGH (computer generated holography, which is reminiscent of the holographic simulation called the Holodeck in "Star Trek: The Next Generation"), these "particles" and "waves" could be elements produced by the interaction of electromagnetic and presently undiscovered gravitational waves, producing what we know as mass and forming what we know as space-time. Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational waves, and measurements on the Hulse-Taylor binary-star system resulted in Russell Hulse and Joe Taylor being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993 for their work, which was the first indirect evidence for gravitational waves. The feedback of the past and future universes into the unified cosmos's electronic foundation would ensure that both past and future could not be altered. (Our brains and minds are part of this unification too, which must mean extrasensory perception and telekinetic independence from technology are possible.)

* For more information on the universe's proposed electronic foundation, please see my article and postings at

http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/814

as well as my replies to Dr. Israel Omar Perez at

http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/817

STRINGS ARE ONLY PART OF MATTER'S BASIS

Space and time only exist in our experience. They are emergent properties, like wetness and mind. We experience wetness because it emerges from the building blocks of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms which make up water. We experience mind because it emerges from the building blocks of neurons composing the brain. And we experience space-time since it emerges from the building blocks making up the universe. These units are a combination of electromagnetic pulses (forming a cosmic computer which includes randomness and thus the potential to escape rigid preprogramming, and have a small degree of free will) as well as a cosmic hologram (this is produced by the interaction of electromagnetic plus gravitational waves and combination of the holographic aspect with the electronic aspect unifies general relativity with quantum physics). Every physical and nonphysical part of the universal hologram would be a receptor for the downloading of data from the cosmic computer which not only exists in the hyperspace of the large-scale universe but also in the hyperspace of each subatomic particle. (In other words, the holographic universe or spacetime we know is a screen for displaying data from the 5th-dimensional computer).

It might be helpful to visualise time as the playing of a CD or video tape. The entire disc or tape obviously exists all the time. But our physical senses can only perceive a tiny part of the sound and the sights at any fraction of a second. I believe space and time are infinite, so it might be more accurate to visualise time as that HUGE number - in this case, of CDs or tapes - which some versions of string theory propose (at a minimum, 10 exponent 500). My essay - http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/814 - tells you how to travel to the future, how to return home, and how to travel into our past. Neither future nor past can be altered (a blow to our belief that we have the free will to shape the future) and my explanation of travel to the past requires re-interpretation of the concepts of "multiverse" and "parallel universes". It also requires the ability to travel billions of light years INSTANTLY. This sounds like pure fantasy, but I outline an approach based on electrical engineering, General Relativity, and Miguel Alcubierre's 1994 proposal of "warp drive" that makes it logically possible.

These unbelievable things are made believable if you read my essay (along with its postings and replies) as well as the little books I've written (listed in the essay's Endnotes). But if you don't have time to read all that (I don't think I do!), here's a little picture that tries to summarise everything in a few lines -

My essay suggests the universe is a Mobius loop and is contained in, or unified with, each of its particles (relying on physical senses or 21st-century scientific instruments would make this statement ridiculous). Then each fermion and boson would also be composed of the 3 spatial dimensions, the 4th dimension of time, and the 5th dimension of hyperspace. Detectors like the Large Hadron Collider would be unable to "see" the time and hyperspace components of particles but could only see the small (maybe 5%) 3 spatial dimensions (the time and hyperspace components would be what we call dark matter), erroneously assuming particles are those tiny fractions of a Mobius loop that physics calls strings. "Dark matter" would exert a gravitational influence because both time and hyperspace, being parts of a curved Mobius loop (whether of quantum or cosmic scale), would push objects together in the same way Einstein's curved space-time pushes objects together. We can speak of the HST now - no, not the Hubble Space Telescope but Hyperspatial SpaceTime. We can visualise the Mobius loop as composed of a hyperspace computer which generates information on how things change from one undetectably tiny fraction of a second to the next (we call this time, and it's comparable to the frames in a movie) and transmits the data (transmits dark energy?) to the insignificant portion of length, width and depth that makes up subatomic particles ... and the universe.

That's the end of my one-paragraph summary. Now for some extra thoughts that popped into my head -

Preceding the Big Bang (which created this local section of the infinite, eternal universe ... or if you prefer, this subuniverse of the megauniverse) there would have been no space, matter or time in this subuniverse and all would have been hyperspace. No transmissions of dark energy (creating time and space/matter) would have occurred - therefore the dark-energy content of the universe would have been zero, increasing to the present 72% as more and more matter was created. How is matter created? Perhaps as cosmologist Alan Guth once suggested -

"You might even be able to start a new universe using energy equivalent to just a few pounds of matter. Provided you could find some way to compress it to a density of about 10^75 (10 exponent 75) grams per cubic centimeter, and provided you could trigger the thing ..."

