EARLY COSMIC DENSITIES AS MOTHER NATURE'S THORN IN THE FLESH OF COSMOLOGISTS

We all know Mother Nature's gradualist ways and have coined phrases for them: "Rome was not built in a day"; "a journey of a thousand miles starts with a step", "little drops of water make a mighty ocean", etc. Unfortunately, some cosmologists would prefer that the universe become wealthy overnight. The universe is now 1052kg rich (i.e. about 1069J) and they want to force this wealth, our current mass estimate into the very beginning (time zero), the Planck epoch and the other early times. Of course, Mother Nature has resisted this get-rich-quick attitude and has inflicted such versions of our Big bang model with riddles, like the flatness and singularity problems for example.

In this post, I quote from Steven Weinberg's popular book, The First Three Minutes,

"As the explosion continued the temperature dropped ...but the temperature continued to drop, finally reaching one thousand million degrees (109K) at the end of the first three minutes. It was then cool enough for the protons and neutrons to begin to form nuclei, starting with the nucleus of heavy hydrogen (or deuterium), which consists of one proton and one neutron".

Cosmologists generally admit uncertainty of what the scenario is at time zero, less uncertainty at the Planck epoch but some confidence of the situation at three minutes because knowing what the binding energies of nuclei are, the ambient energies that must be present at three minutes to enable their formation (nucleo-synthesis) can be deduced. For example, the binding energy of the nucleus of heavy hydrogen (deuterium) and that of helium are 2.2 MeV and 28.3 MeV respectively with the corresponding temperatures permitting stability being ~1010K and 1011K. These quantitative values are not controversial.

We can therefore say with confidence that if the ambient energies and temperatures at the end of the first three minutes are above their binding energy values, hydrogen and helium nuclei cannot form. For example, at 1012K energies are too high and only a quark-gluon plasma can be stable. See Wikipedia: Chronology of the universe, and also hyperphysics website for reference to the timelines.

Now, there are formulae that help us relate the energy density within a given volume to the temperature using blackbody radiation laws. See for sample reference, "Radiation Energy Density". Same formulae are used to estimate the 1032K temperature at the Planck epoch from the Planck density.

From the foregoing, if cosmologists decide to be greedy and accumulate all our current material wealth within three minutes, i.e. ~1052kg (~1069J), given the standard model expansion rate, our universe will be about 5.4 x 1010m radius (with volume ~ 6.6 x 1032m3), giving us an energy density of ~1036J/m3, (~1019kg/m3) at this time. This energy density translates to temperatures about 6.6 x1012K and ambient energies of ~669 MeV, which is so much higher than can permit the formation of nuclei for deuterium (binding energyAttachment #1: Cover.pdf

    a month later

    Causality is associated with time. The problem with time is that in a lot of equations it can go backward or forward. However, the attached presents a uni-directional model of proper time-- modeled as a stream of clock times supporting "informorphisms."

    Information flow between parts of the Universe then occurs by means of the "infomorphisms" supported in each instance of proper time.

    In general, an infomorphism is a transmission of information between the parts of a distributed system.

    The model is here.

    2 months later

    COSMOLOGY : WHAT THE SPACE - TIME IS MADE OF ?

    The beauty of Cosmology relies on its generosity : you are always in very good company even when you are totally wrong.

    Jurandyr Arone Maués - Mechanical Engineer - Pontifícia Universidade Católica Rio de Janeiro, 1976.

    Contacts : + 55 11 971602339 - mauesj@gmail.com

    Defined for the unrivalled genius of Albert Einstein, we know today that we live involved by an entity known as the fabric space-time.

    Many of its properties are known and others not yet.

    I believe that our bigger unfamiliarity is exactly its more basic characteristic: of what it is constituted?

    As Engineer, then I relate the fabric term something of real, concrete existence and with well defined physical parameters.

    Ok, we are speaking of a unique e very special type of fabric much more sophisticated and with characteristics much more complex of what those physical entities that we coexist daily in our trivial daily experiences.

    But still we are talking about a real entity and that, already evidenced by observation, it is subjects to mechanical deformations in the presence massive objects.

    Bigger the mass of the object, greater the deformation caused in the fabric space-time around it.

    Here I make an interruption for a commentary of much importance: I have no pretension to arrive at any conclusion but simply to provoke, with my questions, people much more capable then me, who certainly already thought about the subject and perhaps came to an answer. As somebody without formation in Physics, and therefore not specialist in Cosmology, I have the risk to be incurring into primary and basic errors or to be plagiarizing, not intentionally, in all or part the some published work already. For the eventual readers of this text I anticipated excuse for the occurrence of the two possibilities

    Let us come back to the subject and let's try to structuralize some logical and simple line of reasoning that has as consequence the establishment of hypotheses and questions with a minimum value.

