The Universe and Photons by Emmanuel Moulay

[deleted]

Emmanuel,

I understand they are two different descriptions of the same thing. Since you are making the argument that light is the fundamental element, then it not only must have the ability to expand as radiation, but contract as mass. My question is whether the particle manifestation is the initial state of the contraction stage.

[deleted]

Dear Emmanuel,

I mainly objected against your word "unfortunately", and I am not sure whether or not science really needs a primordial particle. Do we really need inflation as to get the universe real, isotropic, and flat? Are such questions really fundamental? Why not making our homework more carefully? I would appreciate those who are in position and willing to reveal mistakes. May I ask you to comment on the essay by Peter Jackson?

Eckard

Emmanuel Moulay

With your enlightened comments, I became aware that the assumption that photons are the primordial elements of the physical evolution of the universe is different from the assumption of having a fundamental element. A fundamental element means that all is made of the same element, whereas a primordial element means that there is a physical evolution (similar to the biological evolution). I have also understood that there is a natural definition of masses and that we don't have the Higgs mechanism in this framework. Finally, the photon as a primitive element is an alternative solution to quantum gravity because the unity of Physics is done by the physical reality of photons and the initial singularity can be removed.

I have written a new version of my essay which is in attached file. I hope that this new version is clearer.

EmmanuelAttachment #1: Photon.pdf

[deleted]

Dear Emmanuel,

Congratulations for a thought-provoking essay.

However, if we are to assume that the photon is a fundamental element of the universe, and assumedly the most basic building block of everything, then we must re-evaluate our big-bang theories as well, because it is inconceivable to have even a single photon in the emptiness (and most likely pitch-dark), of the pre-big-bang space, and yet we are certain that the seed(s) of everything was/were there already, or we wouldn't exist today. Are we to assume that before everything, there was light? It is very possible of course, but then we must re-evaluate a lot of other ideas as well.

Best Regards

Pantelis

Emmanuel Moulay

Dear Pantelis,

Thank you for your comment. As I explain in my previous post with a new version of my essay, it is better to say that photons are the primordial elements rather than the fundamental elements. Indeed, photons are not the basic building block of everything but everything comes from photons. It is a physical evolution.

Concerning your question, there are 2 different points. The first one is that indeed I suppose that light/photons were still here at the Big Bang. The second one concerns the "pre-big-bang" space. I suppose that time is given by the possibility of motion for the matter relative to light/photons (see my eprint http://cel.archives-ouvertes.fr/cel-00511837). Thus, if there are only photons, the notion of time falls down. I suppose that the Planck epoch is the period where there are only photons. What about the quantum fluctuations? When you look at the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (see equation (2) of the essay), you see that this principle also falls down when time falls down. Thus, quantum fluctuations are not allowed and this is the reason why I say "At the Planck epoch, we suppose that there are only photons" in my essay and I have added in the new version that "pair productions are not allowed". I don't know how a first pair production can begin.

Emmanuel

[deleted]

erroçr sorry I said why light has no mass.....answer the different sense of rotation implies the gravitational stability or the light linearity.

The gravitomagnetism respecting the entanglement seems relevant for the evolution and its increase of mass.The sense seems relevant if we take two main gauge oriented with the center of the Universe, the polarity becomes clearer.

ps I think this number is the same than the number of cosmological spheres.

This ultim fractal probably is the same realtively speaking for the quantum world.

Now I beleive that this serie is finite for a correct coded evolution.

It's essential at my opinion for the real meaning of infinite series.

We can multiplicate the number of cosmological spheres, that doesn't mean they change in their pure number.

The lattices between spheres if we respect the volumes are in this proportionality.They are finite alo thus.Now probably what the evolution and the fusion mass light implies different variables in this new constant between entangled spheres, V,mass,density....I ask me if the volumes change in time or if they rest constant.

I think they change proportionally with entropy and time and are also linked with mass ,density and their rotations spinals and orbitals.

