Alternative Models of Cosmology

To emphasize:

That the present always exists in a proper time, but the past and the future are always created, then destroyed, solves the problem of the physical constants in the Universe being so special that their probability of being as they are is close to infinitesimal.

As long as the probability of the constants being the way they are in order to support life in the Universe is finite-- no matter how small-- in a cyclically infinite Universe where the present always exists, but the future and the past are always created then destroyed, the physical constants being the way they are is guaranteed to happen-- no matter how small the probability.

In fact, when the present always exists in a proper time but the past and future are always created then destroyed, there will be an infinite number of Universes where life exists-- no matter how close to infinitesimal the chances of life existing in the Universe may be.

The Infinite Stream of Universes

theEnergySingularity = (Universe, theEnergySingularity)

Substituting on the RHS of the equation produces:

theEnergySingularity = (Universe, (Universe, (Universe, (Universe, (Universe, ... theEnergySingularity)...)

Which is the mathematical description of an infinite stream of Universes.

Assuming both scientific knowledge and personal knowledge, theEnergySingularity, as in the above equation, may be impossible to know scientifically.

But excedingly rarely, it seems like some of the ancients (like Parmenides) may have known theEnergySingularity, as in the above equation, through personal knowledge--

"...it is complete on every side, like the mass of a rounded sphere,
equally poised from the centre in every direction;

for it cannot be greater
or smaller in one place than in another.


For there is no "nothing" that could keep it from reaching
out..."

https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Fragments_of_Parmenides

it could be true a solar sail works because there is not conservation of energy momentum and angular momentum Kurt Stocklmeir

Raman scattering can influence em drive - Stokes scattering and anti Stokes scattering - front and back of resonator different temperature - different materials can be used - momentum of photon bouncing off front and back partly depends on Raman scattering Kurt Stocklmeir

A conjecture: The equation for proper time in terms of coordinate time is an infomorphism from the world of particles into the world of fields. The infomorphism initializes at the very beginning of a universe, bringing the field(s) into existence.

Stephen Hawking popularly wrote about a very small thing at the beginning of the Universe. The conjecture here is that this very small thing had a proper time. And from that proper time, emerge the fields.

By analogy, Ramanujan conveyed the feeling that each of his equations was "a thought of God."

In the terms I used in my essay on fundamentals (elsewhere on this site), this might be like Helen Keller's description of her first thought, "w-a-t-e-r."

There I used non-wellfounded sets to express what Helen described about what happened to her:

Before her first thought, it was:

self = (self)

And after her first thought, it was:

self = (thinking, self)

and then, the beginning of her stream of thinking:

self = (thinking, (thinking, (thinking...self)...)

If the field equations are actually as Ramanujan described-- "thoughts of god"-- then something similar describes the emergence of the field equations in a universe.

Before the first field equation holds:

Universe = (Universe)

After the first field equation begins to hold:

Universe = (fieldEquation, Universe)

And then:

Universe = (fieldEquation, (fieldEquation, (fieldEquation...(Universe)...)

Or in other words, the countless paths in Feynman diagrams.

Perhaps as Ramanujan might have written it:

God = (thinking, God)

Example: "System," or "space-time"-- which is more "fundamental"?

By "system" I mean the distributed system in Barwise and Seligman's Information Flow: The Logic of Distributed Systems.

Space-time isn't necessary for a distributed system-- just that the parts of the system carry information about each other. This kind of system is more fundamental than space time.

So in the previous conjecture, there can be a system of particles before space-time (and for example, a black hole) exists.

Annihilation

"The word annihilation takes use informally for the interaction of two particles that are not mutual antiparticles - not charge conjugate. Some quantum numbers may then not sum to zero in the initial state, but conserve with the same totals in the final state. An example is the "annihilation" of a high-energy electron antineutrino with an electron to produce a Wв€'." Wikipedia

All my posts so far lead to this: I have a (perhaps) amusing toy model of antimatter.

I am not a physicist but have simply been enjoying posting and learning about this toy model on FQXI in the "alternative models" threads here.

In what follows I make an attempt to use this toy model to say something about annihilation. But I only get so far. A next step would be to review the Feynman diagrams, almost all of which I've seen seem to involve annihilation. There may be a text that could help me in this next step, but I don't know which one. So that would mean, to start, me thumbing through almost every relevant text. So in this "vacuum" of posting just for myself, seeing the text online and wondering if anyone but me is reading, I seem to have reached the end of productivity, if any. I would probably have to talk to somebody to get an idea about a next step.

