I will add your essay to the list of them that I am reading.

Indeed, the divide between analog and digital lies in how we perceive reality.

The relationship between the continuous and discrete aspects of the world seems to be an example of a complementary principle. I am not sure how this can be formally demonstrated. Yet it appears that wave functions and continuous structures of that nature are not directly observed, whereas what we do observe are particle or the discrete event of a particle occurrence.

Your essay was pretty good and enjoyable.

Cheers LC

    Dear Ian

    I'll need to read your essay again more carefully and will do so, but your response above to Robert Spoljaric interested me as much and seemed to be fully consistent with the basis of my own essay rather than the ruling paradigm.

    There also seems to be a similar strong consistent and broad 'new physics' theme emerging in a number of others, including our current leader Jarmo, also Edwin, Robert, Willard, Georgina, Rafael and the list goes on.

    Do you think FQXi may at last be engendering the fundamental paradigm shift it was conceived for? or do you feel the new green shoots will be trampled on yet again? or are not worth nurturing? I'd be interested in your views on mine and the above if you have time to add them to your list!

    Best of luck.

    Peter

      Thanks, I'm glad you liked it! I think the continuous v. discrete debate was actually at the true heart of the original complementarity principle. If you read Bohr's writings and those of people who adhered to his principles, I think you'll find that this is precisely at the core of what they were talking about.

      Peter,

      Unfortunately, I'm a bit of a cynic so I don't necessarily think FQXi is engendering any paradigm shift (though I think it does a great deal of good). There are just too many people out there who see FQXi as an organization of cranks (ignoring the fact that there are five Nobelists among us).

      That said, there may be a slow shift happening in foundational circles. But I don't think anything will truly change until there is a major breakthrough in experiment. Just my opinion (though one shared by a few other people).

      Ian

      Ian

      Thanks. Cynicism seems difficult to fight in current conditions, and experimental results now seem consistently defined by the ruling paradigm not the other way round. Who would now volunteer for the 'crank label by being inconsistent?!

      If you really are am empiricist I really do hope you might look over my essay and advise what may be physically wrong with the empirically consistent solution to unification at it's heart.

      You'll need to slow down and think carefully at a few key points. It appears it's only lack of that care that has prevented the solution being seen before now.

      There was something very moot late in your essay I'd like to return to, in the meantime I'd be richly honoured by any views on mine. (2020 Vision, a model of discretion..)

      Best wishes

      Peter

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        • Post #79

        Dear Ian,

        I have just had a quick read of your essay. I was very pleasantly surprised as I had thought it might be far to complicated for me to understand. I will certainly read it again when I have more time and am less tired.It is written in an accessible and clear way.

        The introduction is excellent. You are the first, that I have read , who plainly asks what is actually meant by continuous and discreet, as well as asking what is meant by reality. You are right to highlight the limits to objective knowledge. We can not know because our knowledge is limited by the need to make detections and interpret them. There is some overlap with last years question here.

        Any way It looks like you have done a very good job of addressing the essay question in an enjoyable and relevant way.

        I was sorry to hear of the loss of your father in Law.

        Good luck. Georgina

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          • Post #80

          I find it hard to understand why one would identify radical reversals of known science with a great creative surge of knowledge, when the facts say otherwise. Arguably, the most revolutionary ideas in physics in the last 300 years -- Einstein's -- were founded in the revolution that Newton started, not in any new way of doing physics. Even now, where relavitity meets quantum mechanics, most bets are on quantum field theory to extend Einstein's work, not overturn it.

          Regardless of the charatcerizations of popularizers, objective knowledge viewed in an objective manner is hard won and incremental -- like the process of evolution itself.

          Tom

          Dear Ian,

          your essay has the merit, I think, to discuss with more clarity than other participants the distinction between the ontological and epistemological spheres.

          There is a (minor) point on which I tend to disagree, or at least I need clarification. You write:

          "This idea simply formalizes the somewhat intuitive notion that causality is somehow related to continuity. To get a better conceptual understanding of this, suppose two events, A and B, are causally connected. Then there must be some way to get information from one to the other without exceeding the speed of light (or, more formally, they must be either timelike or lightlike separated). If spacetime is discontinuous, how do we know that this information couldn't 'jump around' from point to point? Continuity guarantees that the information follows a nice, orderly 'path' between A and B. This should make it easy to see the conceptual attraction of a continuous reality."

          I really do not see the coupling between causality and continuity as something that matches common intuition. In particular I am not sure I understand what you mean by writing that one might be worried by the possible uncontrolled jumps of information (possibly messing up causality, you probably imply) under a discontinuous spacetime assumption.

          I am indeed tempted to say that a discrete spacetime assumption, as embodied in a partial order/directed-graph model (a causal set) would create less problems to intuition, as far as causality flow is concerned, due to the explicitly represented paths that information may follow in the discrete structure: you explicitly indicate which event influences which other event. (And Lorentz distance, in the continuum, in nicely approximated by graph-theoretic longest-path distance, in the discrete setting.)