The lattices are proportionals also.

What I find fascinating is the ultim fractal of the main central sphere, like our center of our universal sphere.If we see the volumes which increase towards the number 1 the biggest physical volume, after the universal sphere.

This fractal is fascinating because we see the effects of contraction and the lattices which disappear if the volumes increase........now of course this perception if difficult but the rotations around the universal center can harmonize our datas of evolution,we can see in the past our actual rotation and its volumes of spheres for a concrete extrapolation of our Universal sphere and all its rotations inside an evolving volume purelly linked with entropy.

Regards

Steve

Emmanuel Moulay

Dear all,

I think that I have found the first physical consequence of my theory of "primordial light/photons" and it concerns the physical explanation of inflation.

In order to explain our universe, we need an exponential expansion of the early universe: this is the theory of inflation. But the detailed particle physics mechanism responsible for inflation is not known. I think that I have an explanation. At the Planck epoch, we suppose that we have only light/photons. I have explained that time cannot exist. Time begins with the first pair production of matter in two photon collisions. We have enough energy to produce all fundamental particles. In this theory, inflation corresponds to the creation of matter. Indeed, light does not occupy any volume contrary to matter. If we start with light/photons, we need a period of matter creation and I think that this period is inflation. Primordial matter creation in two photon collisions tremendously inflates the universe because matter occupies a volume. I find this explanation very exciting, but it is only my opinion. Moreover, I don't see any other physical explanation for inflation.

Emmanuel

Edwin Klingman

Dear Emmanuel,

Alternatively, consider the Planck epoch as consisting only of a gravitation field, expanding outward [it must expand outward--else it simply contracts forever to an infinitely dense point.] The equivalent mass of the out-flowing field energy is positive kinetic energy, whereas the gravitational potential energy is negative, and the two may actually cancel to provide a 'free lunch' universe that arose from zero energy. The outward expansion of the gravito-electric G-field energy has momentum, and hence, as mass-current, induces gravito-magnetic C-field circulation [analogous to charge-current inducing electromagnetic circulation]. But the perfect radial symmetry suppresses the circulation until symmetry breaks. At that point the suppressed gravito-magnetic field is released and the Lorentz-like force equation clearly shows an inflationary force, as related in my essay. I write this in response to your "not seeing any other physical explanation for inflation."

Although I do not go into detail in my essay [I do so in the references] the C-field vortices that result from the self-interacting gravito-magnetic (C-) field are Yang-Mills phenomena that produce electric charge when they condense to electrons and quarks. Only at this point, in my framework, can photons come into existence. Are you proposing that photons exist 'before' charge and that it is the pair-production that brings charge into the universe?

Thanks for your consideration,

Edwin Eugene Klingman

Emmanuel Moulay

Dear Edwin,

Actually, I do not consider gravitation as fundamental. I think that the content is fundamental, not the container. Moreover, among the content I think that light/photons are the primordial elements. Yes, I consider that the Planck epoch is the light epoch. I think that time comes from the possibility of motion for matter relative to the speed of light, thus time does not exist at the Planck epoch. At the boundary of the Planck epoch, we have enough energy to produce all the fundamental particles in two photon collisions. In particular, it is possible to produce fermionic matter and antimatter. Due to the Pauli exclusion principle, all fermions/antifermions exhibit space-occupying behavior that violently inflate the universe.

To sum up, I think that:

- the Planck epoch is the light epoch,

- inflation is due to the birth of fermionic matter and antimatter.

Emmanuel

[deleted]

Emmanuel,

I very much liked your paper. Explaining gravity in terms of photons is difficult. I had to concede that while photons are the most fundamental particle; wave-functions provide the structure for particles and space-time alike. In fact, phasors of the form, V=V_0 e^{i\theta}[/

[math]V=V_0 e^{i\theta}[/math]

bear a striking resemblance to wave-functions which are of the form,

\Psi = e^{i(kx-\omega t)}

[math]\Psi = e^{i(kx-\omega t)}[/math]

[deleted]

Just one more comment about gravity. Time dilation is associated with gravity, relativistic velocity, Equivalence Principle g-force, etc... Time dilation changes the duration of a second.

