Alternative Models of Cosmology

David Thomson

Roney You raise an important point concerning the implications of a continuous Universe. I read your paper and found the logic meaningful. A continuous Universe requires that effects in one location have a global impact as well. The continuous nature of space, however, is an assumption. What physical structure within space itself could explain this global impact? Or must we continue to accept the continuous nature of the Universe on faith?

Roney

David Thomson
Thank you for your comment. As I mentioned in my article, if the universe is discontinuous, then there will be areas of absolute vacuum. If that is the case, then congratulations, God has given us the opportunity to escape the universe.

Claudio Marchesan

Hello everyone, building on the recent discussion, I'd like to initiate what could be an interesting conversation about this topic.
The continuity of the universe is not in question (rather, it's the speed of interactions within it). But, in contrast to the concern that a “vacuum state” would inevitably form without a specific theoretical structure, I point to the balance between pressure and gravity:
∂(c^2 ρδV)/∂t dt=δw-p ∂δV/∂t dt

where p is the pressure of the CMB; hot gas (intergalactic plasma) has nonzero pressure, but it is localized and does not contribute significantly to the global energy balance of the universe.

Even in the absence of local matter, radiation pressure remains a real property of the field. While it does not produce direct mechanical effects, it contributes to spacetime curvature and enters the global gravitational balance:

‒ Radiation doesn’t interact with itself, but its momentum distribution defines pressure
‒ Without matter, this pressure cannot transfer force locally — but it still curves spacetime
‒ In cosmology, this pressure plays a crucial role in the global energy balance and in governing large-scale dynamics, not in producing local mechanical effects.

In this expression, the first term on the right-hand side — related to the work required to preserve the hyperspherical geometry — is specific to my model and can be disregarded for the purposes of this general discussion.

This balance prevents the formation of an absolute vacuum by keeping the energy of the universe distributed across a continuous background. If someone wants to argue otherwise, I believe this is the equation that should be addressed — though of course, I'm open to discussing any alternative formulations. In this context, it is appropriate to recall the work of Tolman, who theorized that disordered radiation can be treated as a perfect fluid.

Matter introduces discontinuities into this smooth field. These localized gravitational structures perturb the isoentropic expansion of the CMB, slightly deforming its energy distribution and breaking the perfect balance. As a result, galactic regions may locally “attract” or modify the CMB field — not by absorbing it, but by altering its geometric and thermodynamic configuration.

It's worth noting that this mechanism is not exclusive to my model. Even in standard cosmology, radiation pressure in the early universe played a crucial role in preventing the formation of absolute vacuum, particularly during the radiation-dominated era. So the idea that gravitational collapse is avoided through a pressure-gravity balance is more general and not tied to any single theoretical framework.

AlexandreLutun

Claudio Marchesan

Yes, I agree. In any coherent description of the universe, radiation pressure must be considered as a factor in the global gravitational balance.

DavidMH

Hubbles Constant (Ho) fixed to light speed, C and calculated as 71 k/s/Mpc

My name is David, and here is an intersting Hubble Constant equation that "fixes" Ho to light speed, C.

Ho is now locked down or "fixed" to light speed, C by this simple Ho equation worked in the old algebra style of Maxwell:-

          
                          2 x oneMpc x C, divided by Pi to the power of 21 = 71 k/s/Mpc

Astronomers measuring Ho give the "ballpark" values of Ho, and now we have an Ho equation that "fixes" Ho to light speed, C, which has to be much more precise.

Note that in the numerator, distance (Mpc) is multiplied by speed (k/s), and that is NOT an error in this situation, as the "distance squared" does not affect the numerical value of the Ho redshift by "spreading out" (as any light source does) when viewing that redshift for Ho along just one dimension only.

In this equation, directly input the values below:-

oneMPC is 3260000 light years

C is 299792.458 k/s

Pi is 3.142..........

With very kind regards, David Hi

ShockwaveRider

I'm an amateur linguist, the first to crack the analog logic of the Tao Te Ching, only to be censored.

A theoretical physicist asked me how I could dismiss all of the new theories of everything, and I told him I don't mess around with kid stuff. E8 is the newest kid on the block, known for causing hallucinations, while my work uses fuzzy logic to describe how logic and humor express particle-duality, and how you can create even more hallucinations, merely by playing around with the math. In a singularity, there is no theory of everything because, You Are The Singularity Dummy!