At the time the Cosmic Microwave Background was emitted (less than a million years after the big bang), results from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe say the dark-energy content of the universe was negligible. Space/matter has been increasing since the big bang so transmissions from hyperspace (dark energy) which create them are increasing while the volume of the Mobius loop occupied by time/hyperspace (dark matter) has been shrinking as a result - according to the WMAP satellite, from 63% when the CMB was emitted to 23% today. Why isn't dark energy increasing at the same rate dark matter is decreasing? It must be because, as stated earlier, both time and hyperspace exert a gravitational influence, thereby mimicking space and matter to a degree. This mimicry causes the dark matter between the start of the CMB and the present to decrease by only about 40% while dark energy increases in the same period by about 70%.

My essay tells you how to travel into the future, how to return home, and how to take a trip into our past. Regarding travel beyond our start and into the past ... it can't be denied that these paragraphs imply the possibility of humans from the distant future time-travelling to the distant past and using electronics to create this particular subuniverse's computer-generated Big Bang. An accomplishment such as this would be the supreme example of "backward causality" (effects influencing causes) promoted by Yakir Aharonov, John Cramer and others. However, realising that we live in a cosmic-quantum unification with zero-separation and recalling Isaac Newton's inverse-square law and what it says about the force between two particles being infinite (does infinite mean 10 ^ 500, the HUGE number of universes proposed by some versions of string theory?) if the distance of separation goes to zero means there's still room for God (as Creator) because God would be a pantheistic union of the megauniverse's material and mental parts, forming a union with humans in a cosmic unification.

Best wishes,

Rodney Bartlett

I know I can't submit another essay. I don't plan to - these are just some comments that came to mind after thinking about my essay. They don't seem very relevant to the topic "Is Reality Digital or Analog?" but writing them has given even more satisfaction than writing the essay, and I'm in the mood to share them with the whole world. So if you've got time to read them ...

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

I fully realise that my essay doesn't sound like science at all. I can appreciate that many readers think it belongs to science fiction and fantasy. It does have saving graces though. I'm amazed at how well it fits in with the discoveries of the Microwave Anisotropy Probe and with string theory, culminating in the LHC's experimentally verified strings and my prediction of antistrings. Having said that, I must say this - it's very strange that the scientific world is so obsessed with mathematics (admittedly, my essay did dabble with it when offering a version of E=mc2 to suit the digital world - but I kept it very simple ... so simple it might be regarded as wrong). Math seems to be regarded as infallible, even though it leads to mistakes. The (partial) mistake I have in mind is string theory. I don't deny that there certainly is value in the theory, and in maths, but logic reveals shortcomings. Let me explain, after first writing a short section describing an unconventional approach to unveiling unification and offering an alternative to the Higgs boson that relies on gravitational waves.

ALTERNATIVE TO HIGGS BOSON

An important step might be to think of "... the grand design of the universe, a single theory that explains everything" (words used by Stephen Hawking on the American version of Amazon, when promoting his latest book "The Grand Design" - coauthored with Leonard Mlodinow, Bantam Books, 2010) in a different way than physicists who are presently working on science's holy grail of unification. The universe's underlying electronic foundation* (which makes our cosmos into a partially-complete unification, similar to 2 objects which appear billions of years or billions of light-years apart on a huge computer screen actually being unified by the strings of ones and zeros making up the computer code which is all in one small place) would make our cosmos into physics' holy grail of a complete unification if it enabled not only elimination of all distances in space and time, but also elimination of distance between (and including) the different sides of objects and particles. This last point requires the universe to not merely be a vast collection of the countless photons, electrons and other quantum particles within it; but to be a unified whole that has "particles" and "waves" built into its union of digital 1's and 0's (or its union of qubits - quantum binary digits). If we use the example of CGH (computer generated holography, these "particles" and "waves" could be elements produced by the interaction of electromagnetic and presently undiscovered gravitational waves, producing what we know as mass and forming what we know as space-time. Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational waves, and measurements on the Hulse-Taylor binary-star system resulted in Russell Hulse and Joe Taylor being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993 for their work, which was the first indirect evidence for gravitational waves. The feedback of the past and future universes into the unified cosmos's electronic foundation would ensure that both past and future could not be altered. Our brains and minds are part of this unification too - which must mean extrasensory perception and telekinetic independence from technology are possible, despite modern science's objections to these phenomena which appear to be based on non-unification.

* For more information on the universe's proposed electronic foundation, please see my article and postings at

http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/814

STRINGS ARE ONLY PART OF MATTER'S BASIS

Space and time only exist in our experience. They are emergent properties, like wetness and mind. We experience wetness because it emerges from the building blocks of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms which make up water. We experience mind because it emerges from the building blocks of neurons composing the brain. And we experience space-time since it emerges from the building blocks making up the universe. These units are a combination of electromagnetic pulses (forming a cosmic computer which includes randomness and thus the potential to escape rigid preprogramming, and have a small degree of free will) as well as a cosmic hologram (this is produced by the interaction of electromagnetic plus gravitational waves and combination of the holographic aspect with the electronic aspect unifies general relativity with quantum physics). Every physical and nonphysical part of the universal hologram would be a receptor for the downloading of data from the cosmic computer which not only exists in the hyperspace of the large-scale universe but also in the hyperspace of each subatomic particle. (In other words, the holographic universe or spacetime we know is a screen for displaying data from the 5th-dimensional computer.)