Photons are the only particle whose energy content is retained as frequency; E=hf. Photons are fundamental for everything in the Standard Model (particles, quantum mechanics, etc...).

Frequency is in cycles per second. Gravitational time dilation (and its equivalents) change the duration of a second.

Call it conjecture, but I think that is how photons are related to gravity.

Emmanuel Moulay

Dear Jason,

Thank you for your comment. Indeed, I think as you, that photons are fundamental to define time and more exactly to define the time variable. I have written an eprint about the nature of time http://cel.archives-ouvertes.fr/cel-00511837. Gravitation is not really fundamental for me. The General Relativity tells us that the energy models the spacetime behaviour and modifies time and space. So, the content is fundamental and not the container. Among the content I think that photons are the primordial element. I am still working on this idea in order to correct several mistakes I have made in my essay and to suggest some physical consequences of this assumption.

Emmanuel

[deleted]

Dear Emmanual,

I enjoyed reading your paper. I agree that time is not fundamental; others have attributed it to motion of matter. Personally, I think time is a bit more involved.

Photons have some amazing properties that make them special (in addition to fundamental). For example, one second is defined as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom. The fact that a quantity of time is defined by a photon frequency is a subtle point that has overwhelming importance.

I agree with you that time travel is impossible. Since the Grandfather paradox denies time travel, then perhaps nature observes causality. Of course our everyday experience confirms causality. But how does nature uphold causality? It made sense to make photons the carrier of causality. Since all particles can be decomposed into photons, then photons are still carriers of causality, even if they are trapped within particles.

Israel Perez

Dear all

I have read Emmanuel's essay which is interesting. I just want to make a comment in relation to the wave-particle duality of section 5. I think that this problem has to be addressed from its roots. You may recall that at the beginning of the XVI the theory of vortices of Descartes was the prevailing paradigm in continental Europe. Later, two different approaches to explain light phenomena, were put forward, that is, that light was a particle (Newton) and that light was a wave (Huyghens). Since then the problem still prevails. However, few of us question what a particle is. In this sense, there are approaches from the theory of solitons in which a particle can be seen as a localized soliton (or quasi-particle). The properties of solitons are well known and studied, when two solitons interact they can show inelastic behavior, also as they move they manifest length contraction in proportion to the speed (Lorentz contraction), a positive amplitude represents the matter, and a negative amplitude antimatter, etc. And by following this approach it has been shown that there is no duality of waves and particles. The conceptual cost to be paid for this transition is to recognize that space is not just a geometrical vessel (as it is seen in relativity) but that space is a material continuum. This assumption has the consequence of the existence of a privileged frame (the material continuum itself) which can be used to explain dark matter and dark energy. However, most of us know that the idea of privileged frame is something most researchers are not open to entertain. But if this forum is about new ideas, I think that it is worth to consider very radical approaches. If anyone is interested you may like to see this: C. Christov, Math. Comput. Simul., 80, 91 (2009). Other related references and some of the philosophical ideas that help to justify this approach can be found in my essay posted here.

Good luck in the contest

Kind regards

Israel Perez

Emmanuel Moulay

Dear Israel,

I totally agree with the fact that we need a new very radical approach. I think that most of the physicists cannot really think that the standard model with the Higgs bosons, gravitons, dilatons, dark matter and dark energy is the right solution. It is certainly time for a new revolution. In the civil society, a revolution does not come from the Establishment but from the street. I think that it is the same in science. A scientific revolution comes from independent researches that change the paradigms. We can believe that we will find all the particles needed for the standard model but I think that we need a new physical revolution with a new physical assumption.

