…etc
I am truly grateful for your thoughtful and insightful comment. Quantum theory raised a question that eventually became one of the most fundamental and challenging problems in all of modern physics: the measurement problem. This problem subtly points to the deep relationship between our knowledge of the world and the world itself; in other words, between epistemology and ontology.
I find it impossible to draw a clear and complete distinction between ontology and epistemology.
In the essay's framework, quantum mechanics is neither purely ontic nor purely epistemic; it serves as an interface between relational ontology and epistemic accessibility. Entanglement, in particular, is a kind of expression of this interface.
Quantum mechanics cannot be placed solely within either ontology or epistemology. Its own internal tensions make this clear. Any attempt to measure or describe the ontological will inevitably be inadequate, because ontology is inseparably linked to the global state of the universe, including aspects entirely beyond our epistemic access.
The phenomenon of life, as one of the most astonishing features of our world, appears to be a manifestation of this deep interplay between ontology and epistemology. Life suggests a global, coordinated structure that becomes accessible to us only through observation, measurement, and interaction, all of which are mediated by non-global frames of reference.
As an example, consider the activation of a zygote, which remains one of the unresolved puzzles in biology. Over time, scientific inquiry may unravel the mechanisms behind this activation and develop new explanations. Yet somehow these new explanations will likely parallel the process of addressing the contradictions of quantum mechanics: each answer gives rise to further challenges.
In both domains, however, there is something faintly visible on the horizon, something suggesting that the energy or emergence of life seems to arise from deeper ontological layers of reality that are not fully accessible to the epistemic realm. From a purely global (ontological) perspective, perhaps even “life” itself has no distinct meaning, much like the measurement problem. The sharp boundaries we often try to draw — between world and knowledge, observer and observed, reference frame and global frame, ontology and epistemology, life and universe — do not exist (or precisely just exist in a special local situation)
(Some ongoing research initiatives, such as those in the Paradox Science Institute, explore unusual experiential phenomena that may offer further insight into the interplay between life and quantum coherence.)
As Copernicus famously emphasized, the essence of understanding the world is analogy.
And with all these difficulties, what analogy could be more fitting for understanding both quantum mechanics and life than using each as a mirror for the other?