    A real entity called space-time and therefore formed by something responsible for its existence and characteristics.

    I imagine that the understanding as how it was created will automatically help us to understand of what it is constituted.

    We need then to establish a start point which can be considered as an unquestioned truth to be able to give continuity to this search.

    This initial concept could not be another but the postulate of the beginning of the Universe 14 billion years ago by a great explosion that we call Big Bang.

    Considering that everything that exists was created by the Big Bang, we can affirm that the structure space-time was created at a moment immediately after its occurrence.

    The space-time would be then stage in which all the remaining portion of the creation starts to have existence.

    Here, we have two important speculations:

    - the creation of the space-time precedes all the other creations.

    - the existence of a Universe is only possible if a structure space-time exists allowing the actors, from elementary particles to the great conglomerate of galaxies, can perform the wonderful spectacle of the Creation.

    If these affirmations are correct, we can imagine that, in its more basic essence, the space-time is formed by the same constituent of all the remaining portion of the Universe being the oldest, basic and primitive structure of the Universe over which all the rest had organized.

    Another interruption becomes necessary: Cosmology is the only area of Physics that allows anyone to exercise the imagination through texts like this with no mathematical structure, any observational base or suggesting experiments that prove the affirmations.

    Lack of seriousness? Not at all since in the origin of all scientific discovery, before the necessary, difficult, laborious and indispensable mathematical formalization, experimental or observational evidences, it comes the curiosity, intuition, much imagination, independence of the academic system strong established and many times guided by strong conservatism and the courage to dare without fear of the potential exposition of criticisms indispensable seeds to the scientific and technological advance of Mankind.

    With regard to the Mathematics, more important area of the human knowledge and for which I keep an enormous respect and admiration only comparable to the frustration to know it so little, I make only one comment that I consider relevant: the possibility of the existence of coherent and robust theories sufficiently sophisticated and sound but that do not describe reasonable physical realities.

    It is a trap created by the enormous power of the Mathematics and that I believe many physicists have fallen advocating complex theories that describe realities rejected by their lack of simplicity by wise nature that would not expend unnecessary efforts in its creations.

    Let us come back to the Big Bang to try to give another step in this speculation.

    At the moment of the collapse of the primordial singularity, the Big Bang, a finite but unimaginably amount of Energy is released in an infinitely short period of time that forms our Universe constituted of two great blocks: the space-time (stage) and particles that later will create from atoms to galaxies (actors).

    It becomes obvious that part of the Energy created the stage (space-time) and the another part the actors (elementary particles).

    What part became the stage and what part formed the actors?

    I do not know to quantify this reply but a strong intuition says to me that most was destined the construction of stage (space-time).

    And what is the reason of this intuition?

    If to consider that the addition of the energy contained in the space-time more the energy contained in elementary particles is constant and equal the 1, we have two sufficiently interesting and significant extreme cases that are:

    - all the energy of the creation was directed for the space-time and therefore in this in case that we do not have the elementary particle formation what it takes the reason between energy space-time and energy elementary particles equal the infinite.

    - all the energy of the creation now is directed for the elementary particle formation nothing remaining for the appearance of the space-time leading the reason between energy space-time and energy elementary particles equal the zero.

    In both the cases we have an only situation in which the two Universes possess a so great instability, represented for the results zero and infinite one, that result in its immediate extinguishing.

    In 1st case due the enormous energy contained in the space-time that makes with that its expansion happens so quickly reaching its limit of rupture instants after its creation.

    No longer 2nd in case that, the enormous energy accumulated for elementary particles makes with that its destruction also occurs immediately after its creation.

    The assumption that most of the energy was directed for the creation of the space-time is sufficiently convenient because in the aid to answer the question that gave to origin of this text.

    We arrive then the reply: as in our Universe we know that the great part of the mass and energy are not part of the actors and is called dark (in such a way the mass how much the energy) would be then it (dark mass + dark energy) the construction blocks of the space-time.

    Thus, when detecting or the mass or the dark energy we will be detecting the space-time!

    They remain two questions:

    - how much of the energy of the space-time it created the space and how much the time.

    - why the structure space-time meets in continues speed up expansion?

    If the space-time is subject to deformation, this means that the parcel space has mass and thus our space is formed by the dark substance and consequently the time for the dark energy.