Emmanuel

[deleted]

Hello dear Emmanuel,

you say "In the civil society, a revolution does not come from the Establishment but from the street. "

I love these words, indeed indeed.

A real revolution arrives hihihi

ps il est agréable de voir des lucidités universelles parmis les méandres des confusions, la simplicité semble arpenter les équations de généralité.

Cordialement

Steve

[deleted]

Dear Emmanuel

I agree with you. But I think your are missing one important factor in a revolution. Those who pretend to make the revolution are united following well established ideals. So far I do not clearly see this point. So, in my opinion it will take a long time before we agree what is the best choice. In the age of Maxwell (~1873) there were several approaches to explain light and electromagnetic phenomena. After more than ten years that the treatise on electricity and magnetism was published only a few knew about it, among them was Hertz and the Maxwellians (Heaviside, Larmor, FitzGerald, etc.) who finally promoted and proved that Maxwell's ideas were right. They improved Maxwell's work and they supported Maxwell's work because from among all proposals, Maxwell's was the most coherent both physically and mathematically. In this sense, the same occurred to relativity and quantum mechanics. Their success were not only because they predicted and explained physical phenomena but because they had upholders who agreed in both their philosophy and their mathematical formulation. The proposal I was discussing in my previous post is right now in a similar status. But in order for a theory to be successful physicists should pay attention to it, no matter if this theory contradicts well established theories. This point can be exemplified by recalling how the Ptolemaic system was overthrown by the Copernican system. Although the Ptolemaic formulation was able to predict the motion of celestial bodies, the Copernican' released astronomers from cumbersome calculations. But the cost of this system had profound philosophical implications, namely that the earth is not a privileged place in the universe. Now the proposal I have been talking about requires a privileged frame. So are we open to entertain this and abandon relativity in the same way that scientist abandon the Ptolemaic system?

Please feel free to rebut this point.

Israel

[deleted]

Dear Israel,

It's probably a good idea to hear different points of view. It's hard to imagine a privileged frame the size of the universe. However, I've entertained fanciful ideas of hyper-drives. I've imagined a bubble or small enclosure of space-time inside of a hyper-space. It gave me a fun and clever way to sidestep the limitations of space-time.

I like the idea of the soliton. It seems to fit with the "theme" of physics.

As for particle-wave duality, there is an easy way to fix this. Photons, and in fact all particles, are really waves. It's when we see them at low resolution (or far away) that they look one dimension. Stars are gigantic spheres of radiant energy. But viewed from lightyears away, they are just dots in the sky.

Israel Perez

Dear Jason

Thank you for your reply. I know that it is hard to imagine a privileged frame the size of the universe, but I am sure you will agree that it is harder to visualize a universe with eleven dimensions.

I am curious of what is the meaning of "It seems to fit with the "theme" of physics".

I also agree with you when you say that photons and particles are both waves, in fact, a soliton is a wave.

Kind regards

Israel

[deleted]

Hi Israel,

I: "Thank you for your reply. I know that it is hard to imagine a privileged frame the size of the universe, but I am sure you will agree that it is harder to visualize a universe with eleven dimensions."

No argument there. :-)

I:"I am curious of what is the meaning of "It seems to fit with the "theme" of physics"."

I've noticed some reoccuring themes in physics. Things like wave-function interference patterns that add to zero (destructive). Light and waves do that. Cars, rocks and people certaintly don't add to zero. Another example is conservation laws. When we were kids, we would ask our parents for money, and they would say: NO!!! Conservation of energy is a lot like that. Another example would be that the Uncertainty Principle seems to fit snuggly with our personal experiences that (a) everyone makes mistakes, (b) a lot more is completely unknown than most people let on, (c) if nobody is watching it, who knows what it could be; (d) if you haven't looked, then you don't know what it is (in spite of your insistence otherwise). :-D

Solitons exist. Well, at least there is phenomena that fits the mathematical profile. I wonder if anyone has ever been run over by a soliton?

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