It might be helpful to visualise time as the playing of a CD or video tape. The entire disc or tape obviously exists all the time. But our physical senses can only perceive a tiny part of the sound and the sights at any fraction of a second. I believe space and time are infinite, so it might be more accurate to visualise time as that HUGE number - in this case, of CDs or tapes - which some versions of string theory propose (10 exponent 500). My essay tells you exactly how to travel to the future, how to return home, and how to travel into our past. Neither future nor past can be altered (a blow to our belief that we have the free will to shape the future) and my explanation of travel to the past requires re-interpretation of the concepts of "multiverse" and "parallel universes". It also requires the ability to travel billions of light years INSTANTLY - no doubt many readers will instantly dismiss the essay because their preconceptions "know" this simply isn't possible. It indeed sounds like pure fantasy, but I outline an approach based on electrical engineering, General Relativity, and Miguel Alcubierre's 1994 proposal of "warp drive" that makes it logically possible.

My essay explains why the universe is a Mobius loop and how it is contained in, or unified with, each of its particles (relying on physical senses or 21st-century scientific instruments would make this statement ridiculous). Then each fermion and boson would also be composed of the 3 spatial dimensions, the 4th dimension of time, and the 5th dimension of hyperspace. Detectors like the Large Hadron Collider would be unable to "see" the time and hyperspace components of particles but could only see the small (maybe 5% of the whole) 3 spatial dimensions (the time component would be what we call dark matter), erroneously assuming particles are those small fractions of a Mobius loop that physics calls strings. "Dark matter" would exert a gravitational influence because time, being part of a curved Mobius loop (whether of quantum or cosmic scale), would push objects together in the same way Einstein's curved space-time pushes objects together. We can speak of the HST now - no, not the Hubble Space Telescope but Hyperspatial SpaceTime. We can visualise the Mobius loop as composed of a hyperspace computer which generates information on how things change from one presently undetectably tiny fraction of a second to the next (we call this time, and it's comparable to the frames in a movie) and transmits the data (transmits dark energy) to the insignificant portion of length, width and depth that makes up subatomic particles ... and the universe.

Preceding the Big Bang (which created this local section of the infinite, eternal universe ... or if you prefer, this subuniverse of the megauniverse) there would have been no space, matter or time in this subuniverse. No transmissions of dark energy (creating time and space/matter) would have occurred - therefore the dark-energy content of the universe would have been zero, increasing to the present 72% as more and more matter was created. How is matter created? Perhaps as cosmologist Alan Guth once suggested -

"You might even be able to start a new universe using energy equivalent to just a few pounds of matter. Provided you could find some way to compress it to a density of about 10^75 (10 exponent 75) grams per cubic centimeter, and provided you could trigger the thing ..."

At the time the Cosmic Microwave Background was emitted (less than a million years after the big bang), results from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe say the dark-energy content of the universe was negligible. Space/matter has been increasing since the big bang so transmissions from hyperspace computer (dark energy) which create them are increasing while the volume of the Mobius loop occupied by time/hyperspace (dark matter) has been shrinking as a result - according to the WMAP satellite, from 63% when the CMB was emitted to 23% today. Why isn't dark energy increasing at the same rate dark matter is decreasing? It must be because, as stated earlier, both time and hyperspace exert a gravitational influence, thereby mimicking space and matter to a degree. This mimicry causes the dark matter between the start of the CMB and the present to decrease by only about 40% while dark energy increases in the same period by about 70%. If we were dealing with a simple and ordinary loop, this similarity would cause dark matter and dark energy to be more or less equal and if there was any difference in their amount of decrease/increase, it would be in the same direction. But we're talking about Mobius loops which are like strips of paper that have been twisted 180 degrees before the ends are joined. This causes their variation to go in different directions (one increases, the other decreases) and the amount of variation is quite significant (+72%, -40%). My guess is that the real-life twist occurs in the temporal segment of the loop, enabling a traveller in time to go in different directions i.e. into the future or into the past. To replenish dark matter in billions of years, we merely have to extend Guth's proposal by using the knowledge of that time to create more matter.

A real-life Mobius is by no means a featureless loop, however. If, contrary to our impressions, the universe is unified with each particle it's composed of; the WMAP satellite's findings must apply to the quantum world. The figures 72%, 23% and 5% would not only describe the present universe's content of dark energy, dark matter and ordinary matter but also any particle's content of space or ordinary matter (5%), time or dark matter (23% - time is considered to be dark matter here because dark matter is regarded as ordinary matter invisible to us since it's present in another region of the dimension we call time, just as most of a sphere is in another dimension and consequently appears as a dot when first entering Edwin Abbott's 1884 exploration of other dimensions called "Flatland"), and hyperspace (72%: the transmissions from the hyperspace computer create space and matter, cause expansion of space on cosmic scales where there are no forces to overcome the expansion as there is in matter, and are known as dark energy - creating more matter causes that matter's repelling gravity to bring about accelerating expansion).