    We have then the answer of the first question since we know how much energy and dark matter exist in our Universe.

    This model presents two basic relations for one determined Universe:

    - the ratio of energy between elementary space-time and particles and

    - the ratio of energy between the space and the time.

    However, we also have the reply the second question since the relation energy of the time on energy of the space is a constant, and therefore we conclude that the expansion of the space is obligator consequence of the expansion of the time.

    The energy of the time is used to make it "to flow" while the energy of the space is used for its expansion, that is the Universe this being used these two energies and at some moment in a very distant future these energies will be depleted determining in such a way the end of the space and the time.

    The fabric space becomes so tenuous that such fragility leads accurately to its disruption in the same instant that the time stops to exist what, for definition, it means the end of our Universe that already very before already becomes emptiness without the existence of an only elementary particle.

    But why the expansion of the fabric space-time is accelerating?

    We have a reservoir of energy being used to make the time to flow and another one being used for the expansion of the space.

    Considering that the taxes of use of these energies are constant we can imagine that for two equal and consecutive intervals of time, the occurred expansion in 2nd interval is necessarily bigger resulting in a speed of bigger expansion that that one presented in 1st interval.

    A final question : Is gravity constant or it varies with time ?

    Sao Paulo, Dec. 2012

      COSMOLOGY OF THE INFINVERSES

      The beauty of Cosmology relies on its generosity : you are always in very good company even when you are totally wrong.

      Physics is divided in 04 categories :

      - Conceptual

      - Theoretic

      - Experimental

      - Observational

      This document is a conceptual document.

      To become a Theory somebody must write it in Math.

      Once you have a Theory then we go to one of the next two levels to see if the Theory is right.

      Unless we have an observation or an experiment that confirms, or not, the theory, all we have are endless discussions.

      This is a speculative proposal description of a mechanism (Concept). To become a Theory must be explained using Math.

      The Infinverses is the ultimate macro structure of everything.

      It is composed by The Infinite and The Universes.

      There is an Infinite which is dimensionless, timeless, immaterial, continuous (?), eternal, homogeneous (?), isotropic, symmetric and highly and continuously active and reservoir of an infinite amount of Energy.

      This infinite reservoir of Energy is responsible for the rupture of the symmetry causing the creation of space time structures (Universes). Endless symmetry means no creation !

      Universes are discrete space-time structures in continuous expansion in both space and time with a pre determined finite existence in time continuously loosing energy at an increasing rate, containing or not particles, freely floating within the Infinite. The amount of Universes is finite but countless. They exist within the Infinite.

      Permanently and continuously huge amounts of Energy are released through the collapse of a primordial singularity creating a Universe. Creation of Universes is a continuous and eternal process generating a finite but countless Universes which are discrete and without any possible communication among them. This process creates a biunivocal relation between a given Universe and its primordial singularity. Because the Infinite is homogeneous and isotropic, all Universes obey the same laws of Physics.

      Once created, Universes continue to interact with the Infinite thru the absorption of Energy responsible for its continuous and accelerated expansion which will end by the extinction of the space time structure.

      The absorption of Energy explains the reason why there is no "creation" events within existent space time structures.

      If that absorption did not occur, we had a catastrophic creation of a space time structure within an existent one, generating the destruction of both.

      The expansion of the Universe is key to its survival by the consumption of endless amount of Energy from the Infinite, otherwise used to generate endless annihilation event of space time structures which would continuously created and destroyed.

      The communication among the universes is not possible because they (the space time structure) are expanding at speeds greater than the speed of light and any information travels at the speed of light.

      Another explanation is the biunivocal relation between a given Universe and its primordial singularity. If communication among them were possible, this postulate was broken.

      Any given Universe is composed by two fundamentals entities : the space-time structure (stage) and all elementary particles with all possible arrangements from atoms to galaxies (actors). At the moment of creation, part of the Energy is used to shape the stage and part to form the actors. It is possible to exist two different types of Universes : with the stage and actors (Gravity, Electro-Magnetism, Strong Nuclear Force and Weak Nuclear Force exist in these universes) and only with the stage (only Gravity exist in these universes).

      The ratio between the energy content of the space-time fabric and the energy amount of all particles, determine if life, as we know it, is possible at any given Universe.

      While the Fundamental Forces act within the context of particles, Gravity is a property, not a force, of the space time fabric. It manifests as a force due to the interaction between particles and space time.

      The expansion of the Universe is powered by the energy of the space-time fabric.