My work describes how everything expresses the two faces of Janus. Anything you write, any math you write, always expresses both the beauty and the humor of life. Among other things, it means we should see a distinctive geometric spectrum, including torus shapes, like the quarks of a proton and the Cosmic Microwave background, and a lot of nonlinear temporal dynamics.

DavidMH

I like your wise logic, ShockwaveRider. Look at the 1000's of equations and theories about cosmology, and they are all guesses!!! How can just by peering through a telescope learn anything about the truth of the universe. How can anyone go back billions of years to see how it really was and started. It's likely the universe expansion is just an illusion caused by Aether attenuation of light vibration causing the redshift EdwinHubble observed. Just sayin' !!!

yusrob

I offer to the esteemed public my point of view on the structure and evolution of NATURE and the Universe.
This is a dialectical-materialistic worldview. This worldview has been developed and is a product and result of the only true and scientific philosophy of dialectical materialism. And as is known, physics (+ cosmic physics, cosmology) is closely connected with philosophy. What philosophy, such is physics.

The philosophical core of the theory of modern physics (TMP) is the fundamentally false and anti-scientific bourgeois-idealistic philosophy (BIP). TMP and all natural science have been in a deep, fundamental systemic crisis for more than a century. This is an ideological crisis.
I have developed the foundations of a new dialectical-materialistic physics, which are presented in my book “Theory of Nature” (TN) [3].
The philosophical core of TN is the only true and scientific philosophy of dialectical materialism.
The main thing in these principles is: (1) within the framework of TN, the main question of physics and all natural science is posed directly and openly; (2) within the framework of TN, the only correct and true solution to this question is found.
This is the question:
“How specifically is matter represented in nature?”
The answer is simple, clear, understandable, and unambiguous:
“The content of elementary particles (EP) is the ‘pure’ concrete matter of nature”.
This statement represents a simple and important fact of nature. This fact is plainly visible, right on the surface. It is a fact that is right under the eyes and noses of the entire physics community. But this fact is not recognized by the physics community, the physics authorities, or the physics elite.
But within the framework of my “Theory of Nature”, this fact is recognized, and it actually underlies the entire TN.
Starting from this fact, a strictly axiomatic model of the foundations of physics has been constructed, and this is the “Theory of Nature”.
Within the framework of TN, more than 40 fundamental problems of the foundations of physics and cosmogony (cosmology) have been solved. These same problems are fundamental problems of the foundations of nature and the universe.
One of the problems solved within the framework of TN is the problem of the evolution of nature, which includes the problem of the evolution of the Universe. But these solutions are presented in a separate article. This article is called “Nature as an Objective Reality” (https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSNAA) [1]. You can also read this article “Once Again about Nature and its Material Principles” (https://philpapers.org/archive/YUSOAA.pdf) [8].
“The Theory of Nature” is a scientific Revolution in physics and cosmogony (cosmology).

With respect
Robert Yusupov from Vladivostok, independent researcher, dialectical materialist, Marxist, communist

References

Nature as an Objective Reality https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSNAA,
Philosophy and Physics https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSPAP,
Theory of Nature (in Russian) https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSTON,
Announcement of the Scientific Revolution https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSAOT,
The Third Side of the Main Question of Philosophy (MQP) https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSTTS,
About the Quantum of Matter for Philosophers https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSPAT-2,
My View on K. Popper's Criterion https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSOLA,
Once Again about Nature and its Material Principles https://philpapers.org/archive/YUSOAA.pdf.

DavidMH

Hi Yusrob. My grandmother was a Russian Jew, whose name was Lapinsky. Russians are noted for new and independent thinking, and that's why Russia is excellent at warfare and anything tactical. I like your post, but the "scientific establishment" will oppose anything new that rocks their agendas and threatens their Government grants etc.. Obstacles are put in your way, such as the corrupt peer reading system that blocks new things that don't fit egendas or comes from someone "outside" their closed shop system. As you rightly say, no progress has been made in cosmology for many decades. Is the scientific system as corrupt in Russia as it is in the USA and UK??
There is this guy named Delbert Larson who posts on "X", and has a website called "Larsonism". Delbert has been continuously blocked by the corrupt USA scientific establishment. It would be a good idea if you got in contact with Delbert, or even join forces with him.. Please let me know how things progress. My email:- dhine2999@yahoo.com