Oh well. Here's what I've got so far on my own, in this very strange vacuum of posting to whom I know not:

***

To model annihilation, the first step in the toy model is to say that proper time is a "stream" using non-wellfounded sets. Time then goes in one direction only:

properTime = (moment, properTime)

Where

moment = (nonWellFoundedPast, thePresent, nonWellFoundedFuture)

"nonWellFoundedPast" and "nonWellFoundedFuture" comprise a "halo" of nonstandard infinitesimals (from nonstandard analysis) around the standard number for "thePresent." Each is then infinitely close to thePresent, but on different sides.

To describe anitmatter:

First-- for matter, thePresent must be the standard number 0. "nonStandardPast" is then negative nonstandard infinitesimals "behind" thePresent while "nonStandardFuture" is positive nonstandard infinitesimals "in front of" the Present.

Antimatter would be a particle traveling backward in time, so in the opposite direction, its nonstandardPast comprises Positive nonstandard infinitesimals "in back of" thePresent while the nonstandardFuture comprises Negative nonstandard infinitesimals "in front of" thePresent.

At first, a kind of set intersection seems to describes matter-antimatter annihilation.

The intersection of the nonstandardFutures of matter and antimatter is the empty set, because the former comprises Positive nonstandard infinitesimals while the latter comprises Negative nonstandard infinitesimals, whose set intersection is empty. Correspondingly for the intersection of nonstandardPasts.

However, intersections of thePresent for matter and anitmatter yields, again, 0.

Is this a toy description of a photon?

Zero then describes a constant present, which at our level of human beings we feel as the constant "now."

There is a perhaps troubling prediction of this description: any antimatter particle with a proper time, as above, will annihilate any matter particle with a proper time!

But does anything like that happen?

This is where I would have to review the relevant Feynman diagrams. Because the set intersection that I've started with doesn't help me with the quote From Wikipedia, above, with which I began this post. So very probably--

goodby : )

Mike Holden,

Interesting observation, that "The laws of gravitation (value of G) may well have changed over time. This makes the evolution of the Universe more complicated but opens up more interesting possibilities.

The mass of the universe may have increased over time too. "

The Universe is cyclic in mass and time. That is, a fundamental equation in the form of Euler's eqn, when evaluated at time=now(+/- 100s of years) yields GR, with an imaginary Temporal Curvature term. Of course temporal curvature is imaginary, it is 'out of the 3-space' we exist in.

Wayne

I think the STOE is the best candidate for a Theory of Everything. See:

https://www.vixrapedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Everything_(STOE)

This model corresponds (includes ) both General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics.

It explains several cosmological mysteries including Dark Matter, Dark Energy, discete redshift, asymetric rotation curves, etc.

It has predicted (in 2006) 3 observation later found to be true (in 2009 and 2011) about the pioneer anomaly.

It offered a model of light which predicted (before the experiment was done) 2 outcomes of diffraction experiments that rejects all wave and wave-particle models of light.

It predicted the outcome of an experiment that rejected the Biot-Savart Law of magnetostaics.

Its principles offers insight into life and societies.

there is a lot of gas between galaxies - there are a lot of small galaxies around big galaxies - gas between galaxies can change orbits of stars that are part of a small galaxy where it looks like there is dark matter in the small galaxy but there is not any dark matter Kurt Stocklmeir

time and space can have torsion - spinning gravity waves are torsion waves - there can be a vortex of gravity waves - gravity waves move at an almost infinite speed - if gravity waves move at the speed of light they could orbit a star a lot like a black hole - em drive at back of resonator meta material that creates negative radiation pressure - there are a lot of things that can be used to create negative radiation pressure - any of these things can be used at back of resonator - this breaks all laws of Newton - there is not conservation of energy momentum and angular momentum Kurt Stocklmeir

solar sail proves that there is not conservation of energy and there is not conservation of momentum - particles of solar sail could absorb energy from breaking second law of thermodynamics and tunneling associated with quantum mechanics Kurt Stocklmeir

laser at front of rocket - solar sail at back of rocket - solar sail made of any thing that creates negative radiation pressure like meta material - light from laser hits solar sail - this breaks all laws of Newton Kurt Stocklmeir

An Out Of The Box Consideration Of The Universe

Firstly, I am not a scientist, or a mathematician. What I propose here is not a theory, perhaps not even a hypothesis in the eyes of certain individuals. It is simply an idea. Perhaps, in fact it is likely, that it holds no water scientifically, if so, then fine, but at least I put it out there for thought.

Having read some posts from scientists in response to laymen's questions, I am disappointed and annoyed by the negative and pompous response often given. To these individuals, it appears that if one cannot supply evidence, generally in the form of scientific formulae, then your idea should be classified under the heading "fairy tale". If such was the case, then surely this prohibits free, abstract and hopefully unique thought. I cannot believe that all scientific discoveries or beliefs were derived initially from mathematics, there was, surely, abstract consideration first. Are we mere mortals not allowed a platform to air reasonable hypotheses without fear of certain scientific xenophobes venting their spleen at what they see as intrusion into their domain.