      Higher the amount of energy of the space-time fabric, more time this universe will exist. The end of a Universe is characterized by the end of the space-time fabric. First, all particles disappear resulting in a Universe with only space-time which will continue its expansion until the total consumption of its energy. At this moment we have what was already called Big Rip.

      As previous said, the expansion of the Universe is powered by the energy of the space-time fabric. The consequence of a space time with less energy is the decrease of the resistance of deformation caused by the presence of mass. The same mass will create a bigger deformation of space-time provoking the increase of the gravity with the passing of time.

        Happy to see you on this wonderful Platform Mr Maues,

        Best Regards

        Hi ,

        I see several corrélations with works of Prof.Max Tegmark andhis Multiverses.I have even explainedhere on fqxi that perhaps he could create the multispheres in considering the mathematical extrapolations.The mathematical singuarities can show us several roads where the physicallaws are changed.That said we return always to this uniquenss when we consider the whole.It is always this bridge between the physicality and this infinity which can imply confusions when we interpret this said physicality.The finite systems and the infinities and the infinity like the constants must be always rational and relative.

        In all case I liked your ideas general.Congratulations and thanks for sharing.Best Regards

        5 days later

        We can unify G h and c,we can also make convergences between the mathematical singularities,the Mtheory and strings with the main primordial field in 1D.The gravitational aether with my 3D Sphères could be correlated with this main promordial field at the difference that we have a 3D and that space does not exist ,only matter and energy exist.The extradimensions could converge.I consider a pure 3D universal system.This serie of spherical volumes proportional with this central biggest BH and correlated aether produced with the smallest 3D spherical volumes shows us that this space does not exist.We have furthermore a superimposing ofgravitational aethers due to this serie between thiscentral BH of this universal sphere and the number of supermassive BHs central to galaxies.I am persuaded that we have a finite serie precise.Like our quantum BHs towards the number 1 if I can say.Of course it seems very very difficult to know this number of BHs and the serie ,but in logic the relative quantum serie is in the same way.I ask me if this zero absolute is the aswer in encircling this thermo and heat our of standard model.In all case this gravitation is a different force,it seems evident.The harmonical oscillations the rotating 3D sphères ...all this puzzle can be harmonised after all.The aim being to chack this new energy.I don't know how to check this matter and correlated fields at the quatum scale, or cosmological scale.But perhaps that some people have ideas ? we need to check this gravitation but we must go more far than nuclear forces and also weaker with a new kind of field weaker than electromagnetism and photons.This standard model isencircled by this matter but how to see them,how to chaeck them,they are nor relativistic nor baryonic bosonic.At this cosmologicalscale, it is the same, how can we check these particles knowing that they are speeder and smaller than photons.In the two ways, we cannot see them or check them.That said their applications are incredible comparated to our actual engineerings due to our standard model.The energy tends to infinity when we go towards the central sphères, cosm or quant.All ideas are welcome :) if we chaeck this matter and correlated fields, wowww it is really revolutionarry.The sense of rotation simply perhaps....

        15 days later

        Fundamental questions addressed by Dynamic Universe Model

        This Model is new Cosmological model fundamentally and mathematically different from Bigbang, Steady state model etc. I am giving below its Foundational points, Present Day unsolved problems, which can't be solved by other prominent models, New Satellite Mass reduction technology and publications (Four Books published).

        Main foundational points of Dynamic Universe Model:

        -No Isotropy

        -No Homogeneity

        -No Space-time continuum

        -Non-uniform density of matter, universe is lumpy

        -No singularities

        -No collisions between bodies

        -No blackholes

        -No warm holes

        -No Bigbang

        -No repulsion between distant Galaxies

        -Non-empty Universe

        -No imaginary or negative time axis

        -No imaginary X, Y, Z axes

        -No differential and Integral Equations mathematically

        -No General Relativity and Model does not reduce to GR on any condition

        -No Creation of matter like Bigbang or steady-state models

        -No many mini Bigbangs

        -No Missing Mass / Dark matter

        -No Dark energy

        -No Bigbang generated CMB detected

        -No Multi-verses

        This Dynamic Universe Model is a singularity free and body-body collision free n-body problem solution based on Universal gravitational force acting on each and every body with some mass. It is a simple many body system solution. Its many predictions came true like existence Blueshifted Galaxies in the universe. Its prediction that there is no dark-matter was experimentally proved later. It successfully published solutions to vast variety of present day scientific problems using Its SITA simulations. Other simulations like SAVITRI and SUBBARAO were published. These other simulations addressed many other different problems like multiple bending of light etc.