yusrob

DavidMH

Good morning, David (DavidMN)!
Thanks for your reply.
Thanks for the information, including the information about Delbert Larson. I'll check it out when I have time.
I believe every nation has its positive and negative sides.
Russia and the Russian people have their downsides, too.
I used to (under the socialist USSR) be proud to be a Soviet citizen. The state instilled in people the principle: “man is a friend, comrade, and brother to man”.
Now (under bourgeois Russia), I'm not proud to be Russian. The unspoken principle that reigns in bourgeois Russia is: “man is a wolf to man”!
The division between the propertied (rich) and the poor is becoming more and more obvious. The rich are getting richer, and the poor are getting poorer every day. This inequality is growing in favor of the rich and favored by the authorities.
About 200 years ago, it was noted that “Russia has two problems: roads and fools”! The same can be said of modern Russia.
While the USSR was a largely atheistic country, modern bourgeois Russia has become 70-90% religious. This is the misfortune of Russia and its people.

A so-called “cattle party” («партия быдла») has emerged and is supported by those in power, the mainstay of bourgeois power in the Russian Federation. Any lie from the bourgeois parties in power finds fertile ground in the minds of ordinary people drawn into this party. This is also a misfortune, a great misfortune for modern Russia.
Another great misfortune in Russia is lies.
Lies, both explicitly and implicitly, have become the main component of political, scientific, and social life in the Russian Federation.
I believe that today lies are a special form of enslavement of people and nations.
I see the following main forms of lies in the bourgeois state:

Ideological lies – lies about the perfection and inviolability of the bourgeois system;
Lies of the bourgeois media on many aspects of public life;
Lies of bourgeois ideologists about the enduring values of the bourgeois way of life.
Explanation: Examples of such “values” (false values) include:
religious piety (oppressed!) of people,
the principle of “man is a wolf to man”,
unconditional faith in the authorities,
the “party of the cattle” («партия быдла»),
aggressiveness toward everything progressive,
rejection of the truth,
etc., etc.
For the bourgeois government, man is, by and large, NOBODY and NOTHING!
Religious lies – the lie about the existence of God.
Explanation. The main lie of any religion is the claim, “God exists!” But religious parties provide us with no real proof of the actual existence of a real God. It is through proof that the truth (or falsity!) of any statement is established. Believers say, “faith needs no proof”. But this is a cunning and deceitful ruse. This is indicated, for example, by the fact that ministers of religion and faith often speak of “true faith”. But truth is subject to proof.
It turns out that it is very easy and simple to impose a religious lie on the consciousness of large numbers of people. Previously (in the Middle Ages), religious lies were imposed by fire and sword. Many people died in the process. And now, lies are used to recruit adherents and supporters of the faith. I have a separate article on religious faith:
“Lies as a Modern Form of Slavery” (in Russian)
(https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSIUP).
Philosophical lies – the lies of bourgeois-idealist philosophy (BIP).
Explanation. I believe (and call it) BIP a motley collection of various philosophical teachings, schools, trends, and currents of an idealistic bent that oppose the philosophy of dialectical materialism (the only true and scientific philosophy). The main lie of the BIP party is this: “In nature and society, the ideal (idea) prevails over the material (matter)”. This lie was exposed in their time by K. Marx and F. Engels, V. I. Lenin, and Soviet (and Marxist) philosophers. Their revelations remain relevant today and remain valid.
The lie of the Party of Modern Physicists (PMP) that the theory of modern physics (TMP) is a science.
Explanation. In my book, “Theory of Nature”, and in my articles, I expose this great lie of modern physicists. At the core of this lie is a denial of the most important, simple, and clear fact of nature: “The content of elementary particles (EP) is the ‘pure’concrete matter of nature”. More information on this issue can be found in my article:
“Physics, Truth, Science’ (https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSPTS).
With respect

Robert Yusupov from Vladivostok, independent researcher, dialectical materialist, Marxist, communist

References

Nature as an Objective Reality https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSNAA,
Philosophy and Physics https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSPAP,
Theory of Nature (in Russian) https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSTON,
Announcement of the Scientific Revolution https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSAOT,
The Third Side of the Main Question of Philosophy (MQP) https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSTTS,
About the Quantum of Matter for Philosophers https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSPAT-2,
My View on K. Popper's Criterion https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSOLA,
Once Again about Nature and its Material Principles https://philpapers.org/archive/YUSOAA.pdf.

yusrob

Cosmology is the science that studies the Universe, its structure, and its evolution. Cosmology combines physics, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy.
A person interested in the starry sky, space, and cosmology strives to understand and comprehend the Universe, its structure, and its evolution.

