Hi, BeigeBandicoot. I agree that

Jenny Wagner The role of science is thus deeply entangled with the role we attribute to ourselves.

Science is a human endeavor and its development is attached to ours. In my essay I comment on the importance of considering human development and interaction in order to make science different, and better. I invite you to take a look: "More diversity and creativity for a different science".
https://qspace.fqxi.org/competitions/entry/2330#control_panel

      5 days later

      Jenny Wagner

      Yes, I agree. I think the reason is not because there is no rational basis in one or the other part of the communication participants, but there are combinations of people whose communication habits simply do not fit together and this then produces major misunderstandings and leads to death ends. I guess there are many things implicit in our lines of reasoning that we should try to make explicit when communicating about scienctific “facts and fictions” for the goal of clarifying how we came to our statements.

      In my own essay I tried to push the reader to the fact that we often confuse beliefs with knowledge. An interesting question would be whether or not this also works the other way round cognitively: confusing knowledge with belief, means doubting things that are considered secured scientific knowledge. This surely would necessitate to make auxiliary, yet unproven assumptions about reality, what is not per se forbidden by the scientfic method. I write this because I read your very interesting comment on the essay site “the geometry of counterfactual science” and as you wrote, the question is indeed how far one should go with such auxiliary assumptions, especially when they are not provable experimentally in principle. Or stated differently: where should we establish the line between facts and fiction?

      By thinking a little bit about that question, it seems to me that at least a – yet to be discovered? - fundamental theory of “all there is” is doomed being unable to logically derive its fundamental base assumptions unambigously. Here your essay's approach gets most interesting for me, since for that case (maybe in the future, who knows) we are then faced again with the epistemological question about whether or not these fundamental assumptions are merely auxiliary assumptions – because by their very nature they will not be provable or disprovable by any means!

      Now let's suppose we cannot find such a theory of everything (due to arbitrary reasons). Then the question still remains, and more pressing, where we should draw the line between facts and fiction. Moreover, one instant of that question is surely whether or not such a theory of everything is at all implicit and hence allowed by what we call reality. The only answer I have found to that conundrum is to always differentiate between temporary, secured knowledge and mere beliefs. I cannot imagine how it could be other than that for human beings trapped in a world that only allows the frog's eye perspective. I think a way out of that problem could indeed be to rediscover the “God of the gaps” as it occasionally was termed by some people. Without applying a certain religion to that assumption, I would call for re-examining this old-fashioned idea again on the basis of the human conditions and its lack for a true bird's eye perspective. And especially on the basis of the above mentioned epistemological gaps, gaps that obviously are an inherent part of the reality we live in.

      Now comes my main point: in my opinion, I we want to make progress on all these issues, we at first must intuitively find a consistent scheme about whether or not reality allows for a transcendent realm of existence. A realm where those gaps do not exist. This is surely a religious, philosophical, or better termed, a metaphysical task, but I think not doomed right from the start. I think it critically hinges only on whether or not one is willing to accept that logics can transcend itself such that it logically infers that reality cannot have been emerged out of some illogical assumptions, like for example “absolute nothing”, “chaos”, “randomness”, “miracles”. The latter, namely “miracles” is what some people think is what led to reality. Either it existed forever, or it emerged from some reduced “reality”. It is clear that there are no other, more “rational” options if one wants to explain “it all”. But there seems to me to be one exception: for explaining all these miracles we can also assume an intentional creator who is superior to causality and to any logical systems (at least to all humanly knowable systems). That's what my essay is about. I would like and be happy if you could comment on what I wrote there – since I am interested in your feedback!

        4 days later

        Hi BeigeBandicoot,
        I highly appreciate your work, which is very close and understandable to me:
        “Yet, too frequently, Nature ploughs up our promising guesses and lets many an idea go awry”.
        My essay is devoted to the key facts that lead to new key laws that are not noticed by the generally accepted concept. But these laws may form a new science of studying reality without studying abstractions. I think you will also be interested in the elements of the deterministic functioning of the quantum solar system on the new laws that are given in the appendix, and which are similar to the quantum laws of the functioning of the Hydrogen atom.
        I wish you success!

          Vladimir Fedorov

          Thanks a lot Cerulean Jackal,

          interesting points that you raise. Will have a look at your essay. I am curious how to study reality without abstractions because someone once said that "a 1:1 map is no use for a traveller".
          All the best for you in the contest as well!