        Here Cartesian co-ordinates did not give any problem. I used them upto 10^55 meters, Two three times larger than our visible universe. I can not recollect the numbers exactly. This approach solves many present day unsolved problems like

        3 months later

        To the community,

        I find the current essay contest to be frustrating. The rating process has major flaws. It is good that 219 essays have been submitted. I was hoping to be a part of a forum of interesting people with different ideas. However, the process has been disappointing. It seems, at times, to be more of a beauty pageant than a forum.

        In my essay Our Emergent Universe, I propose a completely new philosophical structure of reality. It is called Binary Reflective Field Theory. I think it solves many anomalies of modern physics, supports other unusual phenomena and acts as a framework to tie many different ideas together. Due to the 'beauty pageant' format of the contest, it will not be discussed or judged. Sorry if it sound like 'sour grapes', however it is my observation. Graham Cookson

          15 days later
          22 days later

          the surface around the universe makes a frame of reference for the universe things are not relative to the surface

          Kurt Stocklmeir

          13 days later

          if space is expanding and if this makes positive energy particles have a decrease of energy negative energy particles will have an increase of energy

          Kurt Stocklmeir

          neutrinos are tachyons - neutrinos flying around the universe would have an increase of energy if space is expanding and if this makes positive energy particles have a decrease of energy - neutrinos do not have an increase of energy when they are flying around the universe - space is not expanding

          Kurt Stocklmeir

          14 days later

          there are not any neutrinos from the big bang it did not happen

          Kurt Stocklmeir

          13 days later

          spring constant of time and space is not linear - this influences a lot of things like shape of time and space - because spring constant of time and space is not linear shape of time and space not linear for mass density and distance - as mass of star increases it is more hard to make shape of time and space change shape not linear - this is a little like a spring that has not linear spring constant - as spring expands it gets more hard to expand spring not linear - as distance from mass increases it is more simple to make shape of time and space change not linear - when there is a big distance from mass shape of time and space is more simple to change not linear - shape of time and space creates forces - these forces change not linear associated with mass density and distance - shape of time and space changes not linear different from 1/rr - forces created by shape of time and space not linear different from 1/rr - if shape of time and space creates gravity not linear decrease of gravity as distance increases from mass - this is different from 1/rr

          Kurt Stocklmeir

          5 days later

          Darwinian Universal

          The nature of the interaction between space and matter, what causes gravitational acceleration? is a question forefront in people's minds. But also the nature of the universal orders we observe, atomic and cosmological structures being very non-random and articulated. I will speak briefly to these now, but please bear in mind that I can corner these considerations with diverse justifications, if you should seek to test?.

          In simplest terms. What is the nature of the interaction between space and matter? The one we are going to consider now is arguably the simplest conceptual possibility. That Tuv (matter) is embedded in, and in the business of "metabolizing" a field of Guv (space). Guv and Tuv share equality, so it would make sense in terms of an energy transfer and conversion flowing from space to matter. So A. where does this Guv energy potential originate from? and B. what is it converted into that explains atomic process? A. Space possesses a cosmological expansive property which takes its measure as Auv cosmological redshift, which enables us to speculate that space that is metabolized by matter is a renewable resource. B. Conventional theory does not attribute a cause for the work actions of the fundamental forces, so we speculate that the energy potential derived from Auv space is converted to the mechanical actions of Gluons and Photons, and both taking their measure as magnitudes of velocity C.

          Summarizing

          Cosmological Auv represents the emergence rate of a universal energy field, which is then metabolized by matter on a local basis represented by the equation Guv = Tuv, enabling the atomic mechanical actions attributed to Gluons and Photons. So this is a really simple conceptualization, and an effective test would be to ask, do the following values possess equality, Auv = Guv = Tuv? Yes they do.

          Thats so far pretty brief and simple. I've put forward a hypothesis which relies on the extraordinary equality of various universal measures as evidence. But also provides an appealing chain of cause and effect that takes us beyond the notion of photons and Gluons being fundamental force. The theory of fundamental force being that of "force without a prior cause". The idea that Gluons and Photons are energy conserved systems, which somehow perform "work" functions as by-product, is aesthetically displeasing. It ascribes to theory of causeless work, and the actions of electron bonds being good example. Electron bonds manifest a property we can appreciate at the human scale of existence, evident as the glue that binds objects together. We can directly sense these bonds as we wrap our hands around objects and apply force against them, which hold resistant against our efforts. How can their persistent resistance to your forceful actions, be described in terms other than that of "work action"? We need to move past the notion of "causeless work actions".