It is clear that the Universe is the largest material object (system of material bodies) in nature.
Within the framework of the “Theory of Nature”, I was able to solve the mystery of both NATURE and the Universe.
Below, I share my scientific knowledge of the structure and evolution of NATURE and the Universe.
This scientific knowledge was acquired through my own scientific research into the foundations of nature and the universe from 2011 to 2025.

My understanding of the scientific picture of nature and the universe is presented in the form of a dialectical-materialistic YRA model of the universe (“DMYRAMU”).

This “YRA model” of mine is presented in two of my articles:
“Nature as an Objective Reality” (https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSNAA) и “Once Again about Nature and its Material Principles” (https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSOAA).
Essentially, the content of these two articles is the same, but they use different approaches to presenting the topic.

These articles are intended (and should) completely replace the section in my book, "The Theory of Nature," which deals with the so-called "Big Crunch" procedure as the act that completes the evolution of the Universe. This is §41 (pp. 157-163) of my book. I realized that this was my erroneous understanding of the final act of the Universe's evolution.
Furthermore, these articles present a diagram and algorithm for the evolution of nature.

I understand nature as an objective reality, existing outside of our consciousness and independently of our consciousness. This is a completely dialectical-materialistic understanding.
I explain nature from within itself.

My dialectical-materialistic understanding of NATURE includes the following principles of NATURE:

Nature is an objective reality existing outside of our consciousness and independently of our consciousness.
Nature is one, unified.
Nature is not an illusion, not a dream, not esotericism, not a matrix, not a simulation.
Nature exists absolutely.
Nature cannot not exist. Nature has no option of "non-existence."
Nature exists without relation to anything and/or anyone.
Nature exists on its own and evolves according to its own laws, its own logic, and its own evolutionary algorithm.
Nature is not under anyone's control.
Nature has no overseers or masters.
Nature has no rulers or dictators.
Everything that surrounds us and we ourselves belong to and exist in nature.
There is nothing and no one in our world that does not belong to nature and exists outside of nature.
Nature is fundamentally material and dialectical.
The dialectical nature of nature means that everything in nature is in constant motion, change, pulsation, displacement, and evolution.
The materiality of nature means that all natural bodies, objects, things, and entities are ultimately composed of matter.
Matter is the primary principle, the primordial essence, the origin, and the first cause of everything and everyone in nature.
Matter is the fundamental essence of nature.
Matter is the unique and only substance of nature.
Matter is the unique and only active agent of nature.

Below are some scientific and well-known facts:

According to physics, there are minimal material bodies in nature, called elementary particles (EP).
Elementary particles (EP) are the smallest material bodies that actually exist in nature.
It is common knowledge that all material bodies have their own form and content. This is a well-known fact.

I supplement this list of natural principles and well-known scientific facts with the statement of another new, crucial natural fact:

The content of elementary particles (EP) is the “pure” concrete matter of nature.

In essence, this statement of a natural fact is the correct and true answer to the question of the concrete representation of matter in nature. I consider this question to be the fundamental question of physics and all natural science. At the same time, this question represents the third side of the fundamental question of philosophy. The first two sides of the fundamental question of philosophy were outlined by Friedrich Engels in his book “Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy”.

The statement of this natural fact is simultaneously the correct and true solution to the most important, key, and fundamental problem of physics and all natural science—the problem of the concrete representation of matter in nature.

Physics thereby firmly establishes both feet on the scientific path of knowledge. Until then, physics had been shaky, sometimes settling onto a scientific path by accident or intuition, but mostly groping in the dark in search of that path.

This natural fact is obvious; it lies before the eyes and noses of all physicists.
This natural fact is recognized within the framework of the “Theory of Nature”.
And this natural fact lies at the foundation, the very foundation of my entire “Theory of Nature”.

But this same natural fact is not recognized by the modern physics community, not by the Party of Modern Physics (PMP), the physics elite, or the physical authorities.

The failure to recognize this fact (regarding the content of an elementary particle as a concrete representation of matter in nature) is the most important circumstance separating physics from nature, from true knowledge of the concrete representation of matter in nature. And, ultimately, this is the most important circumstance separating physics from science, from scientific knowledge.
Precisely because of this circumstance, the Theory of Modern Physics (TMP) has lost its legitimate right to be called a scientific theory, to be called science. Without recognition of this natural fact, the concrete matter of nature will not be present in the subject area of physics. Without recognition of this natural fact, the content of an elementary particle will be undefined. This will be an undefined property of an elementary particle (EP). And this indefinite property of the EP cannot be introduced into physics as a definite physical quantity. The matter of nature will not be represented in physics (in the TMP) as a physical quantity, which is what we actually have. This is a real impasse in modern physics (TMP).