          Bests,
          Beige Bandicoot.

              typically when a conversation happen is like a zipper of turn taking of replies , i could imagine a scheme that include the one you sketched /teached Jenny Wagner for all kinds of interacting situations (between people and programed interfaces)

              for example i'm not sure i have rated your essay properly i may have done it three times already
              the same when people speak loudly or via chat sms, there is a specific, rithm : tiiiic taac tiiic taac at equal paced , the same with giving a grade i press the link complete the reasons and send rating accepted .
              the message communication goes straighforward , regarding of consequences ,
              an other example editing a file "do you want to delete this file?" -"yes" - "are you sure?" - "are you really really sure ?" - "yes!!", -"it is going to be deleted permanently" - "definitely yes- who programed this interface?!"

              the same with a conversation between two people,
              A-"hello"
              B - "you have greeted me with the word hello i'm not sure i've heard it right" ,
              A -"yes i've said hello you ears functions properly"
              B - so "you want to start the conversation with the word hello" ,
              A - "yes hello is the first thing i speak"
              B - "hello is recieved now is my turn to say something " -
              A - "go ahead i'm preparing to listen "
              B - "good day"
              A - "you have made an answer containing two words"
              B - "yes there are two words indeed- good day"
              A- " it is your final decision to settle for this reply"
              B -"yes i'm pretty sure i want to answer with good day"
              A - "good day recieved,now is my turn to make a reply"
              B - ...

              here the timing is still tiiic taac, maybe ideally should happen a lot of fast checks than going at the next step .the same with learning/science: is this the right evidence?, yes, there are little issue here - they have this and that potential solutions- have you verified the corresponding cases, yes , than this is an acceptable evidence- however with a dose of skepticism , in case this and that happen.

                  cristi marcovici
                  Dear Amaranth Lion,

                  thanks a lot for this inspiration! If I understand your idea correctly, this to-and-fro questioning could be a suitable way to implement the hierarchy of models that our knowledge is based upon. And yes, depending on our current wisdom, there is a time dependence in the system as well that I did not address in my essay. Refinements of categories is possible and even a generalisation of the most fundamental layer in case we want to question the very basics.

                  Bests and good luck for your essay as well!
                  Beige Bandicoot.

                      Vladimir Rogozhin

                      Dear Vladimir Rogozhin,

                      thanks a lot for pointing me to this very interesting open letter. Indeed, cosmology is one of the most model-dependent theories we have due to sparsity of data obtainable and the lack of experiments we can perform (except for some analogues in lab experiments, we have to rely on serendipitous discoveries), among others. Yet, it is no unique phenomenon that one "mainstream theory/model" has been developed and others fell out of focus, this is not much different from other highly complex sciences, e.g. medicine.
                      This trend to favour a particular idea and abandon others completely was a major motivation to write my essay. In my view, running in a single direction and adjusting inconsistencies with further assumptions even if we keep on lacking observational confirmation makes us blind for alternative models compatible with a sparse set of data.

                      Underdetermination problems allow for a variety of solutions and we should explore the set of all of them (including ambiguities in the representation of each model solution). As Richard Feynman once said so pointingly in his famous lectures at Cornell, up to a certain level, many different interpretations / descriptions of a phenomenon are possible but not all of them inspire us equally well to move to the next level of a deeper understanding. While it may be a costly and dry task to systematically investigate develop a complete model to explain all cosmological data, we are much more likely to find those solutions that inspire us to a deeper understanding.

                      Personally, I find that the big-bang theory is a good example for a highly sophisticated abductive model discussed in my essay and I agree to the criticism put forward in that open letter, not necessarily because the big-bang-theory may be incomplete or wrong but because I would like to know whether this is the only solution currently compatible with our data. As far as I know there are also other models that have not been rejected based on observational evidence so far.
                      Another criticism I would have, is that there have been arguments from philosophy of science that the big-bang theory can hardly be refuted due to its construction. So one may also ask in how far this model is a dead end if our technology will not give us any observational confirmation nor is there any self-inconsistency in the theoretical framework to refute the idea on deductive grounds.

                      Best wishes,
                      Beige Bandicoot.

                          Your description of a different scientific approach of replacing "best-laid schemes" used to our advantage with a "science of senses" rather than building assumptions, coupled with your good metaphor of Robert Burns' poem, shows a different human approach for science. It reminds me of another essay regarding negative externalities humans create which exploit nature rather than observe and use what what nature offers. Both ideas attack a human approach which strips science and humans of a purity that science could and should pursue. Your "mice and men" is good metaphoric imagery for your human approach to a different science.

                            James Hoover

                            Dear Apricot Capybara,

                            thanks for the very interesting comment, now I see that point -- Robert Burns destroying the mouse nest while harvesting grains... I am thinking how science and humans could be more pure. What do you mean with it? To take what Nature offers can have a broad interpretation. For me personally, the "mistake minimiser" in the sense of securing our survival in a better way was closer to my intention for writing the essay than the thought of exploiting nature. Taking much more than we need implies that we destroy ourselves mid-term or even short-term given the current world situation. In my opinion, this would actually decrease our happiness instead of maximising it.