          In addition to this, I will briefly mention a prospective explanation for atomic and cosmological structure, order, complexity, fine tuning. The code for which is written in photon and Gluon mechanics, a product of a long standing Co-evolution between two universal elements, Auv and Tuv. Auv being a regenerative elemental field of space, and the elemental aspect of Tuv being the Photons and Gluons that form the material universe.

          This hypothesis paints Auv as a regenerative field, and it can be speculated that anything that is continually regenerative, is capable of compounding changes, evolving, advancing its physical state. Tuv (matter) also demonstrates a capacity suggestive of re-generation, in the form of quark separations that generate identical copies of themselves. Not conceptually dissimilar to biological cellular divisions, which we understand leads to compounded changes we identify as Darwinian process. The standard theory of matter synthesis holds that photons created by a big bang event will spontaneously condense and precipitate to form atoms. This prescribes a whole lot of givens without adequate explanation. Atoms are wonderfully complex articulated machines, their properties evidenced by the universe they collectively build, including the form that makes you. The "given" that you must currently except for lack of an alternative explanation, is that "this can occur purely on basis of chance". However that is no longer the case as of the realizations presented here within, that allows for compounded changes to occur, leading to ever increased levels of complexity and fine tuning, an explanation for the world around us.

          This hypothesis brings to mind a scenario whereby the universe first emerges as a simplest possible configuration field quanta, and through continual regeneration compounded changes, evolved through ever shifting circumstances that eventuated as the universe we observe. A scenario like this might not easily come to mind, however I have begun to uncover a possible interpretation which can be judged for merit. And there is a persuasive case that can be made that the structure of the universe we observe around us, is evolved optimally for a purposeful interaction between space and matter, in terms of matter being spread out across space, optimized for atmospheric interaction.

          I opened this post with a question towards the nature of the interaction between space and matter. And I wouldn't really be doing the subject justice without prescribing cause, the motivation for gravitational acceleration. The main aspect of the puzzle of gravity, that holds us all spellbound. The before mentioned prescribes a scenario whereby natures forces are mediated via Photons and Gluons, which are enabled via a process of metabolism of the Auv elemental field of space. This being the case, it informs us where the motivation for universal force originates, and how it is mediated and subsequently expressed. The conventional take is that the strong nuclear force and gravity are two independent forces or phenomenon. But that ignores the rather obvious association between the two, that Gluons are the strong nuclear force from which mass is an emergent property, and it is the mass that responds to gravitational fields. So it is basic deduction that the (strong nuclear force) (Gluons) and (Mass) are all representative of one and the same property of matter. It is Gluonic Mass that both responds to gravitational fields and also possesses the capacity to mediate force, which is expressed as gravitational acceleration. In simplest terms, Gluons mediate the force that causes gravitational acceleration. If you want to qualify this possibility, then study the similarities that are known to exist between Gluons and Photons, and ask the question (if Photons can express motion, then could it be that Gluons can also express motion via the same general mechanism as Photons?

          These associations are made trivial within the wider context of the theory I refer to as Darwinian Universal, which theorizes that the differences between Photons and Gluons are mainly that of structural complexity, from which Gluons manifest the additional emergent properties of matter, being mass, nuclear and molecular bonds, heat process etc. Gluons that form matter are evolved Photons. My contest essay, which I should have titled Darwinian Universal, elaborates beyond what I have mentioned here.

          http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/2890

          I would like to engage this subject with the FQXi community please? I propose that my essay discussion page would be the right place to hold such a discussion, so I invite you to join me there please? Nobody would stumble across it otherwise, so I'll sprinkle a couple of these invitations around the forum. Please keep in mind that I will only be notified of your reply, if you post at my essay page.

          Thank you kindly for your considerations

          Steve

          Darwinian Universal

          I'm very pleased with the reviews my essay received, and for the community score that tallied. However I havent engaged with the community in discussions about it yet, either in a sense that might test it or allow me to elaborate further. I have added a post to my essay thread titled Darwinian Universal, which presents an explanation for why the concept of fundamental forces is flawed, in terms of being considered an energy conserving system which undertakes perpetual work effort. Electron bond persistency in binding matter for example. Having framed it in terms of what conventional approach is conceptually missing, I then present a solution in terms of my concept. That the question of what the nature of the interaction is that exists between space and matter that would marry quantum mechanics and general relativity, is the same question as "what is the prior cause for the fundamental forces that enables their work effort?. I propose that photon and gluon activity is the product of the interaction with space, and this is why the terms of Guv and Tuv share equality. Its an energy transfer and conversion. So matter being in the business of consuming an elemental field of space that enables photon activity, dictating the rate of causality which we interpret as time. This is how it corresponds to the theory of spacetime.