The failure of the Party of Modern Physicists (PMP) to recognize this fact is the main obstacle to scientific and social progress. This recognition is hindered (and actively facilitated) by the false and anti-scientific bourgeois-idealistic worldview (BIW) of the entire modern physics community and the overwhelming majority of its members. This worldview is fostered by the fundamentally false and profoundly anti-scientific bourgeois-idealistic philosophy (BIP). This philosophy is effectively the state philosophy in all bourgeois, capitalist countries.

The fundamental lie of this philosophy is its recognition of the primacy of the ideal (idea) over the material (matter) in nature and society.
Truth is the recognition of the primacy of the material (matter) over the ideal (idea) in nature and society.

And the proof of the truth of one primacy (dialectical-materialist) and the falsity of the other (bourgeois-idealist) is practice. This is the practice of the individual, this is the practice of all humanity throughout its history; this is scientific experimentation, this is scientific observation of nature and society.

Further. I remain committed to Marxism. I continue to reason dialectically and materialistically. I completely expose, reject, discard, and ignore all religious dogmas and prejudices, all religious lies. I completely expose, reject, discard, and ignore the central lie of bourgeois-idealist philosophy (BIP) about the primacy of the ideal (idea) over the material (matter). I completely expose, reject, discard, and ignore the lies of bourgeois power, bourgeois media, and bourgeois ideologists about the delights and perfection of the bourgeois way of life.

In the course of my own (unsponsored) scientific research into nature, the foundations of nature and the universe, and in the process of writing the book “Theory of Nature” and numerous other articles, I firmly stand by the position of the only true and scientific philosophy of dialectical materialism. I rely entirely on the scientific dialectical-materialist worldview. In the course of my scientific research, I utilize the scientific dialectical-materialist method of cognition (that of Karl Marx and Marxism). It was on this fertile soil and foundation that my idea of the structure and evolution of nature crystallized. This idea is set forth in my previously mentioned articles.

I proposed a scientific hypothesis that nature contains (must contain!) a unique, special region or unique, special mechanism, which I termed “Singularity”. I further hypothesized that the Singularity is a kind of perpetual motion machine, a mover that generates all the matter necessary for the construction of the Universe. This matter is represented in the form of matter quanta (EUM). Matter in the form of matter quanta (EUM), generated by the Singularity, is immediately emitted by the Singularity into the surrounding vacuum. But raw materials are needed to produce this product. What is the raw material for the functioning of the Singularity, and where does this raw material come from? I proposed that this raw material must be the matter of the vacuum. I proposed that the vacuum is emptiness and the matter of the vacuum, which I called material vacuum dust (MVD).

Within the framework of my “Theory of Nature”, I conclude that MVD-type of matter is a particular limiting case of the manifestation of a quantum of matter (EUM). MVD-type matter is the limiting state of a quantum of matter (EUM), which is achieved at the moment the evolution of the Universe ends. At this moment, all quanta of matter (EUMs) take the form of MVD, that is, they become vacuum dust. Thus, MVD-type matter (material vacuum dust) is the raw material for the functioning of the Singularity. But to ensure that this raw material is always available in the required quantity at the entrance to the Singularity, I make a new assumption and propose another scientific hypothesis: that in nature, there is a predominant movement of material vacuum dust (MVD) particles toward the Singularity.

I also hypothesize that the functioning of the Singularity is a strictly periodic, harmonic process. And this process occurs in the rhythm and tempo of nature. Moreover, I hypothesize that this rhythm and tempo of nature is set by the Singularity itself. While material vacuum dust (MVD) is attracted to the Singularity, matter quanta (EUM), which received the initial impulse from the Singularity and were emitted by the Singularity, move away from the Singularity. But after the completion of the evolution of the Universe, all matter quanta (EUMs) are transformed into material vacuum dust (MVD), which begins to move toward the Singularity. The circle is complete.

This allows me to say that the “law of the circulation of matter in nature” operates in nature, and this law is the main, fundamental, and essential law of nature, the law of the entire universe. And in this circulation of matter, the Singularity acts as a perpetual motion machine. And the matter of nature, in the form of matter quanta (EUM), is the unique and only active agent of nature.