I doubt my ideas are unique, but they are to me. I can however, find nothing along similar lines, but then I am not a scientist and am probably looking in the wrong places.

The catalyst for my ideas came recently when I learned that there are (probably) galaxies beyond the visible limit of our universe and that their speed of travel away from us, when added to the expansion rate of space means that in relation to us they are travelling faster than the speed of light. It is believed that each unseeable galaxy originated,as did everything else with the Big Bang. This got me interested and thinking in a broader sense so here are my thoughts:

The Universe:

Let's think outside of the box for a moment..

We know that space is expanding, but we have no idea what it actually is. We can observe and measure the expansion, but it reveals absolutely nothing of what it is. However It stands to reason that if space can be expanded, it can also be contracted - in fact it would seem that the space within the singularity was indeed compressed - hugely. So what is it expanding into? Nothing, I hear you say, the "edge of space" is the edge of everything, there is no beyond, because there is nothing - space just is! Suppose for one minute that there is something beyond this "edge" - oh oh crackpot theory time - you say, bear with me - suppose beyond our accelerating, expanding space there is ... more space. Let us just assume for the moment that the universe is larger than we currently "think".. Perhaps much larger, maybe infinite. Let's call it the Mega universe. Perhaps in the Mega universe, but within the neighbourhood of "our" universe there is a region that is rarefied, stretched, "low pressure" space that is now being expanded into by our own, accelerating, expanding, compressed, "high pressure" space. Nature abhors any void (not just a vacuum), couldn't, no shouldn't this principle apply to space too? Will one day, trillions of years hence, local stabilisation occur as "pressures" equalise?

This gives many interesting thoughts:

Could Dark Energy be nothing more than the energy created by the differing pressure potentials within the Mega universe? Thus it may have been the cause of the Big Bang itself as the potential energy difference exceeded that of gravity within the singularity.

Perhaps the singularity was the cause for the local low pressure - if the mega universe (or at least a part of it) was expanding, the huge gravitational mass of "our" universe held the singularity together creating a low pressure around it. As the outer expansion continued, local pressure would reduce (or stretching would increase, if you prefer) creating greater and greater stress on the singularity, until ultimately the Big Bang occurred.

Perhaps the mega universe is full of space turbulence, a four dimensional swamp of moving low and high pressures - perhaps it was a high pressure that caused a Big Crunch amongst our "own" universe's mass.

Thank you for taking the time to read this. I hope it's not drivel. Constructive thoughts please. Snobby scientists can go away, helpful ones welcome to shoot me down gently.

David Green

Hi David, thanks for sharing your ideas. You are working from the premise that "We know that space is expanding," David

I ask;Is the space produced from receipt of electromagnetic radiation the same space in which bodies of matter are located? I'd say no it isn't. What is now isn't what is seen now. So the 'there' is different. There seems to be a difference in the product of EM radiation received from the local group of galaxies (neighbours) and the more distant, more ancient, red shifted EM radiation product. Why is an interesting question and you have suggested some ideas. However I think you are talking about/thinking of a material universe and not the image constructed from astronomy data. I'm not a professional scientist, and hopefully not snobby. Hoping to be helpful by suggesting a thought you may not have considered.

David, you mention space turbulence with areas of high and low pressure. Presumably then, the space is not empty but filled with something able to have different distributions.

I too think all space must be filled. But the filling is not just ordinary matter that reflects EM radiation. the substance that allows transmission of the EM radiation does not reflect light itself, and so isn't a part of the visual products formed from EM radiation receipt and processing.

neutrinos are tachyons - they emit anti gravity - anti gravity gets stronger as it travels - anti gravity can make space expand - negative energy particles have an increase of energy when space expands - positive energy particles have a decrease of energy when space expands - neutrinos get more energy if space is expanding and because of this they emit more anti gravity not linear - this makes space expand more fast not linear - because space expands more fast not linear neutrinos have an increase of energy not linear - this can make run away expanding space - space is not expanding fast at this time because neutrinos flying around space do not have a lot of energy - the big band did not happen - if the big bang happened there would be a lot more neutrinos flying around space and they would have a lot of energy - it could true only neutrinos are making space expand Kurt Stocklmeir

there is not any dark matter - gravity from things like stars planets rocks gas dirt would scatter dark matter if there was dark matter - dark matter would end up at center of galaxies - center of galaxies do not have a lot of dark matter Kurt Stocklmeir

Mars is around the asteroid belt - there is a lot of dirt and rocks flying around Mars - dirt and rocks hit gas around Mars - gas gets a lot of energy - gas moves fast - gas flies into space - this is why there is not a lot of gas around Mars Kurt Stocklmeir