The Universe and Photons by Emmanuel Moulay

Edwin Klingman

Emmanuel,

You state: "Energy models the geometry of the space-time: here is the main idea of the General Relativity. I think that we can forget the idea that gravitation is a force or something fundamental. [and] Concerning the space, things are quite similar. It is possible to find a mathematical justification to the fact that there are 3 space dimensions, but I don't think that it is really interesting. We observe that there are 3 space dimensions."

I agree with you about 3-space. And on 31 Dec 2010 I received my Phys Rev Lett 105, with an article (231101) that seems to indicate that General Relativity does not predict the results of the most accurate study yet performed. The GR predictions are off by 0.2%, and the difference appears to be attributed to the C-field (rotational aspect of G-field) on which my essay is based.

As long as we did not know whether the universe was open, flat, or closed, then I believe that we needed general relativity as the only theory capable of describing all possible cases. But, if we know (as we think we now know) that the universe is flat, then I'm not sure that we need general relativity to describe the universe; we may need it only to describe certain highly 'curved' situations such as black holes and neutron stars. In this case general relativity becomes simply the preferred description. Doug Sweetser has diagrammatically illustrated this in striking fashion, as I show in my essay.

As for gravity, I'm not sure why you feel that you can write it off as not fundamental. As I note, and as Calabi conjectured back in 1953, the gravitational field itself has energy, and hence mass, and therefore is uniquely qualified to be the "original stuff" from which a universe forms. Not only that, but the gravitational field can interact with itself, leading to far more possibilities for evolution than the electromagnetic field, which interacts with charge, but is itself uncharged.

I do believe that it's unlikely that 'gravitons' exist-- they do not in my theory. And the 'gluons' that have never actually been seen, and postulated 'color' that never has or never will be seen, are mechanisms that can be provided by the C-field. Even Wilczek admits that Yukawa pion exchange fails at the hard core limit. The consensus explanation is that QCD achieves only about 5% accuracy because "it's so complicated", but it is entirely possible that it is simply wrong. When the Higgs fails to show up, maybe physicists will consider other possibilities.

Although my theory provides a mechanism for charge and EM-fields to appear, and even derives the fine structure constant, it is probably the one part of my theory that I am least satisfied with.

So I do agree with you that photon's appear to be in a class by themselves, and very fundamental.

I hope that you will read my essay and respond in some manner.

Edwin Eugene Klingman

Emmanuel Moulay

Dear Edwin,

I don't know the article you talk about, but we have to make the difference between some possible mathematical modifications of the General Relativity and their validities with respect to experiments. Today, there is only one theory of gravitation which is checked with a high degree of precision and this is the General Relativity.

You say that "we may need it only to describe certain highly 'curved' situations such as black holes and neutron stars", but this is not correct. We use the General Relativity for the GPS system on earth and for the time synchronization for satellites.

When I say that "we can forget the idea that gravitation is a force or something fundamental", I do not pretend that the General Relativity is false. If you look at the General Relativity, you cannot find a force called gravitation. Actually, gravitation is the Riemann curvature tensor of a Lorentzian manifold, and this curvature evolves with energy. It is true that there is a possible non local action of energy due to gravitational waves and this is a very interesting issue. The Riemann curvature tensor can be decomposed between the Ricci tensor and the Weyl tensor. The Ricci tensor describes the local action of energy and is given by the Einstein's field equation. If there is no energy, the Ricci tensor is zero. The Weyl tensor describes the non local action of the energy and is given by the Weyl equation (see for instance the book of Stephen Hawking and George Ellis. "The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time"). Thus, a region of space crossed by a gravitational wave has a nonzero Weyl tensor. We have indirect proofs that gravitational waves exist and thus it is possible that the Weyl tensor is non zero in some regions of the universe. I think that the Weyl tensor can be put in relation with the dark matter but this is another speculative idea...

You point out the fact that gravitons and Higgs bosons are speculative. I think it is the right way to progress in science. We must clearly identity what is established by experiment: the special relativity, the general relativity, the quantum mechanics, the quantum electrodynamics, the quantum chromodynamics... and what is speculative: the quantum gravity, the graviton, the Higgs boson, scalar-tensor-vector gravity. If this is not clear for everyone what is established and what is speculative, then we can lose our way. Then, I think that we have to make a new physical assumption. Albert Einstein thought that the quantum mechanics was deterministic and that there were hidden variables. Today, we know with the Bell test experiments that this assumption is false. The quantum gravity tends to prove that gravitation is quantum. Somehow, this is the opposite idea of the one of Albert Einstein. We know that the General Relativity is non-renormalizable and this is a big problem. Does it mean that gravitation is really a continuous theory? I think so. For instance, I don't think that our space is a juxtaposition of several space quanta. Nevertheless, we need the unity of Physics. This is the reason why I suggest that photons are the fundamental and primordial element. They can carry both theories: the quantum mechanics and the relativity.