It is worth noting and emphasizing once again that MVD-type matter is also a matter quantum (EUM) at its core, but in its ultimate state, achieved at the moment the evolution of the Universe ends.
One detail remains. This is the unique constant of nature (UCN), established within the TN framework. Its numerical value is UCN = 1.210 256 * 10^{44}. Physicists have long been familiar with this number. It is the value of the Planck force in newtons: F = c^{4} * G^{-1}. And within the TN framework, the unique constant of nature is defined by the identity UCN={c}^{4}*{G}^{-1}. Here, both physical quantities are represented in SI.

But the purpose of the unique constant of nature is universal.
Regarding the functioning of the Singularity, the following should be noted: UCN of vacuum material particles (MVDs) are simultaneously fed to the input of the Singularity, and UCN of matter quanta (EUMs) are simultaneously emitted at the output in UCN different directions. One cycle of the Singularity's functioning occurs in one quantum of time (EUT). UCN time quanta form one natural unit of time (NUT): NUT = UCN EUT.

All matter emitted by the Singularity goes toward the construction of the Universe. Elementary particles (EP) are formed from quanta of matter. Atoms of chemical elements are formed from elementary particles (EP). All material bodies, objects, and entities of nature and the Universe are formed from chemical elements.
The Universe is the largest material object in nature. The total evolutionary time of the Universe, as established within the TN framework, is equal to UCN NUT or UCN^{2} EUT. This is postulated within the “Theory of Nature” (TN) framework. This is another scientific hypothesis of the TN framework. Within the TN framework, the following relationships are established:

NUT = 7.297 352 5643E-03 s for a natural unit of time,
EUT = 6.029 596 37975E-47 s for a quantum of time.

The total evolutionary time of the Universe, as established within the TN framework, is approximately 2.8*10^{34} years.
And the modern age of the Universe, as established in “Theory of Nature” (TN), is 124 trillion 666 billion 537 million 511 thousand years.

Now we should present the definition of NATURE, according to the “Theory of Nature”:
NATURE::=<Singularity, matter, void, UCN, FLN>.

In this definition:
Singularity is a special region of nature or a unique mechanism of nature with its own logic and operating algorithm;
matter is matter quanta (EUM) or material vacuum dust (MVD);
void is simply emptiness, an empty space, the absence of everything;
UCN is a unique constant of nature, its value is UCN=1.210 256*10^{44};
FLN is the Fundamental Law of Nature, the law of the circulation of matter in nature.

The diagram of nature's evolution over time will look like this:
… {{MVD ==> S==> EUM ==> U}|UCN²==> MVD}|∞ … .

Nature has neither a beginning nor an end in the time of its evolution. This is evidenced by the ellipses before and after the diagram of nature's evolution.
The symbol “S” denotes the Singularity;
The symbol “U” denotes the Universe;
The symbol sequence “|UCN^2” denotes the cyclical repetition of the preceding construct, enclosed in curly brackets (“{ }”), UCN² times.
The symbol sequence "|∞" denotes the cyclical repetition of the preceding construct, enclosed in curly brackets (“{ }”), infinitely many times.
The construct {MVD ==> S==> EUM ==> U} denotes one cycle of the Singularity's functioning.
The construction {MVD ==> S==> EUM ==> U}|UCN²==> MVD} denotes the complete evolution of one universe.

The question arises: where is the Universe's “pulsation counter”? After all, when UCN² pulsation cycles of the Singularity are reached, the evolution of one universe ends and the evolution of another begins. Within the framework of the “Theory of Nature”, this problem is resolved in a very beautiful and elegant way. But it's worth reading the TP itself.
After the evolution of one universe is complete, the evolution of another immediately begins. After all, the Singularity operates without interruption.

Thus, the evolution of nature is a sequence of evolutions of universes.
We can consider the process of the Singularity's functioning to be simultaneously a process of the Singularity's pulsation at a frequency of UCN cycles per natural unit of time (NUT).
Perhaps we should stop here.

More complete information on my alternative model of reality, my dialectical-materialistic YRA model of the universe (“DMYRAMU”), is presented in my book and in my articles.
One thing is worth noting and remembering. Although I speak in the article about my alternative model of reality, I have no doubt that my YRA model of the universe is reality itself. In what sense? In the sense that this very YRA model of the universe reflects, with a sufficient degree of detail, reliability, logic, and truth, NATURE itself, as (as) objective reality.