                            Can you point me to the essay you compared mine to? That would be great!

                            Best wishes,
                            Beige Bandicoot.

                              Vladimir Rogozhin

                              Dear Vladimir Rogozhin,

                              thanks for the additional article. When I read such debates, I cannot help but wonder how much people belief in the models of reality that were set up. Each of these models underlies certain (often not empirically testable) assumptions and, as always, they may be simplified in order for us to understand the most relevant features of the system under investigation. For the Big Bang I would say the assumption that Einstein's field equations describe continuous quantities in order to infer the Big Bang is questionable. For me, the earliest observables that we can have, like the cosmic microwave background, are the limit up to which I consider the Big Bang Theory to be testable and a good approximation to our current data. Tensions arise now because this model needs to be extended due to our increased knowledge obtained by more and complementary observables again.

                              But there is no way for us to currently find out whether the Big Bang actually happened due to the lack of data at this event. One may also argue that a different cosmological model (like the ones put forward by Roger Penrose) makes predictions about artefacts of a precursor universe. However, while this is a testable predition of his model, to be sure to refute the Big Bang cosmology at the same time, he also has to show that the latter cannot produce these artefacts in any other way. And then it's up to the cosmologists which explanation they find physically more plausible (unless on of the models gives something directly contradicting observational evidence). To facilitate this debate, I favour my suggestion for a different way of knowledge gain as put forward in this essay.

                              Bests,
                              Beige Bandicoot.

                                  Jenny Wagner
                                  The problem is that today there is no open competition between models of the universe.
                                  General relativity is a phenomenological (parametric, operationalist, "effective") theory without ontological justification / substantiation (ontological basification).
                                  Pierre Teilhard de Chardin left a good philosophical testament to theoretical physicists (cosmologists):
                                  "The true physics is that which will, one day, achieve the inclusion of man in his wholeness in a coherent picture of the world."
                                  More than a quarter of a century ago, the mathematician and philosopher Vasily Nalimov set the task of constructing a "super-unified field theory that describes both physical and semantic manifestations of the World." ("The Self-Aware Universe").
                                  [https://web.archive.org/web/20111205183605/http://v-nalimov.ru/articles/111/395/]
                                  In the same direction, the ideas of the Nobel laureate in physics Brian Josephson (which are not very noticed by mainstream science), set out in the essay "On the Fundamentality of Meaning" [https://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/3088]

                                  And which of the physicists will fulfill the philosophical precepts of John A. Wheeler "unsung paragon of science":
                                  "We are no longer satisfied with insights only into particles, fields of force, into geometry, or even into time and space. Today we demand of physics some understanding of existence itself."
                                  "To my mind there must be, at the bottom of it all, not an equation, but an utterly simple idea. And to me that idea, when we discover it, will be so compelling, so inevitable, that we will say to one another, 'Oh, how beautiful. How could it have been otherwise?'"

                                  In your model of the World (the Universe), its physical/metaphysical origin, are there places for meanings/senses?

                                      Vladimir Rogozhin

                                      Dear Vladimir Rogozhin,

                                      thanks again for the very inspiring links and quotes that I have obviously missed so far.
                                      Concerning GR being an effective (field) theory, I found the comment made by the late Yurij Baryshev very intriguing that the cosmos need not be homogeneous and isotropic if we let go of the picture that matter needs to form a continuous field and that self-similarity can arise as the next most simple symmetry class then to describe the structures we observe. That makes quite a lot of sense to me if we take into account that none of our data is actually continuous, so our models get one step closer to the observations we make.

                                      Now where is the meaning and the sense in all of these models and theories?! That is much harder to answer, as we still don't know whether our reductionism actually works (see also George Ellis' view on top-down causation for a counter-statement). In my view (that I partly sketched in my essay), there is room for more, just like Aristotle saw at least four different ways to answer the question why something is as we see it. Hence, why aim for a single answer in the first place if we could get at least three more, depending on the aspect of the question that we want to focus on?! For you, purpose seems to be quite an essential one and I agree to that, at least when it comes to my personal motivation/curiosity to explore the universe. In my essay, I emphasised on this ambiguity of the world as we see it and I think you are arguing in the same direction that we should come to terms with the fact that there may be several interpretations and ways to answer a (scientific) question, as I doubt that there can be a coherent picture only based on physics...

                                      Best wishes,
                                      Beige Bandicoot.