Look at a picture of a Mobius (thanks to the repeating scales of fractal geometry, the apparently empty interior and exterior of the Mobius universe would actually be the same as the visible loop). Imagine the space/ordinary matter to be situated immediately counterclockwise (perhaps on the bottom of the loop) to the hyperspace segment and the time/dark matter portion to be immediately counterclockwise to the space/ordinary matter (time/dark matter would, moving clockwise, be next to the hyperspace segment).

The hyperspace transmissions flow directly into space/matter (all motion - "flow" and "transmissions" - are actually comparable to individual frames in a movie but are spoken of in everyday terms of motion for convenience, like saying the sun rises and sets) and are responsible for the large and unimpeded 72% increase, since the CMB was emitted, of dark energy. This flow rate of 72% also enters the time/dark matter section adjacent to hyperspace ... but the loop's twist seems to be in the time section. If we were to cut the loop lengthwise with scissors, previously varying the number of half-twists results in things such as two rings linked together or a knotted ring. So we get barriers to motion and blockages. Returning to the normal loop and twist, matters are less drastic and motion is merely slowed, resulting in a 23% flow rate.

If we lived in a non-unified universe of materialism, this is how things would remain (dark matter would have increased so today's content would be a low 23%). On p. 179 of "The Grand Design" by Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow (Bantam Press, 2010) it's stated "One requirement any law of nature must satisfy is that it dictates that the energy of an isolated body surrounded by empty space is positive ..."

The only problem with that sentence, in an "everything is everywhere and everywhen" universe, is the word isolated. There can be no such thing as isolated in our cosmic-quantum unification. Page 179 also says "... if the energy of an isolated body were negative ... there would be no reason that bodies could not appear anywhere and everywhere." Does this mean you and I (plus all things in time and space) are a union of both positive and negative energy, able to display both separateness/solidity (isolation) as well as the potential to appear anywhere and everywhere? Dark matter, not being entirely positive, would be anywhere and everywhere as well as having decreased so today's content would be a low 23% (which is what WMAP says is the case).

If everything is a union of positive and negative energy, every matter particle and force-carrying particle would be too. And the strings the Large Hadron Collider might detect (being the parts of particles' Mobius loops it could see since those parts would be space/ordinary matter) might come in both positive and negative varieties. In 1928 English physicist Paul Dirac (1902-84) proposed that all negative energy states are already occupied by (then hypothetical) antiparticles (particles of antimatter). Building on this results in proposal of strings and antistrings.

My essay tells you how to travel into the future, how to return home, and how to take a trip into our past. Regarding travel beyond our start and into the past ... it can't be denied that these paragraphs imply the possibility of humans from the distant future time-travelling to the distant past and using electronics to create this particular subuniverse's computer-generated Big Bang. An accomplishment such as this would be the supreme example of "backward causality" (effects influencing causes) promoted by Yakir Aharonov, John Cramer and others. However, realising that we live in a cosmic-quantum unification with zero-separation and recalling Isaac Newton's inverse-square law and what it says about the force between two particles being infinite (does infinite mean 10 ^ 500, the HUGE number of universes proposed by some versions of string theory?) if the distance of separation goes to zero means there's still room for God (another bit of scientifically objectionable science fiction?) because God would be a pantheistic union of the megauniverse's material and mental parts, forming a union with humans in a cosmic unification.

--------------------------------------------------------

According to the Community Ratings, my essay in the 2011 Essay Contest is sliding further down the ratings each day. But I'm having more luck with a science journal called General Science Journal - comments of mine inspired by the essay (which are nearly 20,000 words long and include comments about "The Nature of Time" as well as "Is Reality Digital or Analog?") were published in the Journal on Feb. 6 and may be viewed at http://gsjournal.net/ntham/bartlett.pdf

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Hi all, I'm glad that I came to this forum

Dr. Barbour, I can accept your idea that time is an illusion, but surely you must accept the possibility that all external reality is an illusion. A human being with normal intelligence and an active mind but with no access to the external world via the famous five senses would have no way of knowing, much less proving the reality of the external world. Such an unfortunate individual would only know that he thinks (a la Descartes).

You may respond that all of us, indeed most of us do in fact have the 5 transducers that pass along signals from the external world into our brains so that we can know of its existence. However, we are removed from immediate experience of the hypothetical external reality by the, dare I call it time it takes the signals to move from the sense organs to the brain to be perceived.

How can we know that the signals our 5 senses relay to our brains are from a physical reality at all. Perhaps, as conjectured by Bishop Berkeley there is no proof that an independent external world exists. Rather something, call it a spiritual reality or advanced aliens from somewhere else, something transmits the signals we receive through our onboard transducers giving us the impression there is an external physical reality.

How can we know such a reality is real? How can we trust our senses on faith that they are reporting the true reality? Perhaps time is not real as our senses tell us it is; but matter may not be real as well; the forces of electromagnetism, gravity, strong, and weak that we have "observed" may not be real either.