          This raises the question, if space is a resource matter is dependent on to maintain activity, then how can the resource remain persistent over time. Why is it not finite and subject to depletion? Auv cosmological emergence of space to the rescue. I cannot present the physics that would answer the how of Auv's continual emergence, but I can point to the observation and values attributed to its emergence, and the equality they share with universal values of Guv and Tuv. That their equality is highly suggestive they share a relationship that is causal. That Auv is a renewable resource which enables photon activity, and that Auv and Tuv are both elements of a universal system that allows for compounded changes and evolved purposeful structure and complexities to emerge. That all the activities on both atomic and cosmological scales, are evolved and optimized for their reason for existence, which is for efficiency of interaction between the Auv elemental field of space, and Tuv matter.

          This theory prescribes cause, purpose and meanings to aspects of the world where there has been nothing of the sort presented before. I would like the opportunity to demonstrate to people that this concept is deserving of discussion. Are you willing to join me please and help me kick it off? I will be holding the discussion on my essay page thread.

          http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/2890

          Thank you for your consideration

          Kind regards

          Steven Andresen

            Give nature an energy potential and it will invent a Darwinian circumstance of emergence. Take early oceanic life for example, algae invented a way to exploit the suns energy in a process known as Photosynthesis, which then founded the base of a food chain that blossomed through a diversified range of organisms of increasing levels of character and complexity. Krill that eat the algae, in turn eaten by small fish, eaten by bigger fish and squid, eaten by tuna, sharks, birds, dolphins and whales.

            Auv cosmological emergence is a like circumstance of Darwinian emergence, as a result of an as yet unidentified natural energy potential. Like the algae, this Auv elemental field of space foundations the base of a system that has compounded ever higher levels of universal order and complexity, in the form of atomic and cosmological structure. This is how elaborate Gluon and photon characteristics have emerged in the universe, and the circumstance whereby their activity is enabled by a metabolism of an Auv elemental field of space.

            8 days later

            Electromagnetism is considered one of the four fundamental forces of nature.

            Another force considered as fundamental is the strong nuclear force, for which the Gluon is the mediator, which importantly is the generator of "mass", which is the property of matter which responds to gravitational fields. Or I could have said it like this "The strong nuclear force makes the "MASS" which motivates the gravitational acceleration".

            Why do people believe gravity is a forth fundamental force independent of the other three, when clearly the strong nuclear force generates the property of matter "mass" that responds to gravitational fields? Why dont they acknowledge that Gluons mediate the force that drives gravitational acceleration? Because they are not trained as detectives to follow evidentary clues.

            But your question is about connecting magnetism to gravity, and it appears I have connected Gluon activity to gravity instead. What you have to realize is that Gluons and electromagnetism (EM) are very very similar entities as one another. So to relate gravitational interaction with EM, I show you that Gluons and EM are closely related.

            How are Gluons and EM related? They are related in every way! Electromagnetism is light (photons), and a useful value we can attribute to light is its velocity C. Mass is a measure of Gluon activity, and mass is a very tidy sum multiple of the speed of light kg x C x C. Or famously E=MC2. So it can be said that Gluon activity and Photon activity are correlated via proportionate magnitude of one another. Gluons and Photons also perform very similar roles as one another, in much the same way as one another. Gluons create the bonds which hold the nucleolus together, and photons create the bonds that hold electron bonds together. The theory of charge applies to both the Gluon and the Photon in the mediation of their bond interactions. You can visualize them as operating in very much the same way as one another. I could go on all day long about the similarities between Gluons and Photons, but that should be enough to make my point of their relation.

            So anyway, the key point to take home is that Gluons operate very much the same way as light (EM) does. Light can propel itself through the voids of space, so why couldn't Gluons be responsible for a similar capability of generating motion? Gluons generate mass, and mass motivates gravitational acceleration, so this is indeed how it can be interpreted.

            Magnetism and gravity are related, because an entity which is very closely related to magnetism, that is to say "Gluons" are the driving force for gravitational acceleration. Simple! Why dont people realize this? Because they are to confused by the idea that somehow the concept of "spacetime" will inform them how, why objects are set to motion. How can time motivate motion? is a question which leads nowhere!