With respect
Robert Yusupov from Vladivostok, independent researcher, dialectical materialist, Marxist, communist

References

Nature as an Objective Reality https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSNAA,
Philosophy and Physics https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSPAP,
Theory of Nature (in Russian) https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSTON,
Announcement of the Scientific Revolution https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSAOT,
The Third Side of the Main Question of Philosophy (MQP) https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSTTS,
About the Quantum of Matter for Philosophers https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSPAT-2,
My View on K. Popper's Criterion https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSOLA,
Once Again about Nature and its Material Principles https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSOAA

DavidMH

Here is anupdated version with a "Hubble Horizonn distance" equation and a speculation as to what causes the
"Hubble Tension" issue:-

Hubble Constant (Ho) fixed to light speed, C and calculated as 71 k/s/Mpc

My name is David Hine, and here is an interesting Hubble Constant equation that "fixes" Ho to local light speed, C.

Ho is now "fixed" to local light speed, C by this simple Ho equation worked in the old algebra style of Maxwell:-

          
                2 x oneMpc x C, divided by Pi to the power of 21 = 70.9449 k/s/Mpc

In this equation, directly input the values below:-

oneMPC is 3260000 light years

C (local) is 299792.458 k/s

Pi is 3.142..........

Astronomers measuring Ho give the "ballpark" values of Ho, and now we have an Ho equation that "fixes" Ho to
local light speed, C, which has to be much more precise.

Note:- In the numerator, distance (Mpc) is multiplied by speed (k/s), and that is NOT an error in this situation, as the "distance squared" does not affect the numerical value of the Ho redshift by
"spreading out" (as any light source does) when viewing that redshift for Ho along just
one dimension only.

The dimensionless denominator Pi²¹ sets the scales of this Ho equation correctly into the Dynamic Aether framework.
The Dynamic Aether Framework is not the static aether that the Michleson-Morley experiment could not detect, but
the Dynamic Aether that Faraday knew caused electrical "reluctance", and that Maxwell used as the basis for his
electric and magnetic "inertia" constants, and used in his Aether equations to calculate light speed. C..

With very kind regards, David Hine.

Email:- dhine2999@yahoo.com

=============================================================================================

          Hubble Constant (Ho) Hubble Horizon Distance light years calculated from Ho of 70.9449 k/s/Mpc.



          oneMpc X C, divided by Ho, and then divided by one billion = 13.7758 billion light Years

In this equation, directly input the values below:-

oneMpc is 3260000 light years

C (local) is 299792.458 k/s

Ho is 70.9449 k/s/Mpc

one billion is 1,000,000,000 light years, used to give the answer in convenient units of
billions of light years.

Note:- This Hubble Horizon Distance equation prevents falsifying the terminology of
declaring light years as years only.

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                                                    The "Hubble Tension Issue"

Note:- In the "Dynamic Aether Framework" of the Ho calculating equation in which Ho is "fixed" numerically to C,
the "Hubble Tension issue" is caused by the "DISTANT LOCAL VALUE" of C in the observed space regions being
directly affected by the presence of huge galaxies, black holes. or void areas, RELATIVE to the observer.

AlexandreLutun

DavidMH Thank you for sharing this point of view. The relation between H₀ and the speed of light, with the calculated value of 71 km/s/Mpc, truly deserves further exploration.

marcovici alexandru

no , radiative pressure must be enclosed nurenberg pandemicwise den hague justice court

learning a sign language can increase the Intelligence Quotient
https://www.aslbloom.com/blog/benefits-of-learning-sign-language-at-an-early-age

the iq currently is taken only individualy
high iq societies like mensa dont do groups iq test

two low heights dwarfs (and low iq) people collaborating in a
team might have a higher iq than one individual that has an iq higher than the iq of each individual separately

IQ_{person A}<IQ_{person B}+IQ_{person C}
IQ_{person A}>IQ_{person B}
IQ_{person A}>IQ_{person C}

here to mention also ecological intelligence quotient
mensa monopoly eliminating competitors we are smarter you cannot handle the truth (we don't want you to handle the truth, because truth is power)

marcovici alexandru

nee, stralingsdruk moet worden ingesloten, pandemiegewijs, rechtbank Den Haag

Het leren van een gebarentaal kan het intelligentiequotiënt verhogen
https://www.aslbloom.com/blog/benefits-of-learning-sign-language-at-an-early-age