Emmanuel

[deleted]

Edwin, Emmanuel,

Is it possible that electromagnetic fields do interact among themselves at very low levels, possibly having an effect on vacuum fluctuation.

As a hypothetical question, what if light has traveled much further than the current 13.7 billion years considered and it was redshifted as an optical effect. Wouldn't all the radiation redshifted to the very end of the infrared end of the spectrum show up as black body radiation?

What would happen if this radiation started to exceed certain levels, such as 3.7k. Could interactions start to occur?

An interesting study to keep an eye on:

http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-12-statistical-cosmic.html

Edwin Klingman

John,

As Emmanuel points out below, linear interaction leads to interference. Non-linear interaction, such as gravity is capable of, leads to new phenomena.

I am aware of your arguments against BBT and I think about some of the things you say, but the Big Bang fits very well with my theory, and lack of a Big Bang would mess up my theory really badly. Since I believe my theory actually does the best job of explaining 'known' physics, including anomalies that other theories overlook or ignore (they *are* awfully inconvenient) I am not ready to throw out BBT because you are unhappy with it.

Edwin Eugene Klingman

[deleted]

Edwin,

If we started out agreeing, there would be no grounds for real discussion. I think that with the pace of new instruments coming on line over the next decade, one of us will need a back up plan.

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/8224865/New-telescopes-peer-back-to-birth-of-first-stars.html

Can you explain to me how space can expand, but lightspeed is otherwise stable?

Emmanuel Moulay

Dear John,

Every kind of waves can interact each other; it is the phenomenon of interference.

There are two distinct phenomena in your post.

The first one is the redshift that gives information about the velocity (or gravitation due to the equivalence principle) between the object that emits the light and the observers that receive the light. As we observe a general redshift from stars, we conclude that the universe is expanding according to the General Relativity. The novelty is that this expansion is accelerating. This can be modeled by a cosmological constant in the Einstein's field equations and it is probably in relation with the vacuum energy but, as I explained before, there is mystery due to a big discrepancy between the observed value of the cosmological constant and the vacuum energy.

The second one is the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. It is an indirect proof of the Big Bang theory.

I don't understand if you think that there is a relation between the (CMB) radiation and the vacuum energy. As far as I am concerned, I don't know.

Emmanuel

[deleted]

Emmanuel,

I understand vacuum energy as that which permeates space and cosmic background radiation as the black body radiation emanating from the edge of the visible universe.

I guess it's obvious that I'm one of those who thinks Big Bang Theory, Inflationary Cosmology, or any other versions of the model are wrong and am looking for insights into how to otherwise explain the observed phenomena. Since it rests on the assumption that the only way light can be redshifted is by recession alone, this involves considering the nature of light and why I'm bothering you about it.

A question I would raise for you to think about, since you do seem to have been educated within the school that Big Bang theory is past the point of debate:

Originally it was assumed to be a normal expansion, but since it is observed that redshift is proportional to distance and there is no lateral motion to match redshift, it appeared that we are at the center of the universe, so the theory was changed to say that space itself expands, such that everything is pushed away from everything else, resulting in the isotropic appearance of every point being the center of its own view of the universe.

The problem I have with this is that the speed of light remains constant. According to the BBT, if two sources are x lightyears apart and the universe doubled in size, they would be 2x lightyears apart.

What, if the very fabric of space is being stretched, determines lightspeed? It provides a constant measure of distance. If space is being stretched, how does this measure remain constant?

Consider that with the normal Doppler effect, space is not being created by the train moving. It is simply putting space that was in front of it, behind it. Same for those galaxies. If they are redshifted according to the Doppler effect, they are not creating space, but moving away in it.

This then gets back to the problem of our position appearing as the center of the universe. If there is some sort of optical effect, rather than the actual recession of these galaxies, it would be quite logical that redshift is proportional to distance and there is no lateral motion to match.

Consider the effect of gravity bending light. This is an optical effect. That distant star, as it moves beyond the sun, does not actually shift back and forth. Merely the path of its light is bent. It makes far more sense that these distant galaxies are not actually moving away because we observe their light to be redshifted. So my quest is to consider what other factors could cause this light to become redshifted over such enormous distances.

Do we really understand all the properties of light to construct such a fantastical model of the universe and keep adding even more fantastical patches, from Inflation to Dark energy, in order to hold it together. It seems like a fairly classical case of herd behavior causing mass delusion. As has happened all to often in human history.