            I appreciate what you are saying, and judge you fairly for saying it. You have to appreciate that is only a page of explanation, and so is stated in simple terms. I can provide further justifications. But it is an interesting idea isnt it, that Gluons are much the same as light, and light has the capacity for motion. That Gluons might be the force provider that motivates gravitational accelerations?

            I could answer toward your points directly, or I could provide a more interesting explanation from which you could infer the answers you need? Which I will do, but we can always come back to individual points whenever you like.

            If you are willing, I would like to discuss the question of the origin of force? Again lets focus on Gluons and photons, which is to say, strong nuclear force and electromagnetic force, whos actions are ascribed to the theory of "Fundamental Forces". Within this context, the word fundamental might be interpreted as a theoretical "first cause". Or force with no prior cause.

            There are some basic problems with the theory of "force with no prior cause". It raises the same general criticisms we might have for the notion of perpetual energy machines. But are these same general criticisms rightly directed towards the function of atomic forces? Fundamental forces do a lot of different things, but we want to identify an action which is clearly in the business of undertaking "work action" and therefore cannot be interpreted as energy conserving. So let us focus on EM electromagnetic electron bonds which glues matter together. I select electron bonds because they manifest a property of matter which we can appreciate at the macro scale of human existence, and which we can wrap our own hands around an object, and directly sense the "work effort" these electromagnetic forces are responsible for mediating.

            The question is, how can perpetual work effort exist without prior cause? If we try to excuse this situation, as fundamental forces being energy conserved systems, then how do you extract work from such a system without affecting its internal checks and balances?

            I know it seams as though I'm leading us toward an intangible circumstance, for which the activities of matter cannot be provided a rational explanation. But I'm not. I'm leading us down a well considered path, which I hope gives reason enough to entertain the novel solution I will provide. It is a solution which prescribes a prior cause for atomic forces, while solving a number of further problems confronting scientific understanding.

            Let us consider the possibility that the following two questions have the same answer. What is the nature of the interaction between space and matter, that would marry quantum mechanics and general relativity? and what is the prior cause of atomic forces?

            Let us envision, space containing a physical element which matter is in the business of consuming, to enable matters forceful activities. Guv = Tuv is the conventional interpretation of the interaction between space and matter. If it is indeed an energy transfer and conversion to atomic force, then the equality demonstrated of each of these terms bodes well. However, a conceptual challenge to this notion, would be as follows. If space contains an elemental field that is consumed by matter, then wouldn't it be a finite resource that would eventually be depleted? And on the face of it, you might think that presents an end to this conjecture. But it doesnt.

            Space isn't only described in terms of Guv. Space also has a property which is described as cosmological expansion, and termed as Auv. For the benefit of this conjecture, I'll ask you to consider the possibility that Auv is a measurement that corresponds to a regenerative process undertaken by an elemental field inhabiting space, which continually replenishes the potential, that in turn drives atomic forces. For this hypothesis to have any prospect, there would have to be a link between the value of Auv (cosmological expansion) and Tuv (atomic forces) that demonstrate an equality. And indeed, such a measure has been known about for many years. Those interested please quiz me?

            Auv = Guv = Tuv.

            This line of conjecture provides something further. Entities which continually regenerate have the prospect of compounding changes over time and evolving. Generationally compounded change, conceivably can lead simple systems toward heightened levels of order and complexity. The character of structures that evolve in such a system, as exampled by life, can be used to infer the circumstances of their evolution, revealing motives and purpose, which in turn convey reasons and meanings. Does this conjecture lead to an interpretation of universal emergence that explains for its very particular style of order, complexity, fine tuning? It does, and I am part way through the process of uncovering an interpretation of it.

            It goes something like this. Give nature an energy potential and it will invent a circumstance of Darwinian emergence which leads to heightened levels of complexity. Whether that is Algae which evolves the ability for photosynthesis, which exploits the freely available natural energy potential of the sun, which then becomes the basis of a food chain that leads to diverse organisms of increasingly complex character. Algae eaten by krill, eaten by small fish, eaten by bigger fish and squid, eaten by tuna, sharks, dolphins and whales. Could this be how all complexities evolve in the world, including atomic and cosmological structure?

            Could Auv cosmological emergence be the result of a natural energy potential, ( as yet unidentified physical process), which has lead to a Darwinian cascade that provides circumstance, reason and purpose for the structures, complexity, fine tuning, we observe in the world around us? I am building the case so that people might be able to judge merit. Writing to you now provides me an opportunity for practice.