80 nanoseconds of "time" separates our mental selves from any immediate awareness of external reality. Our consciousness seems to be suspended in "time" in a sense, floating through a reality that we have no trustworthy resources for defining scientifically; rather, we merely believe on sensorial faith that it exists.

As long as I must assume that there is a physical reality, I may as well go the whole distance and assume that their is an independent feature within it that we refer to as time.

Please help me understand how my thinking may be incorrect.

Dear Julian,

As with your recent talk at the Perimeter Institute on the same subject, I enjoyed your essay. I also very much agree with you that duration/interval does not exist and is merely an out-flow of motion. I have a question though. Do you still believe that instants and instantaneous magnitudes exist? If you perhaps do, and I get the impression from reading your essay that this is the case, I think that your view about time has some issues. Firstly, as they would constitute the building blocks of time, if one assumes the existence of instants (and instantaneous magnitudes), one also necessarily assumes the existence of time. Secondly, to deny the existence of interval, and yet hold onto instants, is not consistent, as, by definition, an interval is simply a duration bounded by two instants; as long as the instants are still there, the interval will be too. Indeed, if such instants existed, it can be shown that they would render change, motion, and as such, the idea of a clock, impossible.

Best wishes

http://www.taylorgolfclubs.com

Connections

The binding of existence

This is a story, built upon knowledge, intuition, and speculation. In the end, it is built upon some known theoretically successfully tested truths, and some unknowns conveyed in a formula that I consider trumps any objections - as we ponder the scope of existence. First we know of existence, by way of our self-awareness, coupled with scientific knowledge. Second by way of the unknowns i.e., "Infinity", that must incongruously play with us (self-aware-finite creatures), in some connected manner.

This Second irascibly indefinable thing called "Infinity", simply stumps our "finite" minds every time, when we attempt to figure out its mathematical infinities. As it must. As if it did not stump our efforts to understand it, it would become defined, and anything defined, is "Finite.". So we have an absolute conundrum that operates our existence. But we are still connected, in a union, both finite and infinite, through the known attributes we have scientifically tested to be true. As without "Infinity", there can be no "Finite." And remember Infinity, has no bounds, no time, no space, no beginning and no end.

This is plainly contrary to finite logic, but Infinity simply is contrary. Always has been. And always will be. But it is also the very milk of our very finite existences... We are Connected... Our actions matter, as I will soon explain - in summary.

INFINITY: Irascible and fundamentally a necessary fickle fact. An argument that no mathematics or thought equation can defend against... To challenge this premise is to supersede infinity's very nature. It will never ever happen.

Therefore we are circumscribed to live within, the physics - largely of Newtonian and Einstein's mathematics. I would caution to note: that these finite mathematics are subject to change that currently work fairly well for our finite existence as we mathematically calculate how to penetrate and maneuver the Stars, or add 2 plus 2 to equal 4. But they do not work to unravel Quantum Mechanics (in total), and the cache of oddities, such as "Superposition's", whereby subatomic particles are in several places at one time, until they are interrupted by measurement. Or do these current finite mathematics explain "Entanglement", which allows for two subatomic elements to be millions of miles apart, however if one changes its state of "spin" or "electrical" charge the other particle millions of miles away responds instantly. Yes, this violates the concept of the speed of light as the fasted method of action in the Universe.

As Einstein called "Entanglement" Spooky, but none the less real. This seemingly violates the speed of light. But hold on, the Speed of Light travels, Entanglement implies "Connection". Or what is known as Local action.

Space is the key to this thought equation. Since space is "Infinite" to the "Finite" Observer. Space in this context is also in union with waves - as well as particles. However waves may connect all things instantly, just as waves may allow for "Superposition's."

The answer is simply that: This makes us both Local and Non-Local at the same time. Waves and or theoretical "Strings" perhaps in some union - connect our space and possibly time in ways we do not fully comprehend. If true, our infinite extended connections are observed from a finite realm only. It might be important to note here: That simply no distance is allowed in an Infinite realm, as infinity is immune to classification, therefore it is all things and no things at the same time. Make sense? It usually should not, as finite logic has a difficult time with this both intuitively and implicitly mathematically. Make sense yet?

Probably not, as this means that "Everything is Nothing and Nothing is Everything." Hence there are no real "infinites" to calculate in an Infinite realm. But this last statement is a clear oxymoron, as it should be, as infinity does not have mathematics or anything defined based in or of it. As this would imply a finite realm. It is simply infinite, and does not apply to our finite realm of mathematics.

Mathematics is purely the purview of the finite.

When I said there are really no infinities in the infinite realm. I meant it. But to us, within the finite realm or finite conscious state, as observers, Infinities are what - infinity, space and time are made of. Once again, the ultimate and infinite conundrum. However, how does this allow for the stuff of existence, such as "us", or cars, and trees and so on to exist? Well we do need infinity to have a finite realm, as I said.