Het IQ wordt momenteel alleen individueel afgenomen
Samenlevingen met een hoog IQ, zoals Mensa, voeren geen groeps-IQ-test uit

Twee mensen met een lage lengte zijn dwergen (en een laag IQ) die samenwerken in een
team kunnen een hoger IQ hebben dan één individu met een IQ dat hoger is dan het IQ van elk individu afzonderlijk

IQ_{persoon A}<IQ_{persoon B}+IQ_{persoon C}
IQ_{persoon A}>IQ_{persoon B}
IQ_{persoon A}>IQ_{persoon C}

Hierbij ook ecologische intelligentie genoemd quotiënt
Mensa monopolie concurrenten elimineren wij zijn slimmer jij kunt de waarheid niet aan (we willen niet dat jij de waarheid aankan, want waarheid is macht)

marcovici alexandru

Nein, der Strahlungsdruck muss im Hinblick auf eine Pandemie eingedämmt werden, Bezirksgericht Den Haag

Das Erlernen einer Gebärdensprache kann den IQ steigern.

https://www.aslbloom.com/blog/benefits-of-learning-sign-language-at-an-early-age

Der IQ wird derzeit nur individuell gemessen.
Gesellschaften mit hohem IQ, wie Mensa, führen keine Gruppen-IQ-Tests durch.

Zwei kleinwüchsige Personen (mit niedrigem IQ), die in einem Team zusammenarbeiten, können einen höheren IQ haben als eine Einzelperson, deren IQ höher ist als der IQ jedes einzelnen Mitglieds.

IQ_{Person A}<IQ_{Person B}+IQ_{Person C}
IQ_{Person A}>IQ_{Person B}
IQ_{Person A}>IQ_{Person C}

Auch ökologischer Intelligenzquotient genannt. Mensa-Monopol-Konkurrenten eliminieren uns, wir sind intelligenter, ihr könnt die Wahrheit nicht ertragen (wir wollen nicht, dass ihr die Wahrheit ertragen könnt, denn Wahrheit ist Macht).

marcovici alexandru

post scriptum the united states of America has had an boost in intelligence because of his deaf community ,

🐌 🐙

marcovici alexandru

bacterial cvorum is the term for different species of bacteria getting to understand each other after a while by exchanging common types of chemicals if they have the right stable environment

maybe educational systems should take in to account intelligence and taylor informations absobtion acordingly
i dont know the history of ISBN how it came in to existance however the book format seems pretty standard evryhwere , this i for the last years how could science be better i spoke mostly about sensory based education ignored on purpose the intelligence aspect

books and game design have great potential with many posibilities , for example imagine designed books that cannot be read individualy they must be read in team (pairwise,)

book industry is placing a great emphasis on literacy to filter for those only that are capable of absorbing information
maybe there are other book format out there that that are helpful for a higher variety of people and can be used in other ways

flash youtube shorts tick tock are screen based

here online encyclopedia of integer sequences must be mentioned , there are 300 000 entries
imagine combining two by two each of those sequences that would make an number of 90000000000 potential new sequences , it a shame that only a few people get(mathematicians, computer science) to see them
could not be a way to saturate the environment with various geometric patterns in a more organized way ?

bacteria spit chemicals around to feel comfortable and prepare the digestion of the surrounding environment

there is a ted talk, information is like food

why not an encyclopedia online/ofline of fractional ecological estimations calculations and sequences

marcovici alexandru

for example yesterday i was having an idea of reusing flyers by placing one person that is giving them to people at metrostation and an other person after a while takes them back, those flyers tipcally are not even read end end up in the trashcan

newyork time dot story is about a decision not to print a dot in hundreds of tausend of newspapers in order to spare ink

society is based today on the assumption of unlimited communication resources , this might sound against freespech a reduction or simplification of communication or other comunication conventions might be better also for the environment

todays society is instant update howver in the other extreme there are many distopian scenario there must be some conventions about how to take care of infornation in slower more meaningful way less expenasive and wasteful

marcovici alexandru

on flyer design , or website or whatever visual special ,if i know how is being done i'm less impressed and persuaded by the message
aplicable also essay contest here in order to write first person , third person impersonal
conveying meaning using certain style /theme , where those come from ?

maybe there is an influence of a certain autor, of way of speech that ended up written
in computer science is this idea of annotating data with more information
yes this may be also apicable for writing themes with multiple options of changing the way of presentation
more anotatiomn information that clarifiy the purpose and intent history could be subtle presented
such that it does not gives the impression of information overloading

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