Edwin Klingman

Emmanuel,

Thanks for your reply. When I said we may only 'need' GR for highly curved situations I did not mean that it wasn't useful for things like GPS, only that GPS can probably be handled with 'weak field' approximations. And that was my point. As Sweetser shows, we can describe the world via potential in 'flat' coordinates or by distorting the coordinate space. In 'weak field' cases (such as GPS) the choice may be optional. Or not?

We agree that it's good to be speculative in approaching physics. Because QCD generally yields 4 or 5% accuracy, QED lately yields 4% accuracy on muonic hydrogen and is off by 120 orders of magnitude on vacuum energy, and GR is off by 0.2% on LAGEOS pericenter precession, I believe that conceptual issues, not just mathematical issues, need rethinking.

I also offer a number of very specific examples in my essay that serve as 'test cases' for theories, and that, so far, no current theories can explain. This is, in my mind, more appropriate than speculating on theories based on Planck energies that we will probably never reach. I believe that it is physics when we treat real known anomalies that demand explanation, and mathematics when we treat speculative scenarios which may never be achieved. Today, things seem more focused on the latter.

Finally, you state that Bell tests show hidden variables to be false. Based on Anton Zeilinger's excellent book, Dance of the Photons, I believe that this conclusion is premature, as I explain in my essay.

I agree with the logic of your last statement concerning QM and SR, but do not yet see how photons alone can satisfactorily evolve our universe.

Thanks for your perspectives.

Edwin Eugene Klingman

[deleted]

Dear Emmanuel,

You wrote: "Unfortunately, there is a large discrepancy (of 120 orders) between the observed value of the dark energy and the estimated value of the vacuum energy."

While I do not share the common belief that theories, which are accepted and seemingly confirmed with very high accuracy, are necessarily correct, I consider it extremely unlikely that such a discrepancy does not matter. Even 120 dB is a lot. Did you really you mean 10^120?

To me as an EE, photons are electromagnetic waves. Do you deny purely electric and purely magnetic fields?

While speculations may endlessly find admirers who are trying to add even more exciting stories, I expect facing frosty rejection to the perhaps disappointing revelation of fundamental mistakes in mandatory tenets.

Eckard

Emmanuel Moulay

Dear Eckard,

Definitely, photons can be considered as electromagnetic waves and as particles. It is interpreted to be a probability wave in quantum mechanics.

In particle accelerators, matter is produced from energy following the mass-energy equivalence. Physicists use the speed of particles to produce energy which is transformed into matter after a collision. But if a photon has enough energy, it can produce every known particle following the Feynman diagrams. It is exactly these kinds of photons that we have at the beginning of the universe. In the particle accelerator, we say we have virtual photons (with high energy) because they exist for a very short time. But, you may wonder why I think the photon (and not the other gauge bosons, as the gluons) is the primordial particle. It is because in the standard model of particles, the other gauge bosons are not produced at the beginning of the universe, idem with matter (which are non zero mass particles) that does not exist at the beginning of the universe. If you think that there is a primordial particle, the photon is a very good candidate and perhaps the only one.

Emmanuel

[deleted]

Emmanuel,

I agree the photon makes a good candidate as the primordial particle, but as a particle, could it be emergent from some field effect/vacuum fluctuation/radiant wave properties?

I ask because it seems to me that photons are created out of some field like condition as an interaction between fields, or contact with mass. Radiant energy expands, while mass contracts, yet it seems photons emerge as that initial contraction/measurement of the radiant energy. Thus we think of light as photons because it is the foundational quantity, yet is this quanta an irreducible particle of light, or is it the smallest measurable quantity of light?

[deleted]

Hi all,

In fact the photon is an entanglement and when the gravity acts, this entanglement is fraclized for a fusion of spherical volumes.

After it's the sense of rotation that explains the difference.

The photon is not a single particle....

Regards

Steve

Emmanuel Moulay

Dear John,

In terms of wave/particle duality, we can say that "light" is the standard name of the wave property and "photon" is the standard name of the particle property. In my essay, I use the term "photon" for both because this is the same fundamental element.

Emmanuel

[deleted]

Emmanuel,

I understand they are two different descriptions of the same thing. Since you are making the argument that light is the fundamental element, then it not only must have the ability to expand as radiation, but contract as mass. My question is whether the particle manifestation is the initial state of the contraction stage.

[deleted]

Dear Emmanuel,

I mainly objected against your word "unfortunately", and I am not sure whether or not science really needs a primordial particle. Do we really need inflation as to get the universe real, isotropic, and flat? Are such questions really fundamental? Why not making our homework more carefully? I would appreciate those who are in position and willing to reveal mistakes. May I ask you to comment on the essay by Peter Jackson?