That is the puzzle? That must never be answered technically, nor can it, again from a finite perspective or finite observer. This mind trap we are caught in trying to view infinity - would seem to drive one mad to think that Infinity, Space and Time have no beginning or an end.

But get use to it.

Infinity is indelible. Terms like "time" and "space" are non-words to describe Infinity correctly, as Infinity never had a beginning or an end. The space and time word terms we use within the realm of Infinities definition, or lack thereof, could not and do not exist. Unlike the finite world, which has an Alpha and Omega. (Dust to Dust, Evolution, and Space to move to, and a length of Time that life gives us to observe.

And - That is that...

We are here by way of connections of an indefinable Infinity, which has always been, and will always be. Make no mistake about it. This will provide us and others forever to give sentiency a journey to discover anew. New science from physics to health, coupled with new modes of life, new cultures to come. Save an Asteroid impacting the Earth, or a Super-Volcano taking us to our end of time as sentient beings. But others will arise, no doubt by way of times finite arrow.

The finite with a beginning and end is necessary, to find hope. Just imagine living for eternity without end. That proposition, would invoke a person to lose goals, have no new hopes, and actually impart a crazy madness of hopelessness. As you would be in the ultimate Trap, or Jail forever, if self-aware. What would be the point? One would ask themselves... And therefore, Life and Death, are necessary.

Dust to Dust and then perhaps? Take your best shot at a faithful guess! The options are many, the realities may be few. No one really knows. No one...

Plainly beyond us, the Infinite and Finite will ebb and flow, and new existences will arise through an endless connection to everything for all time...

Essential Points:

1. The Science is: That Infinity is incomprehensible to any complete understanding and, the Finite is limited to understanding all things, perhaps itself and certainly infinity. The connection between the finite and the infinite operate as if Everything is Nothing and Nothing is Everything... Have fun with that analogy! As for me, it holds true, as it confirms to me that cognitive logic eventually meets the illogic of Infinity. This lets us clearly know we will never actually know honestly and truthfully the great questions of life: As to know "ALL" or "Truth" would be to actually define a place and a time, which can only be finite. And that would defy the rules of Infinity, which cannot be technically ever defined. Otherwise it is no longer infinite; it would then become as a mere canvas with parameters. And Infinity is incomprehensible. End of Story - Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow... In other words Forever!

2. The Moral is: That Legacies matter. Build a good one. The Butterfly Effect is always on... And that is what really matters.

All the best in our journey's, Russ Otter

Dear All,

There is no space unless one chooses to measure and there is no time until one chooses to count. Time is the space between all of us in relative duality and there is "absolutely" no space-time but singularity or the conscience or universal i.

Conscience is the cosmological constant.

The absolute mathematical truth of singularity or universal i can be deduced as follows as well.

If 0 x 0 = 0 is true, then 0 / 0 = 0 is also true

If 0 x 1 = 0 is true, then 0 / 0 = 1 is also true

If 0 x 2 = 0 is true, then 0 / 0 = 2 is also true

If 0 x i = 0 is true, then 0 / 0 = i is also true

If 0 x ~ = 0 is true, then 0 / 0 = ~ is also true

It seems that mathematics, the universal language, is also pointing to the absolute truth that 0 = 1 = 2 = i = ~ (zero = i = infinity), where "i" can be any thing from zero to infinity. We have been looking at only first half of the if true statements in the relative world. As we can see it is not complete with out the then true statements whic are equally true. As all numbers are equal mathematically, so is all creation equal "absolutely".

Love,

Sridattadev.

Dear all,

it has come to my mind that time infact is a quantity in a noncontinuous space or there is no time at all.

Stretching of space in this view means only ther is more and more time between two discontinuous points of space, which applies: there is more and more time in universe, and that makes sense and also complyes with the arrow of time.

Space travel accours (for particles) as discrete jumps from position 1 to position 2,... the positions themselves are drifting apart from each other, but not space, bur time is the added quantity between them.

Best

W

TIME THEORY OF EVERYTHING

Created and Written by KHALID MASOOD

TIME COSMOLOGY: Time to re-study Time.

TIME THEORY OF EVERYTHING is The Time Universe Theory.

At the heart of physical science is physics, and at the heart of physics is TIME.

I propose, only Time exists in the Universe.

Time Creates Space, Life, Consciousness, and the Universe itself.

Time tells matter how to create, matter tells time how to survive!

No particles, no waves, not both and no vibrating or dancing strings. Only "FLUCTUATING EXTREME LEVELS OF ENERGY" write Everything of the Universe, including our consciousness and also Theory of Everything!!!

The only truth about the physical universe is that the universe is not physical. Life and matter of the universe, is nothing but a physical illusion.

The smartest phenomenon of the universe is the universe itself.

On the whole universe is shapeless, massless and weightless.I CAN PICK IT UP!!!

Einsteins second law, m = E/ c^2 i.e. m = E/ c2 [ How mass drives from

pure Energy] raises the question whether mass can be understood more deeply

as energy. And can we build, as Wheeler put it, "Mass Without Mass"? are the

best predictions in favour of my "Time Theory of Everything."