          Tommaso

            Dear Ian,

            Effectively, there is three different (dx/dt): the mathematical (dx/dt)_math where x and t are just mathematical objects; the theoretical (dx/dt)_th where x is the physical quantity "position" and t the physical quantity "time" (each with its respective unit); and (dx/dt)_exp related to an experimental realization given according to a concrete operational recipe and system.

            However, for the case (dx/dt = c) discussed here, there is not difference between the theoretical and the experimental because the experimental value of c is exact in the SI and as said in a previous post: "Relations as (Dx/Dt = c = dx/dt) given by me in this forum are independent of the «given existing technology»".

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            • Post #84

            Hi Ian,

            Another nicely constructed and argued essay -- and of course I'm glad you arrived at the conclusion that the next question to ask is whether it's possible to have a "quantum" theory that's not discrete. I'm looking forward to hearing more of your thoughts on that topic.

            Only a couple of nitpicks:

            - I didn't follow your leap from "imprecision" to "discontinuity". Yes, measurements are imprecise. Does that mean the knowledge we gain from them is "discrete"? Well, maybe, but that's not how I tend to think of the word. But then in your conclusion you used the word "discontinuous", which I think is a much stronger claim (and more akin to how I view "discrete" in the first place). Was that word a slip, or is that what you really mean?

            - In my view of the world, "Classical, Newtonian physics" did indeed have competition after 1788 via Lagrange. A point I like to make, because I still don't think that people have properly wrapped their heads around how different variational principles are from what Lee Smolin calls the "Newtonian Schema".

            Best,

            Ken

              Tom,

              Yeah, I agree with you. In fact that's a bone of contention I have with field theories. That's also why I'm not a huge fan of Kuhn's "paradigm shift" interpretation of the history of science.

              Ian

              Peter,

              I will promise to look over your essay. I have a stack I have to read so it may be awhile before I get to it, but I promise to do so before too long.

              Ian

              Georgina,

              Thank you so much for the kind words! I am glad I made it accessible. It gives me faith that I'm in the right line of business (teaching at a small college, I mean).

              There is definitely some overlap with last year's question. In fact it has made me consider putting together a longer treatise on the subject that includes both last year's and this year's essays, perhaps as the core of a class I might offer.

              Ian

              Thanks Tommaso!

              I understand where you are coming from in regard to the directed graph approach (in fact, I would go one step further and use category theory). But what I was saying was that, at least to some people (this is obviously not all), a causal spacetime would necessarily seem like it had to be continuous. In fact, Hawking and Sachs wrote an interesting article on this back in the '70s and suggested that, at least in macrophysics, causal continuity should be a fundamental postulate.

              My argument, which was brief due to length restrictions, essentially is as follows. Imagine a simple 2-D spacetime with coordinates x and t. If spacetime is continuous, then we can think of it as an infinite "world-sheet," so-to-speak, and we can overlay our x and t axes anywhere on it. Now, in a discontinuous spacetime, we can think of it rather as a collection of disconnected points. It makes no sense to globally overlay x and t axes here because x and t are not defined in between the points. So the x and t can only be defined locally *on* the points. But then, it might be perfectly possible for information to hop from point to point even if it is "sideways." It would seem to violate a macro-causality, though wouldn't really on a micro scale since spacetime would only be locally defined. At some point I should work up some diagrams to help better explain what I am trying to say here.

              Hey Ken,

              Thanks! I've read yours, by the way. I just haven't had a chance to post my comments yet (or did I?). Regarding "discontinuous" v. "discrete" I do, admittedly, use them interchangeably in that essay, though they are not necessarily the same. In the sense that I'm using it, I'm saying truly continuous measurements are not technologically (perhaps physically) possible due to the imprecision of measurements. I'm not sure how to better explain it, but basically continuous measurements require instantaneous measurements (or at least the ability to make them) and the latter are physically impossible.

              I'm not sure I see how Lagrange's variational principles differ from Newtonian mechanics. In fact, Newton was the first to develop variational principles (famously, though perhaps apocryphally, in a debate with the Bernoulli brothers).

              Ian

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              • Post #90

              Ian,

              Just so! Despite Kuhn's wider popularity, I was always more drawn to Popper's rejection of all forms of historicism (Kuhn, Hegel/Marx, etc.) in favor of the progressive model of critical rationalism (although I admit my personal philosophy is more rational idealist).

              Anyway, when you spoke of "hopping sideways" among points, it struck a chord, because a week or so ago I happened to be thumbing through an old copy on my bookshelf of Roscza Petr's book on infinity. One of the illustrations had to do with mapping a discrete point to every locus of another independent set of points -- possible only if the point is of sufficient distance from the other set. Because we assume that there are no such isolated points in our universe, your "hopping" model would be the only physical way to connect all the dots (so to speak). For this reason, I think if quantum field theory is to succeed, it will have to be topological (Witten) where distance has a different meaning. More insight in my essay, if you get a chance.

              Tom

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              • Post #91

              complementarity