Eckard

Emmanuel Moulay

With your enlightened comments, I became aware that the assumption that photons are the primordial elements of the physical evolution of the universe is different from the assumption of having a fundamental element. A fundamental element means that all is made of the same element, whereas a primordial element means that there is a physical evolution (similar to the biological evolution). I have also understood that there is a natural definition of masses and that we don't have the Higgs mechanism in this framework. Finally, the photon as a primitive element is an alternative solution to quantum gravity because the unity of Physics is done by the physical reality of photons and the initial singularity can be removed.

I have written a new version of my essay which is in attached file. I hope that this new version is clearer.

EmmanuelAttachment #1: Photon.pdf

[deleted]

Dear Emmanuel,

Congratulations for a thought-provoking essay.

However, if we are to assume that the photon is a fundamental element of the universe, and assumedly the most basic building block of everything, then we must re-evaluate our big-bang theories as well, because it is inconceivable to have even a single photon in the emptiness (and most likely pitch-dark), of the pre-big-bang space, and yet we are certain that the seed(s) of everything was/were there already, or we wouldn't exist today. Are we to assume that before everything, there was light? It is very possible of course, but then we must re-evaluate a lot of other ideas as well.

Best Regards

Pantelis

Emmanuel Moulay

Dear Pantelis,

Thank you for your comment. As I explain in my previous post with a new version of my essay, it is better to say that photons are the primordial elements rather than the fundamental elements. Indeed, photons are not the basic building block of everything but everything comes from photons. It is a physical evolution.

Concerning your question, there are 2 different points. The first one is that indeed I suppose that light/photons were still here at the Big Bang. The second one concerns the "pre-big-bang" space. I suppose that time is given by the possibility of motion for the matter relative to light/photons (see my eprint http://cel.archives-ouvertes.fr/cel-00511837). Thus, if there are only photons, the notion of time falls down. I suppose that the Planck epoch is the period where there are only photons. What about the quantum fluctuations? When you look at the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (see equation (2) of the essay), you see that this principle also falls down when time falls down. Thus, quantum fluctuations are not allowed and this is the reason why I say "At the Planck epoch, we suppose that there are only photons" in my essay and I have added in the new version that "pair productions are not allowed". I don't know how a first pair production can begin.

Emmanuel

[deleted]

erroçr sorry I said why light has no mass.....answer the different sense of rotation implies the gravitational stability or the light linearity.

The gravitomagnetism respecting the entanglement seems relevant for the evolution and its increase of mass.The sense seems relevant if we take two main gauge oriented with the center of the Universe, the polarity becomes clearer.

ps I think this number is the same than the number of cosmological spheres.

This ultim fractal probably is the same realtively speaking for the quantum world.

Now I beleive that this serie is finite for a correct coded evolution.

It's essential at my opinion for the real meaning of infinite series.

We can multiplicate the number of cosmological spheres, that doesn't mean they change in their pure number.

The lattices between spheres if we respect the volumes are in this proportionality.They are finite alo thus.Now probably what the evolution and the fusion mass light implies different variables in this new constant between entangled spheres, V,mass,density....I ask me if the volumes change in time or if they rest constant.

I think they change proportionally with entropy and time and are also linked with mass ,density and their rotations spinals and orbitals.

The lattices are proportionals also.

What I find fascinating is the ultim fractal of the main central sphere, like our center of our universal sphere.If we see the volumes which increase towards the number 1 the biggest physical volume, after the universal sphere.

This fractal is fascinating because we see the effects of contraction and the lattices which disappear if the volumes increase........now of course this perception if difficult but the rotations around the universal center can harmonize our datas of evolution,we can see in the past our actual rotation and its volumes of spheres for a concrete extrapolation of our Universal sphere and all its rotations inside an evolving volume purelly linked with entropy.

Regards

Steve

Emmanuel Moulay

Dear all,

I think that I have found the first physical consequence of my theory of "primordial light/photons" and it concerns the physical explanation of inflation.

In order to explain our universe, we need an exponential expansion of the early universe: this is the theory of inflation. But the detailed particle physics mechanism responsible for inflation is not known. I think that I have an explanation. At the Planck epoch, we suppose that we have only light/photons. I have explained that time cannot exist. Time begins with the first pair production of matter in two photon collisions. We have enough energy to produce all fundamental particles. In this theory, inflation corresponds to the creation of matter. Indeed, light does not occupy any volume contrary to matter. If we start with light/photons, we need a period of matter creation and I think that this period is inflation. Primordial matter creation in two photon collisions tremendously inflates the universe because matter occupies a volume. I find this explanation very exciting, but it is only my opinion. Moreover, I don't see any other physical explanation for inflation.

Emmanuel

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