In my view the first question is How pure energy drives from time?. The

universe is not what it used to be, nor what it appears to be, as Frank W

ilczek of MIT quoted in first chapter Getting to it of his book titled "The

Lightness of Being" [ mass, ether, and the unification of forces ] also

supports my theory. Infinity is finity on the whole.

There is nothing original under the physical phenomena. All physical

properties of the universe are secondary in nature.There is a universe behind

the physical universe which is dark and primary universe. If a Theory of

Everything is Holy Grail of cosmology, Time Theory of Everything is Holy

Grail of Modern Physics!

Physicists are hunting for an elusive particle that would reveal the presence

of a new kind of field that permeates all of reality. Finding that Higgs

field will give us a more complete understanding about how the elusive

universe works!

I believe in bold imagination in research. I believe the universe is not acadamic,

and is not bound by our physical theories. Capture Higgs particle, eyes on a

prize particle, the search for the Higgs boson [God Particle] and creation

of micro black holes is nonsense idea.

Higgs boson is not destiny. We have to re-study TIME and ETERNITY. Higgs boson should be named TIME (particle)!

Basic and primary stuff of the universe is not physical. All matter, energy,

and fundamental forces of nature are secondary and referred by a unified

primary force of nature. There is a co-ordination force in between God

and all secondary forces of nature, which is more important than Higgs boson.

I suggest this force is TIME. Time is invisible presence and the only basic

building block of the universe and everything in it.

Time is so central to the state of physics today, so crucial to our final

understanding of the structure of matter, yet so elusive,

that I have given it a nickname: 'The God Force'!

Time is at the very heart of physical discovery from the nature of matter

to the origin of the universe.

It is also a fundamental driver of everything in the universe many of

tomorrows discoveries and technologies will emerge from Time physics.

MOTHER OF ALL FUNDAMENTAL FORCES.

[A union of forces and time]

Time is mother of all fundamental forces.

"Forces-time" in which time exists as fifth force with four fundamental

forces.

Deep down, the particles and forces of the universe are a manifestation of

time.

TIME is a coordination force of the universe and multiverse referred by

nature.

Nothing has independent existence except time.

Password of time is in the Mind of God!

Tell me about the nature of time, I will create the Universe!!!

If all cosmologists of the world say a foolish thing it is still a foolish

thing!

I WILL CHANGE THE HISTORY OF TIME !

God does not play particles' game with the Universe.

Spacetime has no Time Dimension.

The theory of time "t" as a fourth dimension of space, three dimensions of space and one dimension of time is wrong.

All dimensions of space are time's dimensions. Time is not the 4th dimension.

Space is not 3D T, space is 3TD. Time is the distance between two dimensions.

Time is the longest and shortest distance between two dimensions.

Time is mother of all dimensions. Dimensions are the result of time.

TIME IS NOT A MANUFACTURED QUANTITY. Time has independent existence and

is fundamental. Space is a manufactured quantity and secondary form of time.

Space is only a kind of time.

I believe in infinite extra spatial dimensions of time only, and I know what

these dimensions are, but I don't believe time as extra dimension with space.

I dont believe in extra dimensions of space, I believe in extra dimensions

of time. The universe exists in three or 10 dimensions of time.

[as string theory proposed, 10 of space and one of time dimension] There

isnt just one dimension of time, says Itzhak Bars of the University of

Southern California in Los Angeles.There are two. One whole dimension has

until now gone entirely unnoticed by us. Two time / 2T Physics [New

scientist 13 October 2007, Hypertime, Cover story] Why we need two dimensions

of time? Why not we need 11 and many more dimensions of time?

A NEW HYPOTHESIS:

[EXTREME LEVEL COSMOLOGY]

EXTREME LEVEL THEORY:

The study of the theory that all fundamental particles and vibrating one-

dimensional strings are fluctuations of zero-dimensional and unidimensional

Extreme Levels Of Energy.

Extreme Level Fluctuations create the universe.

No-particle proposal:

Elemental building blocks of Nature are not particles.

I dont believe particles in any shape or dimensions as basic building blocks

of matter, energy, and everything in the universe. I have an alternative

Fluctuating Extreme Levels hypothesis which is a part of my Time Theory of

Everything [Extreme Level Theory] Extreme Level Theory suggests that basic

building blocks of everything in the universe are composed of Fluctuating

Extreme Levels of energy. In Extreme Level Theory of time, Extreme Levels

correspond to different entities and quantities. If Extreme Level Theory

proves correct, photons, electrons and neutrinos are different due to changes

in the fluctuations of extreme levels. Prior to Extreme Level Theory,

subatomic particles were envisioned as tiny balls or points of energy.

Extreme Level Theory works on the premise that the tiniest subatomic bits

that make up the elements of atoms actually behave like Fluctuating Extreme

Levels and not like vibrating or dancing strings. Photon is no more now a particle, a wave, or has features of both.

Photon exist at fluctuating extreme level of energy.

About the "Origin of Mass"

For decades, the prevailing view in physics agrees that the Higgs field gives mass to matter, with the mediated by a boson particle called Higgs.

But no one has seen the Higgs boson yet, despite the considerable time and money spent in his quest to particle accelerators.

Time Field:

The mass comes from the interaction of matter with the "Time Field" or "field Time" and not from field Higgs. There is no Higgs field.

Time field is "zero point field" and zero energy state of time-space.

Time field is the lowest energy [zero-energy] state of time. That is extreme level of time in my T.T.O.E.

TIME THEORY OF GRAVITY

TIME GRAVITY

I believe in my 'physical' motto: "Time tells space how to create, space

tells time how to expand and bend."

Deep down, the particles and forces of the universe are a manifestation of

time.

Time is the distance between two places.

Time is the longest and shortest distance between two places.

Gravity is a manifestation of Time-space.

P.S: It's Time-space and not space-Time. TIME COMES FIRST.

Our entire research focus must be on "How time interact with matter and

energy?" and "Time, matter and energy, how they interact with each other?"

Time can take the form of motion, light, electricity, radiation, GRAVITY.....

just about anything honestly.

Time theory of gravity is the best rival of General Theory of Relativity and

Quantum Loop Gravity.

TIME THEORY OF EVERYTHING will change the phenomena of new physics-extra dimensions, entanglement, entropy and information, black holes, tunneling, Bose-Einstein Condensates, chaos and complexity, dark matter, dark energy and meaning of Matter, Energy, Natural Forces, Consciousness, Life & Extraterrestrial Life and Death.

It's not time, it's matter which is disappearing from the universe.

Time is God, God Time.

THE UNIVERSE IS A TIME MACHINE!!!

God can't exists outside of Time. Nothing exists outside of Time.

I am part of the universe, as my heart is part of me. Therefore I am part of God.

Khalid Masood

khalidcustoms@gmail.com

Finally I can make some sense of Einstein's theories, knowing that a great deal of the problems do not sprout from my weak mind, but rather a flaw in underlying assumptions. I am a physicist by any means, but I do excel at logic puzzles- and I have been playing with this one for a while. After picking up an article by Mr Barbour, and thinking for some time that Einstein had to be wrong about his assumptions on distance, time, or both, I am finally getting some relief. I agree with Mr. Barbour that we should take Mach's theories to the next level, knowing that Einstein got almost got us to the finish line, and hold everything relative. In that kind of universe, time has to go!

What I want to know, is what does the size and expanse of the universe look like after removing time? I would tend to think that our current measurements of the expanse of space, along with our calculations of age both for the universe and the Earth, have to be thrown out. If that is the case, doesn't the universe get a lot smaller, and become a place that we cannot think of in terms of "how many miles to cross" or even in travel time. Also, doesn't this approach solve the issue of locality and move us vastly closer to a unified theory? If so, why has it taken so long to gain wide acceptance, I mean I am just a normal guy and I found profound and obvious logical error in current and accepted equations? I can understand making an assumption, or hypothesis, and then trying to prove it. But at some point someone had to say, wait, we have made fully 19 assumptions on which to build the current model, when do we say that we won't likely resolve them via observation, and maybe, just maybe, some of them are wrong and won't ever be proven.

Sorry to ramble, but it's exciting to find that I wasn't so crazy. And forgive me if I made some incorrect or very elementary mistakes. Again, I am just very good at logical puzzles, and no scientists, not even much of a math guy, but as I understand it, Physics is more about balance, and logic. So thank for any input you can provide.

Dear Julian,

Your fundamental paper is erudite, insightful and beautifully written. However, there is a key point that I find unconvincing. You derive equation (3) in order to show that time is not an absolute but depends on other basic quantities, each of which is independent of time. It seems to me that using the same logic one could argue that E = mc2 shows that energy is a superfluous concept reducible to mass, or vice versa. Such examples can be multiplied, each purporting to show that a fundamental concept can be dispensed with by means of a set of other fundamental concepts, depending on the particular equation and which concept is chosen for elimination.

Thus your equation could be reformulated to dispense with mass or distance, just as easily as time. An equation of physics is merely a conversion factor, it does not allow us to define one concept in terms of another.

Best regards

Tad Boniecki

Hi Julian.

In Nov 2011 last year I wrote a notes in my book note about my perspective about time which is already in my mind months before. And right now i'm surprised after reading your ides in the internet that your idea that the time is just an illusion, is the same idea as mine.

I'm so excited since i'm not a physicists.

I was thinking that what we call "TIME" since human being exist on the planet is just our perspective about "CHANGE" from the motion of heavenly body to the atomic particle we see right now.

That is why according to Einstein, the "time" OR "change" on the space around stronger gravity is "SLOWER" than around the "WEAKER" gravity.

["SLOWER" means comparing to our daily perspective of "TIME"]. Because the TIME is change itself, and change request space or degree of freedom, until the center of the black hole, when the singularity creates, our conventional perspective about "TIME" should be stopped, or even transformed or should be redefined into another manifestations.